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Singh S, Dubey JK, Katna S, Sharma A, Banshtu T, Devi N, Brar GS, Singh G, Kumar A, Gautam H. Dissipation kinetics and the evaluation of dietary risks associated with deltamethrin, ethion, fenazaquin, and fenpropathrin on bell pepper (Solanum annuum L.). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:318. [PMID: 39001898 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02106-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Bell peppers, a globally significant crop, face infestations from various pests. In a study, bell peppers were treated with deltamethrin, ethion, fenazaquin, and fenpropathrin at recommended and double the doses, repeated twice with a 10-day interval. The QuEChERS method underwent validation for linearity, matrix match, accuracy, and precision in bell pepper matrices for residue analysis. The limit of detection for the tested pesticides on bell peppers was 0.01 mg/L, with a quantification limit of 0.05 mg/L. Recovery studies showed a range of 94.80% to 102.80%. Initial deposits of deltamethrin, ethion, fenazaquin, and fenpropathrin on bell peppers at recommended doses were 0.371, 1.237, 0.617, and 0.640 mg/L, respectively, and at double doses were 0.712, 1.945, 1.221, and 1.189 mg/L, respectively. Safe waiting periods of 10, 11, 10, and 8 days were suggested for deltamethrin, ethion, fenazaquin, and fenpropathrin, respectively. The corresponding half-lives for the pesticides were 1.96, 1.79, 2.06, and 1.69 days, all following first-order dissipation kinetics. Dietary risk assessment indicated Hazard Quotients (HQ) below 1 and Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) below Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) and Maximum Permissible Intake (MPI) levels. Therefore, at their recommended doses, the pesticides were deemed safe for bell pepper cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhra Singh
- Department of Entomology, Dr Yashwant, Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India.
| | - Jatiender Kumar Dubey
- Department of Entomology, Dr Yashwant, Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Sapna Katna
- Department of Entomology, Dr Yashwant, Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Entomology, Dr Yashwant, Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Tanuja Banshtu
- Department of Entomology, Dr Yashwant, Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Nisha Devi
- Department of Entomology, Dr Yashwant, Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
| | | | - Gagandeep Singh
- Field Biologist, Mahindra Summit Agriscience, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Entomology, Dr Yashwant, Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Himani Gautam
- R&D, Dhanuka Agritech Limited, Palwal, Haryana, India
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2
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Kingsbury M, Marteinson S, Ryall E, Hamoutene D. Considerations and data update for the inference of environmental quality standards for two avermectins widely used in salmon aquaculture. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 201:116213. [PMID: 38460434 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
We have updated and reviewed toxicity data for Emamectin benzoate (EMB) and Ivermectin (IVER), two in-feed drugs used to treat sea lice in farmed Atlantic salmon, and inferred new Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) using a deterministic approach or Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSDs) based on available data. We used a SSD model averaging approach and inferred a water acute EQS value of 24.9 ng/L (SSD) for EMB, while previously established chronic water EQS of 0.17 ng/L and sediment benthic EQS of 131 ng/kg dry weight remained unchanged. For IVER, both a water acute EQS of 8.04 ng/L and a chronic water EQS of 3.98 ng/L were inferred using SSDs as well as a benthic EQS of 290 ng/kg dry weight using a deterministic approach. In light of the lack of solubility and tendency of both avermectins to sorb to material benthic EQSs remain the most relevant value to consider for regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kingsbury
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - S Marteinson
- National Contaminants Advisory Group, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON K2P 2J8, Canada
| | - E Ryall
- Aquaculture, Biotechnology and Aquatic Animal Health Science Branch, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, ON K2P 2J8, Canada
| | - D Hamoutene
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada.
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3
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Li Q, Zhang J, Lin T, Fan C, Li Y, Zhang Z, Li J. Migration behavior and dietary exposure risk assessment of pesticides residues in honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) based on modified QuEChERS method coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Food Res Int 2023; 166:112572. [PMID: 36914339 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The honeysuckle was widely appreciated as tea beverage owing to the biological activities and the unique aroma and flavor. It is in urgent requirement to explore the migration behavior and dietary exposure as the pesticide residues would bring about potential risks through honeysuckle intake. The optimized QuEChERS procedure coupled with the HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS methods were employed to determine 93 pesticide residues of seven classifications including carbamates, pyrethroid, triazoles, neonicotinoids, organophosphorus, organochlorine, and others for 93 honeysuckle samples from four primary production bases. As a result, 86.02% of the samples were contaminated by at least one pesticide. Unexpectedly, the banned pesticide of carbofuran was also identified. The migration behavior of metolcarb was the highest, whereas thiabendazole contributed less risk to the infusion with relative lower transfer rate. Both the chronic and acute exposure yielded low risk for human health with five high risk pesticides of dichlorvos, cyhalothrin, carbofuran, ethomyl, and pyridaben. Besides, this study provides foundation of dietary exposure risk assessment for honeysuckle and other likewise products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- Agro-product Safety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, 11 Ronghua South Road, 100176 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Chunlin Fan
- Agro-product Safety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, 11 Ronghua South Road, 100176 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, PR China.
| | - Zijuan Zhang
- Agro-product Safety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, 11 Ronghua South Road, 100176 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, China.
| | - Jianxun Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, PR China.
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4
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Hamoutene D, Gagnon M, Davies J, Le A, Black M, Blais DR, Kingsbury M. Metabolization of emamectin benzoate into desmethyl emamectin benzoate in spiked marine sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137635. [PMID: 36565759 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Emamectin benzoate (EMB) (4″deoxy- 4″-epi-methylaminoavermectin) is a pesticide developed to control pests on various crops, and in forestry. It is also used in salmon aquaculture to control sea lice infestations as an in-feed therapeutant. Little is known about EMB metabolites and potential associated toxicities in marine sediments. In this study, we used natural marine sediments (sand and mud) fortified at an EMB concentration of 60 ppb (wet weight). Results show an almost immediate transformation of EMB to Desmethyl EMB (DES) with no increased rates of metabolization when stored sediment samples were incubated for up to 16 h. The transformation ratio of EMB to DES represented between 0.16 and 0.39% of EMB; values are lower than what has been observed in fish tissue. Data suggest that DES is generated through both abiotic (tested after autoclaving marine sediments) and biological processes. Further work on freshly sampled marine sediments with EMB deposits, different organic regimes, and a detailed assessment of active bacterial communities are necessary to better evaluate the EMB to DES rate of transformation around aquaculture sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hamoutene
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada.
| | - M Gagnon
- Pesticide Laboratory, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - J Davies
- Pesticide Laboratory, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - A Le
- Pesticide Laboratory, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - M Black
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - D R Blais
- Pesticide Laboratory, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - M Kingsbury
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
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Long Y, Zhang H, Liao G, Chen M, Chen X, Qin L, Chen C, Chen Z, Wu X, Zhu F. Distribution of Emamectin Benzoate Granules in Maize Plants by Broadcasting into Maize Leaf Whorls. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:4209-4219. [PMID: 36743034 PMCID: PMC9893741 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Good control effects on fall armyworm (FAW) can be obtained by broadcasting emamectin benzoate (EB) granules into maize leaf whorls. However, the distribution of EB in maize plants is not clear. In this study, EB granules were prepared by the rotating granulation method, and the granules were characterized using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The behavior of EB granules in water was observed using a microscope, and in vitro release of EB from granules was also studied. A method for the determination of EB in maize plants, old leaves, grains, and cobs was established by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that EB was loaded in granules successfully, and the granules disintegrated slowly in water, so the release of granules could be regulated using various water contents. The prepared EB granules were qualified and stable. The field experiment showed that the concentration of EB in maize leaf whorls could be maintained above 0.23 mg·kg-1 within 3 days after broadcasting EB granules. This ensured that FAW could be killed in a short time. Then, EB gradually transferred to the old leaves. After 21 days of application, the content of EB in the old leaves was 0.07 mg·kg-1, which has long-time control effects on FAW. The control effects of the three doses of granules against Spodoptera frugiperda were higher than 78% after 14 days of application. At the tested dosage, no phytotoxicity to crops was observed. At harvest, neither the maize grain nor the cobs had EB content. New controlled formulations to S. frugiperda were developed and will be suitable for application in mountainous areas where the lack of water resources is a factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Long
- Guizhou
Key Laboratory of Mountain Agricultural Diseases and Insect Pests, Guizhou University, Guiyang550025, China
- Guizhou
Center for Pesticide Risk Monitoring, Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang550006, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Guizhou
Center for Pesticide Risk Monitoring, Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang550006, China
| | - Guohui Liao
- Guizhou
Center for Pesticide Risk Monitoring, Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang550006, China
| | - Minggui Chen
- Guizhou
Center for Pesticide Risk Monitoring, Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang550006, China
| | - Xiangyan Chen
- Guizhou
Center for Pesticide Risk Monitoring, Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang550006, China
| | - Lixin Qin
- Guizhou
Center for Pesticide Risk Monitoring, Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang550006, China
| | - Caijun Chen
- Guizhou
Center for Pesticide Risk Monitoring, Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang550006, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- State
Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering,
Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering,
Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang550025, China
| | - Xiaomao Wu
- Guizhou
Key Laboratory of Mountain Agricultural Diseases and Insect Pests, Guizhou University, Guiyang550025, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Guizhou
Center for Pesticide Risk Monitoring, Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang550006, China
- State
Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering,
Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering,
Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang550025, China
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6
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Reddy BKK, Bhuvaneswari K, Geetha P, Thamilarasi N, Suganthi A, Paramasivam M. Effect of decontamination and processing on insecticide residues in grape (Muscat Hamburg). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:75790-75804. [PMID: 35661308 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect of simple decontamination methods and processing on imidacloprid, dimethoate, and emamectin benzoate residues in grapes and their processed products by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among the decontamination methods evaluated, washing with NaCl (2%) solution was effective for reducing imidacloprid (77.55%), dimethoate (83.27%), and emamectin benzoate (77.28%) residues in mature grapes. No metabolites (omethoate and 6-chloronicotinic acid) were detected in both decontamination and processing studies. The grapes were processed into various products, including fresh juice, squash, and raisin, following the standard effective steps for each product. Washing with NaCl (2%) solution for decontamination was included as an additional step in the standard protocol and resulted in substantial removal of surface residues of the selected insecticides. The processing factor calculated was less than one for all the products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Padmanaban Geetha
- Department of Food Processing, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Natarajan Thamilarasi
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Angappan Suganthi
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Mariappan Paramasivam
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
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7
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Lu J, Wang W, Xu W, Zhang C, Zhang C, Tao L, Li Z, Zhang Y. Induction of developmental toxicity and cardiotoxicity in zebrafish embryos by Emamectin benzoate through oxidative stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:154040. [PMID: 35196543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is a widely used pesticide in agriculture, but its potential risks to the environment and health have not been fully evaluated. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of Emamectin benzoate using zebrafish model, and found that it affected early embryonic development, such as malformations and delayed hatching. Mechanistically, Emamectin benzoate increased oxidative stress by excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and abnormal activities of the antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, Emamectin benzoate exposure caused abnormalities in zebrafish heart morphology and function, such as long SV-BA distance and slow heart rate. Alterations were induced in the transcription of heart development-related genes (nkx2.5, tbx5, gata4 and myl7). In summary, our data showed that Emamectin benzoate induces developmental toxicity and cardiotoxicity in zebrafish. Our research provides new evidence on the Emamectin benzoate's toxicity and potential risk in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weiguo Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chenggong Zhang
- Institute of Forensic Science Shanghai Municipal Public Security Bureau, Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Public Security, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Liming Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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8
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Chen C, Yu G, Guo Z, Yang Q, Su W, Xie Q, Yang G, Ren Y, Li H. Expression, Characterization, Fermentation, Immobilization, and Application of a Novel Esterase Est804 From Metagenomic Library in Pesticide Degradation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:922506. [PMID: 35875571 PMCID: PMC9301488 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.922506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Esterase, as a type of powerful catabolic enzyme for the degradation of pyrethroid pesticides (PYRs), appears promising in improving the quality of crops and the environment contaminated by pesticide residues. The purpose of this research is to provide a detailed introduction to the enzymatic properties, optimal production and immobilization conditions, and the degradation ability of Est804 for PYRs. The study on enzymatic properties indicated that Est804 was an alkaline esterase with an optimal pH of 8.0 and a broad optimal temperature in the range of 35-50°C. The optimal activity of free Est804 was calculated to be 112.812 U, and the specific enzyme activity was 48.97 U/mg. The kinetic parameters of Est804 were K m = 0.613 mM, k cat = 12,371 s-1, and V m = 0.095 mM/min. The results of the fermentative optimization demonstrated that the optimal conditions included 1.5% of inoculation amount, 30 mL of liquid volume, 28°C of the fermentation temperature, and 18 h of the fermentation time. The optimal medium consists of 15.87 g of yeast powder, 8.00 g of glycerol, and 9.57 g of tryptone in 1 L of liquid. The optimized enzyme activity was 1.68-fold higher than that before optimization. Immobilized Est804 exhibited the highest activity under the optimum preparation conditions, including 0.35 g of chitosan dosage, 0.4 mL of an enzyme, and 4 h at 40°C for adsorption. The degradation rates of Cypermethrin (CYP), fenpropathrin (FE), and lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) by Est804 within 30 min were 77.35%, 84.73%, and 74.16%, respectively. The present study indicated that Est804 possesses great potential for the treatment of pesticide residues on crops and environmental remediation, conducive to the development of SGNH family esterase against pyrethroid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihua Chen
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, College of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gen Yu
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, College of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Guo
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, College of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihao Yang
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, College of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Su
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, College of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingfen Xie
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, College of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guandong Yang
- CAS Testing Technical Services (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Ren
- Guangzhou Hua shuo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - He Li
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, College of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: He Li,
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