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He K, Shen Z, Zhang L, Wang X, Zhang B, Sun J, Xu H, Hang Ho SS, Cao JJ. Emission of Intermediate Volatile Organic Compounds from Animal Dung and Coal Combustion and Its Contribution to Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11118-11127. [PMID: 38864774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) are important precursors to secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), but they are often neglected in studies concerning SOA formation. This study addresses the significant issue of IVOCs emissions in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP), where solid fuels are extensively used under incomplete combustion conditions for residential heating and cooking. Our field measurement data revealed an emission factor of the total IVOCs (EFIVOCs) ranging from 1.56 ± 0.03 to 9.97 ± 3.22 g/kg from various combustion scenarios in QTP. The markedly higher EFIVOCs in QTP than in plain regions can be attributed to oxygen-deficient conditions. IVOCs were dominated by gaseous phase emissions, and the primary contributors of gaseous and particulate phase IVOCs are the unresolved complex mixture and alkanes, respectively. Total IVOCs emissions during the heating and nonheating seasons in QTP were estimated to be 31.7 ± 13.8 and 6.87 ± 0.45 Gg, respectively. The estimated SOA production resulting from combined emissions of IVOCs and VOCs is nearly five times higher than that derived from VOCs alone. Results from this study emphasized the pivotal role of IVOCs emissions in air pollution and provided a foundation for compiling emission inventories related to solid fuel combustion and developing pollution prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun He
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Forewarning of Trace Pollutions, Shaanxi Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Forewarning of Trace Pollutions, Shaanxi Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto M3H5T4, Canada
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - Jun-Ji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Deabji N, Fomba KW, Dos Santos Souza EJ, Mellouki A, Herrmann H. Influence of anthropogenic activities on metals, sugars and PAHs in PM 10 in the city of Fez, Morocco: Implications on air quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:25238-25257. [PMID: 38468011 PMCID: PMC11024011 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is an important component in the atmosphere, affecting air quality, health, radiation balance, and global climate. To assess regional air quality in the city of Fez, an intensive field campaign was carried out in the autumn of 2019 in the Middle Atlas region of Morocco. Aerosol sampling was performed simultaneously at two urban sites in the city of Fez: (1) Fez University (FU), a sub-urban site, and (2) Fez Parc (FP), an urban site located in the city center of Fez, using PM10 collectors. Various laboratory analyses were carried out, including PM mass, trace metals, inorganic ions, OC/EC, sugar compounds, and PAHs. The results indicate that the PM10 mass (61 ng m-3) was comparable at both sites, with a 37-107 ng m-3 range. Most of the 19 investigated PAHs at the FU site (10.2 ± 6.2 ng m-3) were low-molecular-weight PAHs, while the most abundant PAHs at the FP site (6.9 ± 3.8 ng m-3) were mainly higher-molecular-weight PAHs. A diagnostic ratio analysis at both sites indicated that PAHs originated from fossil fuel combustion and traffic emissions from diesel engines, with Ant/(Ant + Phe) and Flu/(Flu + Pyr) ratios averaging 0.22 and 0.84, respectively. PMF analysis identified traffic emissions as a major source (30%), with secondary inorganic aerosols (20%) and biomass burning (14%). Polar plots highlight the dominance of local anthropogenic activities in PM pollution, with vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and biomass burning. This study shows that local sources and combustion processes significantly contribute to PM10 sources in Morocco, providing insights into air pollution mitigation in North Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Deabji
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Khanneh Wadinga Fomba
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eduardo José Dos Santos Souza
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique (UM6P), Lot 660 Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150, Ben Guerir, Morocco
- Institut de Combustion Aérothermique Réactivité Et Environnement, OSUC-CNRS, 1C Avenue de La Recherche Scientifique, 45071, CEDEX 2, Orléans, France
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
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Zheng H, Wan X, Kang S, Chen P, Li Q, Maharjan L, Guo J. Molecular characterization of organic aerosols over the Tibetan Plateau: Spatiotemporal variations, sources, and potential implications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122832. [PMID: 37913981 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosols have profound and far-reaching influences on the Earth's climate, ecosystems, environmental quality, and public health. Elucidating the precise composition and sources of these aerosols over the Tibetan Plateau, a region highly sensitive to climate change and vulnerable to ecosystems, is critically important. Sixteen organic molecular tracers in aerosols were quantified using solvent extraction-BSTFA derivatization, and GC/MS analysis at six sites over the Tibetan Plateau during 2014 and 2016. Average total tracer concentration was 32.5 ± 20.1 ng m-3. The highest levels of biomass burning tracers (anhydrosugars and aromatic acids) were found at southeastern Tibetan Plateau site Yulong (20.8 ± 21.3 ng m-3) followed by the western site Ngari (13.3 ± 10.6 ng m-3). Biomass burning tracers decreased from southern sites like Everest (9.50 ± 10.5 ng m-3) to northern aeras such as Laohugou (2.59 ± 2.19 ng m-3). Biomass burning tracers peaked in non-monsoon seasons while primary saccharides and sugar alcohols predominated during monsoon months. Using tracer-based methods, biomass burning contributed 0.4%-8.4% of organic carbon over the plateau, with higher non-monsoon contributions (3.6% ± 3.7%). Backward air mass trajectories and fire spots indicated South Asian biomass burning impacts on organic aerosols at western, southern, and southeastern Tibetan Plateau sites, particularly in non-monsoon periods. Fungal spores and plant debris comprised 0.6%-6.3% and 0.3%-1.2% of organic carbon respectively, with higher monsoon contributions (4.2% ± 4.7%) of fungal spores. Secondary organic carbon was estimated to contribute substantially (45.5%-73.5%) over the plateau but requires further investigation. These results provide insights into pollution mitigation and the assessments of climate and ecology changes for the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Quanlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Linda Maharjan
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Junming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Sharma B, Sarkar S. Disease burden and health risk to rural communities of northeastern India from indoor cooking-related exposure to parent, oxygenated and alkylated PAHs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167163. [PMID: 37730065 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to a total of 51 targeted and non-targeted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated and alkylated derivatives associated with size-segregated aerosol was investigated in rural kitchens using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), mixed biomass (MB) and firewood (FW) fuels in northeastern India. The averaged PM10-associated parent-, alkylated-, and oxygenated-PAHs concentrations increased notably from LPG (257, 54, and 116 ng m-3) to MB (838, 119, and 272 ng m-3) to FW-using kitchens (2762, 225, and 554 ng m-3), respectively. PAHs were preferentially associated with the PM1 fraction with contributions increasing from 80 % in LPG to 86 % in MB and 90 % in FW-using kitchens, which in turn was dominated by <0.25 μm particles (54-75 % of the total). A clear profile of enrichment of low-molecular weight PAHs in cleaner fuels (LPG) and a contrasting enrichment of high-molecular weight PAHs in biomass-based fuels was noted. The averaged internal dose of Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent was the lowest in the case of LPG (19 ng m-3), followed by MB (161 ng m-3) and the highest in FW users (782 ng m-3). Estimation of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) from PAH exposure revealed extremely high cancer risk in biomass users (factors of 8-40) compared to LPG. The potential years of life lost (PYLL) and PYLL rate averaged across kitchen categories was higher for lung cancer (PYLL: 10.55 ± 1.04 years; PYLL rate: 204 ± 426) compared to upper respiratory tract cancer (PYLL: 10.02 ± 0.05 years; PYLL rate: 4 ± 7), and the PYLL rates for biomass users were higher by factors of 9-56 as compared to LPG users. These findings stress the need for accelerated governmental intervention to ensure a quick transition from traditional biomass-based fuels to cleaner alternatives for the rural population of northeastern India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay Sharma
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India.
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Hou W, Liu Z, Yu G, Bie S, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Ma D, Zhang F, Lou C, Hu X, Gui Y, Zhou W. On-board measurements of OC/EC ratio, mixing state, and light absorption of ship-emitted particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166692. [PMID: 37659551 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols play important roles in environmental impacts and climate effects. The characteristics of ship-emitted carbonaceous aerosols keep unclear under the latest global low sulfur fuel oil policy. This study selected four ocean-going vessels burning low sulfur fuel oils for on-board exhaust testing. The emission factors of ship carbonaceous aerosols were obtained under different engine types (main and auxiliary engines), fuel types, and engine loads. Our results showed that fuel and engine types were both important factors affecting carbonaceous aerosol emissions for ship engines. The emission factors of OC and EC from main engines were 1.18 ± 0.62 and 0.06 ± 0.04 g/kg burning heavy fuel oil (HFO), while 0.52 ± 0.35 and 0.04 ± 0.03 g/kg burning marine gas oil (MGO), respectively. The OC/EC ratios of ship-emitted particles were within a large range of 2 to 23. The OC/EC ratios from the main engines were significantly higher than those from the auxiliary engines by a factor of 6.3. The result of chemical mixing states of ship-emitted particles observed by a single particle mass spectrometer (SPAMS) showed that OC and EC were internally mixed and existed as the ECOC-bonded forms in single particles. The measured light absorption of ship-emitted particles with higher OC/EC ratios showed an evident short-wave absorption enhancement based on the aethalometer AE-33. Our results implied that ship-emitted carbonaceous aerosols (especially with high OC/EC ratios) could not be uniformly treated regarding the optical properties to more precisely estimate their potential environmental impacts and climate effects in model systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guangyuan Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shujun Bie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Dong Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chunjing Lou
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Yong Gui
- CSSC Power (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China; China Shipbuilding Power Engineering Institute Co., Ltd., CSSC Power (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Weizhong Zhou
- CSSC Power (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
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Ma G, Liu X, Wang J, Li M, Dong Z, Li X, Wang L, Han Y, Cao J. Characteristics and health risk assessment of indoor and outdoor PM 2.5 in a rural village, in Northeast of China: impact of coal and biomass burning. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:9639-9652. [PMID: 37787830 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01755-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has health effects that may depend on its sources and chemical composition. In this study, characteristics of PM2.5 chemical composition and health risk assessment from Songyuan, China, were investigated during day and night in indoor and outdoor from February 4 to 19, 2021. Relative high concentrations of PM2.5 were obtained in indoor environment than outdoor, with 503.95 ± 209.62 μg/m3 during the day and 357.52 ± 232.81 μg/m3 at night for the indoor environment. Relatively high total carbon, organic carbons, elemental carbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) were obtained in indoor environment. However, the average concentrations of PAHs were higher during night (73.57 ± 43.09 ng/m3) in indoor and OPAHs during day (6.027 ± 2.960 ng/m3) in outdoor. They had different I/O distributions of these compounds during day and night. Indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene was the dominant PAHs, and benzanthrone was the dominant OPAHs; this is different with the previous studies. The high indoor/outdoor ratios showed the indoor coal and biomass burning greatly affect the indoor pollutants. Average ILCR health risk assessment for PAHs was all higher than 10-6 for different age gender, suggesting there has potential cancer risk existed for populations living in the rural coal and biomass burning area Songyuan, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Ma
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xiuqun Liu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jingzhi Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China.
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
| | - Minrui Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhibao Dong
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang B, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Ji Y, Zhu B, Liang Z, Wang H, Ge X. Machine learning assesses drivers of PM 2.5 air pollution trend in the Tibetan Plateau from 2015 to 2022. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163189. [PMID: 37003326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau (known as the Earth's Third Pole) has significant impact on climate. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an important air pollutant in this region and has significant impact on health and climate. To mitigate PM2.5 air pollution over China, a series of clean air actions has been implemented. However, interannual trends in particulate air pollution and its response to anthropogenic emissions in the Tibetan Plateau are poorly understood. Here, we applied a random forest (RF) algorithm to quantify drivers of PM2.5 trends in six cities of the Tibetan Plateau from 2015 to 2022. The decreasing trends (-5.31 to -0.73 μg m-3 a-1) in PM2.5 during 2015-2022 were observed in all cities. The RF weather-normalized PM2.5 trends - which were driven by anthropogenic emissions - were -4.19 to -0.56 μg m-3 a-1, resulting in dominant contributions (65 %-83 %) to the observed PM2.5 trends. Relative to 2015, such anthropogenic emission driver was estimated to contribute -27.12 to -3.16 μg m-3 to declines in PM2.5 concentrations in 2022. However, the interannual changes in meteorological conditions only made a small contribution to the trends in PM2.5 concentrations. Potential source analysis suggested biomass burning from local residential sector and/or long-range transports originated from South Asia could significantly promote PM2.5 air pollution in this region. Based on health-risk air quality index (HAQI) assessment, the HAQI value was decreased by 15 %-76 % between 2015 and 2022 in these cities, with significant contributions (47 %-93 %) from anthropogenic emission abatements. Indeed, relative contribution of PM2.5 to the HAQI was decreased from 16 %-30 % to 11 %-18 %, while increasing and significant contribution from ozone was observed, highlighting that further effective mitigation of both PM2.5 and ozone air pollution could obtain more substantial health benefits in the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binqian Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yunjiang Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Kexin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yao Ji
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Baizhen Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zeye Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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8
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Zhang B, Shen Z, Sun J, Zhang L, He K, Zhang Y, Xu H, Lv J, Cao L, Li J, Liu S, Cao J. County-level and monthly resolution multi-pollutant emission inventory for residential solid fuel burning in Fenwei Plain, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121815. [PMID: 37182576 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The Fenwei Plain (FWP) in central China is the fourth largest plain nationwide. This region has experienced severe air pollution during the past decades, largely due to residential solid fuel burning. A regional-scale emission inventory covering multi-pollutants was currently unavailable for this area due to the lack of localized emission factors (EFs) from various sources. In this study, localized EFs derived from previous in situ measurements and detailed county-level activity data were used to develop an emission inventory of particulate and gaseous pollutants for the source sector of five residential solid fuels in the FWP in 2020. Emissions of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), ions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were estimated to be 230-290, 89-160, 20-29, 31-54, 0.93-22, 2100-3600, 64-87, 9.3-12, and 45-92 Gg/yr, respectively. The county-level distribution characteristics differed between pollutant species due to their different EFs and consumption patterns of solid fuels. Shouyang County emitted most for all pollutants (2.66%-4.91% of the region total) except PM2.5 and SO2, for which Xiangfen and Hongtong County emitted the most (2.64% and 2.90%), respectively. Emissions were higher in cold (SO2 during November to January, other pollutants during November to February) than warm months. Uncertainties in this newly developed emission inventory were estimated to be 25.2%-69.8%, much lower than those of existing ones, demonstrating the reliability of this inventory. Gini coefficients indicated that EC, PAHs, NOx, and VOC emissions exhibited evident regional disparities, e.g., Yuncheng and Jinzhong had high pollution levels despite low economic output. Future emission control policies should first focus on developing regions with high pollution in FWP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kun He
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jing Lv
- Shaanxi Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Shaanxi Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
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9
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Sun J, Yu J, Niu X, Zhang X, Zhou L, Liu X, Zhang B, He K, Niu X, Ho KF, Cao J, Shen Z. Solid fuel derived PM 2.5 induced oxidative stress and according cytotoxicity in A549 cells: The evidence and potential neutralization by green tea. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107674. [PMID: 36463658 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) is a well-known cytotoxic pollutant that capable to induce severe intracellular oxidative stress while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, 4 types of PM2.5 derived from solid fuel burning were selected as stimuli in A549 cells exposure model to evaluate their effects on oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Although resulting in different responses in cell viability, all PM2.5 exhibited over 50 % higher oxidative stress than control group, expression as intracellular reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels. The Pearson's correlation results indicated that cations (e.g., Ca2+), heavy metals (e.g., Cr and Pb), nPAHs (nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g., 6-nitrochrysene) and oPAHs (oxygenated PAHs, e.g., 9-fluorenone) were the main functioning toxics (r > 0.6). A key finding was the dual-directional regulation function of ECG (epicatechin gallate), that is, it could either increase the low A549 cell viabilities in coal combustion PM2.5 group or reduce them in charcoal PM2.5 group (P < 0.05). The dual-directional effects were likely because ECG can activate Nrf2 oxidation signaling pathway then inhibit the inflammatory signaling pathway NF-κB accordingly. Therefore, evidences indicated cytotoxicity of solid fuel derived PM2.5 were mainly caused by oxidative stress, which was proved to be reversed by green tea, providing a potential therapy method to PM2.5 and other hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jinjin Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xinyi Niu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xinya Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xinyao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Kun He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaofeng Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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10
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Tang G, Yao D, Kang Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Bai Z, Sun J, Cong Z, Xin J, Liu Z, Zhu Z, Geng Y, Wang L, Li T, Li X, Bian J, Wang Y. The urgent need to control volatile organic compound pollution over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. iScience 2022; 25:105688. [PMID: 36578322 PMCID: PMC9791344 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the impact of the western development of China, there have been signs of air pollution over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in recent years. However, monitoring data on atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are lacking in plateau areas. Here, VOCs concentrations in urban and background areas in North China and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were observed from 2012 to 2014 and 2020 to 2022, respectively. Compared to 2012-2014, the concentration of VOCs increased to 2.5 times in urban areas on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which was equivalent to that in North China. Oil, gas, and solvent evaporation caused by a low atmospheric pressure is the primary factor for the increase in VOCs in plateau areas, and weak VOCs degradation is the secondary factor. Hence, we put forward the VOCs control strategies in plateau areas and point out the defects in the current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Yao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yanyu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China,Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yusi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorology Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhixuan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinyuan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhaoyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yejun Geng
- China Petroleum Engineering and Construction Corp. Beijing Design Branch, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Corresponding author
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Corresponding author
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11
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Liu K, Wu Q, Ren Y, Wang S. Air Pollutant Emissions from Residential Solid Fuel Combustion in the Pan-Third Pole Region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15347-15355. [PMID: 36288504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As the largest emission source in the Pan-Third Pole region, residential solid fuel combustion gains increasing public concern regarding air pollution-associated health impacts. This study firstly developed emission inventories by combining energy statistics, fuel-mix survey, and detailed emission factors considering different fuel types, stove types, and altitudes, and we achieved full regional coverage and increased spatial resolution from 9 × 9 km to 1 km × 1 km. Total CO2, CO, PM2.5, SO2, and NOx emissions (coefficient of variation) were estimated to be 823 Mt (24%), 53 Mt (28%), 4525 kt (48%), 1388 kt (55%), and 1275 kt (46%) in 2020. India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh combined contributed 73, 57, 65, 67, and 69% of total CO2, CO, PM2.5, SO2, and NOx emissions, respectively, due to the large population. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau had the second-highest emission intensity, mainly due to the high fuel consumption per capita. Unlike the emissions of the Pan-Third Pole in existing Asian inventories, dung cake combustion dominated total PM2.5, SO2, and NOx emissions rather than firewood combustion with proportions of 54, 70, and 67%, respectively. The effect of altitude on combustion efficiencies increased PM2.5 emissions by about 21% from the region. The method and results can provide technical guidance for emission inventory refinement in the Pan-Third Pole and other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Qingru Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yujia Ren
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
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12
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Chen YP, Zeng Y, Guan YF, Huang YQ, Liu Z, Xiang K, Sun YX, Chen SJ. Particle size-resolved emission characteristics of complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mixtures from various combustion sources. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113840. [PMID: 35810804 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Combustion of domestic solid fuels is a significant source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Some oxygenated PAHs (o-PAHs) and PAHs with molecular weight of 302 (MW302 PAHs) are more toxic than the traditional 16 priority PAHs, whereas their emissions were much less elucidated. This study characterized the size-dependent emissions of parent PAHs (p-PAHs), o-PAHs, and MW302 PAHs from various combustion sources. The estimated emission factors (eEFs) from biomass burning sources were highest for most of the PAHs (391-8928 μg/kg), much higher than that of anthracite coal combustion (43.0-145 μg/kg), both which were operated in an indoor stove. Cigarette smoking had a high eEF of o-PAHs (240 ng/g). MW302 PAHs were not found in the emissions of smoking, cooking, and vehicular exhausts. Particle-size distributions of PAHs were compound- and source-dependent, and the tendency to associate with smaller particles was observed especially in biomass burning and cigarette smoking sources. Furthermore, the inter-source differences in PAH eEFs were associated with their dominance in fine particles. PAH composition profiles also varied with the particle size, showing increasing contributions of large-molecule PAHs with decreasing sizes in most cases. The size distributions of p-PAHs are much more significantly dependent on their n-octanol/air partition coefficients and vapor pressures than those of o-PAHs, suggesting differences in mechanisms governing their distributions. Several molecular diagnostic ratios (MDRs), including two based on MW302 PAHs, specific to these combustion scenarios were identified. However, the MDRs within some sources are also strongly size-dependent, providing a new explanation for the uncertainty in their application for source identification of PAHs. This work also highlights the necessity for understanding the size-resolved atmospheric behaviors and fate of PAHs after their emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu-Feng Guan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu-Qi Huang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kai Xiang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu-Xin Sun
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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13
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Zhang J, Liu D, Kong S, Wu Y, Li S, Hu D, Hu K, Ding S, Qiu H, Li W, Liu Q. Contrasting resistance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to atmospheric oxidation influenced by burning conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113107. [PMID: 35305979 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) determines their lifetime, toxicity and consequent environmental and climate impacts. The residential solid fuel burning composes of a substantial fraction of PAH emissions; however, their oxidation rate is yet to be explicitly understood, which is complicated by the contrasting emission factors under different combustion conditions and their subsequent evolution in the atmosphere. Here we used a plume evolution chamber using ambient oxidants to simulate the evolution of residential solid fuel burning emissions under real-world solar radiation, and then to investigate the oxidation process of the emitted PAHs. Contrasting oxidation rate of PAHs was found to be influenced by particles with or without presence of substantial amount of black carbon (BC). In the flaming burning phase, which contained 46% of BC mass fraction and 8% of organic aerosol (OA) internally mixed with BC, the larger PAHs (with 4-7 rings) was rapidly oxidized 12% for every hour of evolution under solar radiation; however, the larger PAHs from smoldering phase tended to maintain unmodified during the evolution, when 95% of OA was externally mixed with only minor fraction of BC (<5%). This may be ascribed to the complex morphology of BC, allowing more exposure for the internally-mixed OA to the oxidants; in contrast with those externally-mixed OA which was prone to be coated by condensed secondary substances. This raises an important consideration about the particle mixing state in influencing the oxidation of PAHs, particularly the coating on PAHs which may extend their lifetime and environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yangzhou Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Hu
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kang Hu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Ding
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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14
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Sun J, Shen Z, Zhang T, Kong S, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Niu X, Huang S, Xu H, Ho KF, Cao J. A comprehensive evaluation of PM 2.5-bound PAHs and their derivative in winter from six megacities in China: Insight the source-dependent health risk and secondary reactions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 165:107344. [PMID: 35709581 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and their derivatives are a global concern that influences environments and threatens human health. Concentrations of 52 PAHs and the main derivatives in six Chinese megacities were measured in the winter of 2019. The concentrations of ∑PAHs (sum of 52 PAHs) ranged from 19.42 ± 7.68 to 65.40 ± 29.84 ng m-3, with significantly higher levels in northern cities (Harbin [HB], Beijing [BJ], and Xi'an [XA]) than southern ones (Wuhan [WH], Chengdu [CD] and Guangzhou [GZ]). Source apportionment of ∑PAHs was conducted by the PMF model and results showed coal combustion and traffic emissions were the two dominant sources, which dominated ∑PAHs in northern and southern cities, respectively. Biomass burning was also characterized as a crucial source of ∑PAHs and showed extremely high contributions in XA (42.5%). Assisted by the individual PAH source apportionment results, the source-depend TEQ (total BaP equivalent) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were firstly reported in these cities. The results highlighted the contributions of coal combustion and biomass burning to both TEQ and ILCR, which were underestimated by ∑PAHs source apportionment. Secondary organic aerosol-derived PAHs were demonstrated to increase the TEQ compared with the fresh PAHs and three parameters, namely temperature, relative humidity, and O3 concentrations were characterized by multiple linear regression as the principal factors influencing secondary reactions of PAHs in winter. This study provides accurate human health-orientated results and potential control measures to mitigate the toxicity of secondary formed PAHs, and significantly decrease the uncertainty level of traditional methods. The results also revealed great progress in air pollution control by the Chinese government in the past 20 years, but still a long way to go to formulate strict emission control strategies from both environmental and human health-protective perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hongai Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, 650 Xinsongjiang Rd, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xinyi Niu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 China
| | - Shasha Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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15
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Improving Combustion Technology for Cooking Activities for Pollutant Emission Reduction and Carbon Neutrality. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Inefficient residential solid fuel combustion contributes significantly to ambient and indoor air pollutants. It consumes large quantities of fuel and produces harmful effects on health. Improvements in residential biomass cooking stoves have great potential for energy savings and emission reduction. This study presents an advanced biomass gasifier cooking stove to overcome the disadvantages of high-pollutant emissions from widely used stoves in China. The most innovative features of the stove are (1) negative pressure produced by a jet fan located at the junction of the chimney, and (2) combustion and carbonization processes taking place in the same chamber. Compared with a traditional chimney stove, the advanced biomass gasifier cooking stove presented higher TE (thermal efficiency) and comprehensively lower pollutant emissions when raw crop straws, crop straw briquettes, and pellets were burned in it. Approximately 40% CO2 and 90% of PM2.5 (the aerodynamic diameter was less than or equal to 2.5 μm) EFs (emission factors) were eliminated, and TE drastically tripled. Furthermore, biomass briquette/pellet was identified as more suitable than raw biomass as a fuel to be burned in the new stove, especially because the raw biomass displayed an increase in the EFs of As, Se, and Pb when burned in the new stove. The advancement in biomass cooking stove technology is a practical approach to reducing the emissions of CO2, PM2.5, and other hazardous pollutants.
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16
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Shen G, Xiong R, Tian Y, Luo Z, Jiangtulu B, Meng W, Du W, Meng J, Chen Y, Xue B, Wang B, Duan Y, Duo J, Fan F, Huang L, Ju T, Liu F, Li S, Liu X, Li Y, Wang M, Nan Y, Pan B, Pan Y, Wang L, Zeng E, Zhan C, Chen Y, Shen H, Cheng H, Tao S. OUP accepted manuscript. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac050. [PMID: 35854783 PMCID: PMC9283105 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rui Xiong
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanlin Tian
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhihan Luo
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bahabaike Jiangtulu
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenjun Meng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Du
- Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jing Meng
- The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Bing Xue
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yonghong Duan
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yilin Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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