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Pauletto M, De Liguoro M. A Review on Fluoroquinolones' Toxicity to Freshwater Organisms and a Risk Assessment. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:717-752. [PMID: 38921651 PMCID: PMC11205205 DOI: 10.3390/jox14020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) have achieved significant success in both human and veterinary medicine. However, regulatory authorities have recommended limiting their use, firstly because they can have disabling side effects; secondly, because of the need to limit the spread of antibiotic resistance. This review addresses another concerning consequence of the excessive use of FQs: the freshwater environments contamination and the impact on non-target organisms. Here, an overview of the highest concentrations found in Europe, Asia, and the USA is provided, the sensitivity of various taxa is presented through a comparison of the lowest EC50s from about a hundred acute toxicity tests, and primary mechanisms of FQ toxicity are described. A risk assessment is conducted based on the estimation of the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC). This is calculated traditionally and, in a more contemporary manner, by constructing a normalized Species Sensitivity Distribution curve. The lowest individual HC5 (6.52 µg L-1) was obtained for levofloxacin, followed by ciprofloxacin (7.51 µg L-1), sarafloxacin and clinafloxacin (12.23 µg L-1), and ofloxacin (17.12 µg L-1). By comparing the calculated PNEC with detected concentrations, it is evident that the risk cannot be denied: the potential impact of FQs on freshwater ecosystems is a further reason to minimize their use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco De Liguoro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine & Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy;
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Rodea-Palomares I, Bone AJ. Predictive value of the ToxCast/Tox21 high throughput toxicity screening data for approximating in vivo ecotoxicity endpoints and ecotoxicological risk in eco- surveillance applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169783. [PMID: 38184261 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Ecotoxicology has long relied on assessing the hazard potential of chemicals through traditional in vivo testing methods to understand the possible risk exposure could pose to ecological taxa. In the past decade, the development of non-animal new approach methods (NAMs) for assessing chemical hazard and risk has quickly grown. These methods are often cheaper and faster than traditional toxicity testing, and thus are amenable to high-throughput toxicity testing (HTT), resulting in large datasets. The ToxCast/Tox21 HTT programs have produced in vitro data for thousands of chemicals covering a large space of biological activity. The relevance of these data to in vivo mammalian toxicity has been much explored. Interest has also grown in using these data to evaluate the risk of environmental exposures to taxa of ecological importance such as fish, aquatic invertebrates, etc.; particularly for the purpose of estimating the risk of exposure from real-world complex mixtures. Understanding the relationship and relative sensitivity of NAMs versus standardized ecotoxicological whole organism models is a key component of performing reliable read-across from mammalian in vitro data to ecotoxicological in vivo data. In this work, we explore the relationship between in vivo ecotoxicity data from several publicly available databases and the ToxCast/Tox21 data. We also performed several case studies in which we compare how using different ecotoxicity datasets, whether traditional or ToxCast-based, affects risk conclusions based on exposure to complex mixtures derived from existing large-scale chemical monitoring data. Generally, predictive value of ToxCast data for traditional in vivo endpoints (EPs) was poor (r ≤ 0.3). Risk conclusions, including identification of different chemical risk drivers and prioritized monitoring sites, were different when using HTT data vs. traditional in vivo data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Audrey J Bone
- Bayer CropScience, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO, USA
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Kidd KA, Backhaus T, Brodin T, Inostroza PA, McCallum ES. Environmental Risks of Pharmaceutical Mixtures in Aquatic Ecosystems: Reflections on a Decade of Research. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:549-558. [PMID: 37530415 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) occur as variable mixtures in surface waters receiving discharges of human and animal wastes. A key question identified a decade ago is how to assess the effects of long-term exposures of these PPCP mixtures on nontarget organisms. We review the recent progress made on assessing the aquatic ecotoxicity of PPCP mixtures-with a focus on active pharmaceutical ingredients-and the challenges and research needs that remain. New knowledge has arisen from the use of whole-mixture testing combined with component-based approaches, and these studies show that mixtures often result in responses that meet the concentration addition model. However, such studies have mainly been done on individual species over shorter time periods, and longer-term, multispecies assessments remain limited. The recent use of targeted and nontargeted gene analyses has improved our understanding of the diverse pathways that are impacted, and there are promising new "read-across" methods that use mammalian data to predict toxicity in wildlife. Risk assessments remain challenging given the paucity of ecotoxicological and exposure data on PPCP mixtures. As such, the assessment of PPCP mixtures in aquatic environments should remain a priority given the potential for additive-as well as nontarget-effects in nontarget organisms. In addition, we need to improve our understanding of which species, life stages, and relevant endpoints are most sensitive to which types of PPCP mixtures and to expand our knowledge of environmental PPCP levels in regions of the globe that have been poorly studied to date. We recommend an increased use of new approach methodologies, in particular "omics," to advance our understanding of the molecular mechanics of mixture effects. Finally, we call for systematic research on the role of PPCP mixtures in the development of antimicrobial resistance. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:549-558. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Kidd
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Earth, Environment and Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department of Wildlife, Fish & Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pedro A Inostroza
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Erin S McCallum
- Department of Wildlife, Fish & Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Shen M, Hu Y, Zhao K, Li C, Liu B, Li M, Lyu C, Sun L, Zhong S. Occurrence, Bioaccumulation, Metabolism and Ecotoxicity of Fluoroquinolones in the Aquatic Environment: A Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:966. [PMID: 38133367 PMCID: PMC10747319 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been growing concern about antibiotic contamination in water bodies, particularly the widespread presence of fluoroquinolones (FQs), which pose a serious threat to ecosystems due to their extensive use and the phenomenon of "pseudo-persistence". This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature on FQs in water bodies, summarizing and analyzing contamination levels of FQs in global surface water over the past three years, as well as the bioaccumulation and metabolism patterns of FQs in aquatic organisms, their ecological toxicity, and the influencing factors. The results show that FQs contamination is widespread in surface water across the surveyed 32 countries, with ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin being the most heavy contaminants. Furthermore, contamination levels are generally higher in developing and developed countries. It has been observed that compound types, species, and environmental factors influence the bioaccumulation, metabolism, and toxicity of FQs in aquatic organisms. FQs tend to accumulate more in organisms with higher lipid content, and toxicity experiments have shown that FQs exhibit the highest toxicity to bacteria and the weakest toxicity to mollusk. This article summarizes and analyzes the current research status and shortcomings of FQs, providing guidance and theoretical support for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Yi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Chenyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Binshuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Chen Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Lei Sun
- Liaoning Provincial Mineral Exploration Institute Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110031, China
| | - Shuang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Matijević G, Babić S, Maršavelski A, Stipaničev D, Repec S, Čož-Rakovac R, Klobučar G. Estimating risk of cardiovascular pharmaceuticals in freshwaters using zebrafish embryotoxicity test - statins threat revealed. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137574. [PMID: 36528155 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular pharmaceuticals (CVPs) are globally present in inland waters and have also been found in the sediment and plasma of fish from the Sava River, Croatia. Based on the previous research, CVPs amiodarone (AMI), ramipril (RAM), simvastatin (SIM), and verapamil (VER) have been selected for this study. Their effect has been investigated, individually and in a mixture, on the development of the zebrafish embryo Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822) within the first 96 h of development. Upon exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of tested CVPs (0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L) zebrafish survival and development as apparent from observed morphological abnormalities, heartbeat rates and changes in behavior, hatching success, larval length and oxidative stress level were monitored. The CVP causing the highest mortality and pathological changes was SIM (1 and 10 μg/L), which corresponds well with the observed effects during zebrafish exposure to CVPs' mixtures (4 and 40 μg/L). All pharmaceuticals affected cardiac function and decreased heart rate. SIM (1 μg/L), VER and RAM (10 μg/L) decreased larval length, while induced oxidative stress was recorded in the SIM- and VER-exposed specimens. Behavioral alterations of zebrafish were observed only in AMI-treated group (10 μg/L). Our amino acid sequence comparison and structural and docking analysis showed a highly conserved binding site between human and zebrafish HMG-CoA reductase for SIM and its main metabolite simvastatin acid. Using these ecotoxicological bioassays on a zebrafish model with particular emphasis on sublethal endpoints, the risk of CVPs, especially statins, for fish in inland waters has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrijela Matijević
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Laboratory for Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Division of Materials Chemistry, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Babić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Laboratory for Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Division of Materials Chemistry, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia; Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting (BioProCro), Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandra Maršavelski
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac 102a, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Draženka Stipaničev
- Croatian Waters, Central Water Management Laboratory, Ulica Grada Vukovara 220, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Siniša Repec
- Croatian Waters, Central Water Management Laboratory, Ulica Grada Vukovara 220, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rozelindra Čož-Rakovac
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Laboratory for Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Division of Materials Chemistry, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia; Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting (BioProCro), Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Göran Klobučar
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Rooseveltov Trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Wu X, Ren J, Xu Q, Xiao Y, Li X, Peng Y. Priority screening of contaminant of emerging concern (CECs) in surface water from drinking water sources in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River based on exposure-activity ratios (EARs). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159016. [PMID: 36162578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Surface water provides ecological services such as drinking water supply. However, contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are rising concerns because they are ubiquitously detected in surface water and pose potential risks to the aquatic environment and human health. This study investigated the occurrence of 165 CECs in surface water from drinking water source areas along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River to prioritize the CECs and to estimate potential biological activity based on exposure-activity ratio (EAR). A total of 70 CECs were detected in the surface water at least once at the selected 17 sampling sites, and their concentrations ranged from 0.592 to 4650 ng/L. Twenty-four CECs were detected at each site, and these were mostly pharmaceutical and personal care products and pesticides. Sucralose, 1H-benzotriazole and carbendazim were the most common CECs with high median concentrations in the study area. Specifically, sucralose, an artificial sweetener, was presented at each site with the highest median concentration (3010 ng/L), which indicated that anthropogenic inputs are an important source of contaminants. Medroxyprogesterone and trenbolone were identified as the priority contaminants of interest, with maximum EARchemical values of 0.389 and 0.183, respectively. Among all the sites, the higher cumulative EARmixture value was found from Nantong City (0.765), which indicated that this site could have a relatively greater potential for biological effects, and these effects were mainly due to medroxyprogesterone and trenbolone. In regard to the bioactivity of all detected CECs, nuclear receptors showed the greatest potential bioactivity in this region, particularly androgen receptor-mediated bioactivity, which is most likely affected organisms residing in the source water area. These results suggest that the drinking water sources from the studied region are contaminated with CECs, and highlight the prioritization of future monitoring and research to protect source waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wu
- Research and Development Center for Watershed Environmental Eco-Engineering, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Jinzhi Ren
- College of Life Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Research and Development Center for Watershed Environmental Eco-Engineering, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Xia Li
- Research and Development Center for Watershed Environmental Eco-Engineering, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China; School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Research and Development Center for Watershed Environmental Eco-Engineering, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China; School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Jeong J, Kim D, Choi J. Application of ToxCast/Tox21 data for toxicity mechanism-based evaluation and prioritization of environmental chemicals: Perspective and limitations. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 84:105451. [PMID: 35921976 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In response to the need to minimize the use of experimental animals, new approach methodologies (NAMs) using advanced technology have emerged in the 21st century. ToxCast/Tox21 aims to evaluate the adverse effects of chemicals quickly and efficiently using a high-throughput screening and to transform the paradigm of toxicity assessment into mechanism-based toxicity prediction. The ToxCast/Tox21 database, which contains extensive data from over 1400 assays with numerous biological targets and activity data for over 9000 chemicals, can be used for various purposes in the field of chemical prioritization and toxicity prediction. In this study, an overview of the database was explored to aid mechanism-based chemical prioritization and toxicity prediction. Implications for the utilization of the ToxCast/Tox21 database in chemical prioritization and toxicity prediction were derived. The research trends in ToxCast/Tox21 assay data were reviewed in the context of toxicity mechanism identification, chemical priority, environmental monitoring, assay development, and toxicity prediction. Finally, the potential applications and limitations of using ToxCast/Tox21 assay data in chemical risk assessment were discussed. The analysis of the toxicity mechanism-based assays of ToxCast/Tox21 will help in chemical prioritization and regulatory applications without the use of laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeseong Jeong
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyeon Kim
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.
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de Araújo EP, Caldas ED, Oliveira-Filho EC. Pesticides in surface freshwater: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:452. [PMID: 35608712 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to critically review studies published up to November 2021 that investigated the presence of pesticides in surface freshwater to answer three questions: (1) in which countries were the studies conducted? (2) which pesticides are most evaluated and detected? and (3) which pesticides have the highest concentrations? Using the Prisma protocol, 146 articles published from 1976 to November 2021 were included in this analysis: 127 studies used grab sampling, 10 used passive sampling, and 9 used both sampling techniques. In the 45-year historical series, the USA, China, and Spain were the countries that conducted the highest number of studies. Atrazine was the most evaluated pesticide (56% of the studies), detected in 43% of the studies using grab sampling, and the most detected in passive sampling studies (68%). The compounds with the highest maximum and mean concentrations in the grab sampling were molinate (211.38 µg/L) and bentazone (53 µg/L), respectively, and in passive sampling, they were oxyfluorfen (16.8 µg/L) and atrazine (4.8 μg/L), respectively. The levels found for atrazine, p,p'-DDD, and heptachlor in Brazil were higher than the regulatory levels for superficial water in the country. The concentrations exceeded the toxicological endpoint for at least 11 pesticides, including atrazine (Daphnia LC50 and fish NOAEC), cypermethrin (algae EC50, Daphnia and fish LC50; fish NOAEC), and chlorpyrifos (Daphnia and fish LC50; fish NOAEC). These results can be used for planning pesticide monitoring programs in surface freshwater, at regional and global levels, and for establishing or updating water quality regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eloisa Dutra Caldas
- Toxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília - UnB, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
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Stipaničev D, Repec S, Vucić M, Lovrić M, Klobučar G. COVID-19 Lockdowns—Effect on Concentration of Pharmaceuticals and Illicit Drugs in Two Major Croatian Rivers. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10050241. [PMID: 35622654 PMCID: PMC9143423 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to prevent the spread of COVID-19, contingency measures in the form of lockdowns were implemented all over the world, including in Croatia. The aim of this study was to detect if those severe, imposed restrictions of social interactions reflected on the water quality of rivers receiving wastewaters from urban areas. A total of 18 different pharmaceuticals (PhACs) and illicit drugs (IDrgs), as well as their metabolites, were measured for 16 months (January 2020–April 2021) in 12 different locations at in the Sava and Drava Rivers, Croatia, using UHPLC coupled to LCMS. This period encompassed two major Covid lockdowns (March–May 2020 and October 2020–March 2021). Several PhACs more than halved in river water mass flow during the lockdowns. The results of this study confirm that Covid lockdowns caused lower cumulative concentrations and mass flow of measured PhACs/IDrgs in the Sava and Drava Rivers. This was not influenced by the increased use of drugs for the treatment of the COVID-19, like antibiotics and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The decreases in measured PhACs/IDrgs concentrations and mass flows were more pronounced during the first lockdown, which was stricter than the second.
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Affiliation(s)
- Draženka Stipaničev
- Croatian Waters, Central Water Management Laboratory, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Siniša Repec
- Croatian Waters, Central Water Management Laboratory, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Matej Vucić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Mario Lovrić
- Know-Center, Inffeldgasse 13/6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (G.K.)
| | - Göran Klobučar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (G.K.)
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