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Kötke D, Gandrass J, Bento CP, Ferreira CS, Ferreira AJ. Occurrence and environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in the Mondego river (Portugal). Heliyon 2024; 10:e34825. [PMID: 39157411 PMCID: PMC11328081 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In this case study pharmaceuticals were analysed in the Mondego river (Portugal) and their environmental risk assessed by means of risk quotients based on an extensive retrieval of ecotoxicological data for freshwater and saltwater species. The Mondego river crosses Coimbra, the most populated city in the Portuguese Centro Region hosting a complex of regional hospitals. Environmentally relevant and prioritised pharmaceuticals were investigated in this study and their potential hazards were evaluated by conducting a separate risk assessment for the freshwater and estuary parts of the examined river section. A target analysis approach with method detection limits down to 0.01 ng L-1 was used to determine pharmaceuticals. Twenty-one prioritised target analytes out of seven therapeutical classes (antibiotics, iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM), analgesics, lipid reducers, antiepileptics, anticonvulsants, beta-blockers) were investigated by applying ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionisation source. The relative pattern of pharmaceuticals along the middle to the lower Mondego showed a quite uniform picture while an approximately 40fold increase of absolute concentrations was observed downstream of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharge of Coimbra. The most frequently measured substance groups were the ICM, represented by the non-ionic ICM iopromide (βmin: 3.03 ng L-1 - βmax: 2,810 ng L-1). Environmentally more critical substances such as carbamazepine, diclofenac, and bezafibrate, with concentrations up to and 52.6 ng L-1, 59.8 ng L-1, and 10.2 ng L-1 respectively, may potentially affect aquatic wildlife. Carbamazepine revealed elevated risk quotients (RQs >1) along the middle and lower Mondego with a maximum RQ of 53 downstream of Coimbra. Especially for saltwater species, carbamazepine and clarithromycin pose high potential risks. Especially in periods of low water discharge of the Mondego river, other pharmaceuticals as diclofenac and bezafibrate may pose additional risks downstream of the WWTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Kötke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Organic Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
| | - Juergen Gandrass
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Organic Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
| | - Célia P.M. Bento
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Organic Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen UR, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carla S.S. Ferreira
- Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), Agrarian Technical School, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, P-3040-316, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - António J.D. Ferreira
- Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), Agrarian Technical School, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, P-3040-316, Coimbra, Portugal
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Castro A, Bodah BW, Neckel A, Domeneghini J, Maculan LS, Goellner E, Silva LFO. Nanoparticles in terrestrial sediments and the behavior of the spectral optics of Sentinel-3B OLCI Satellite images in a river basin of UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28040-28061. [PMID: 38526712 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The dangerous chemical elements associated with nanoparticles (NPs) and ultra-fine sediment particles in hydrological bays have the capacity to move contaminants to large oceanic regions. The general objective of this study is to quantify the major chemical elements present in NPs and ultra-fine particles in aquatic sediments sampled from Guanabara Bay and compare these data to values determined through spectral optics using the Sentinel-3B Satellite OLCI (Ocean Land Color Instrument) during the winter and summer seasons of 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022. This is done to highlight the impacts anthropogenic environmental hazards have on the marine ecosystem and human beings. Ten aquatic sediment field collection points were selected by triangulated irregular network (TIN). Samples were subjected to analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which enabled a detailed analysis using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Geospatial analyses using Sentinel-3B OLCI Satellite images considered Water Full Resolution (WFR) at 300 m resolution, in neural network (NN), normalized at 0.83 µg/mg. A maximum average spectral error of 6.62% was utilized for the identification of the levels of Absorption Coefficient of Detritus and Gelbstoff (ADG443_NN) at 443 m-1, Chlorophyll-a (CHL_NN) (m-3), and Total Suspended Matter (TSM_NN) (g m-3) at 581 sample points. The results showed high levels of ADG443_NN, with average values as high as of 4444 m-1 (summer 2021). When related to the analyses of nanoparticulate sediments and ultrafine particles collected in the field, they showed the presence of major chemical elements such as Ge, As, Cr, and others, highly toxic to human health and the aquatic environment. The application of satellite and terrestrial surveys proved to be efficient, in addition to the possibility of this study being applied to other hydrological systems on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Society, Nature and Development, Federal University of Western Pará, UFOPA, Paraná, 68040-255, Brazil
| | - Brian William Bodah
- Thaines and Bodah Center for Education and Development, 840 South Meadowlark Lane, Othello, WA, 99344, USA
- Workforce Education & Applied Baccalaureate Programs, Yakima Valley College, South 16Th Avenue & Nob Hill Boulevard, Yakima, WA, 98902, USA
| | - Alcindo Neckel
- ATITUS Educação, 304 - Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, 99070-220, RS, Brazil.
- University of Minho, UMINHO, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Jennifer Domeneghini
- Postgraduate Program in Urban and Regional Planning, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, UFRGS, 110 - Porto Alegre, Paraná, RS, 90040-060, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luis F O Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Society, Nature and Development, Federal University of Western Pará, UFOPA, Paraná, 68040-255, Brazil
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
- CDLAC - Data Collection Laboratory and Scientific Analysis LTDA, Nova Santa Rita, Paraná, 92480-000, Brazil
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Kropidłowska K, Caban M. Effect of salinity on the toxicity of diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen toward cyanobacterium Synechocystis salina. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139521. [PMID: 37482319 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic species are continuously exposed to pharmaceuticals and changeable water conditions simultaneously, which can induce changes in the toxicity of pollutants. Cyanobacterium are an organism for which less ecotoxicological tests have been performed compared to green algae. In this study, we decided to check how selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) affect the grow of Synechocystis salina, picocyanobacterium isolated from the Baltic Sea, with salinity as potential modulator of toxicity. S. salina was exposed to diclofenac (DCF), ibuprofen (IBF) and naproxen (NPX) (nominal 100 mg L-1) in BG11 medium and sea salt supplemented BG11 medium (38 PSU) over 96 h in continuous light at 23 °C. No acute toxicity was found in both tested salinity levels. The comparable grow rate in exposed culture compared to control culture over 4 days indicate lack of stress for several generations which need to be overcome with substantial energy consumption. S. salina was found to be halotolerant and can be species for ecotoxicology test where salinity in an additional stressor. Furthermore, resistant of S. salina to target NSAIDs provide a competitive advantage over other phytoplankton species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Kropidłowska
- University of Gdansk, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magda Caban
- University of Gdansk, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Dispersive solid-phase extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in water and urine samples using a magnetic ionic liquid hypercrosslinked polymer composite. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1689:463745. [PMID: 36586287 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, Friedel-Crafts alkylation was successfully applied to prepare a magnetic ionic liquid hypercrosslinked polymer composite (Fe3O4@IL-HCP), which was subsequently employed as magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbent for the isolation and enrichment of trace non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The developed composite was comprehensively characterized using various techniques, with the results indicating that it possessed high saturation magnetization (39.44 em g - 1), large specific surface area (175 m2g - 1), and high adsorption capacity for NSAIDs. The adsorption behavior and mechanisms were also investigated in detail. NSAIDs were adsorbed onto the Fe3O4@IL-HCP sorbent via a heterogeneous multilayer process consisting of hydrogen bonding and π-π and electrostatic interactions. Additionally, the composite's large surface area and multiple active sites enabled extraction equilibrium within 6 min. By coupling with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the developed MSPE/HPLC method was applied for the determination of selected NSAIDs in water and urine samples. The developed method displayed wide linear ranges, low limits of detection (0.12-0.30 ng mL-1 and 0.15-1.5 ng mL-1 in water and urine samples, respectively), sufficient recoveries (92.8-109%), and good precision (relative standard deviations ≤ 4.6%). Thus, the findings of this work provide an appealing alternative for the extraction and determination of trace NSAIDs in environmental water and biological samples.
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Świacka K, Maculewicz J, Świeżak J, Caban M, Smolarz K. A multi-biomarker approach to assess toxicity of diclofenac and 4-OH diclofenac in Mytilus trossulus mussels - First evidence of diclofenac metabolite impact on molluscs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120384. [PMID: 36223851 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although the presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is an issue widely addressed in research over the past two decades, still little is known about their transformation products. However, there are indications that some of these chemicals may be equally or even more harmful than parent compounds. Diclofenac (DCF) is among the most commonly detected pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment, but the potential effects of its metabolites on organisms are poorly understood. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate and compare the toxicity of DCF and its metabolite, 4-hydroxy diclofenac (4-OH DCF), in mussels using a multi-biomarker approach. Mytilus trossulus mussels were exposed to DCF and 4-OH DCF at 68.22 and 20.85 μg/L (measured concentrations at day 0), respectively, for 7 days. In our work, we showed that both tested compounds have no effect on most of the enzymatic biomarkers tested. However, it has been shown that their action can affect the protein content in gills and also be reflected through histological markers. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Studies in recent years clearly prove that pharmaceuticals can negatively affect aquatic organisms. In addition to parent compounds, metabolites of pharmaceuticals can also be a significant environmental problem. In the present work, the effects of diclofenac and its main metabolite, 4-hydroxy diclofenac, on marine mussels were evaluated. Both compounds showed negative effects on mussels, which was primarily observed through histological changes. The present study therefore confirms that not only diclofenac, but also its main metabolite can have negative effects on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Świacka
- Department of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Av. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Jakub Maculewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Justyna Świeżak
- Department of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Av. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Magda Caban
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Smolarz
- Department of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Av. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
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