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Liu M, Brandsma SH, Schreder E. From e-waste to living space: Flame retardants contaminating household items add to concern about plastic recycling. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 365:143319. [PMID: 39271080 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are commonly used in electric and electronic products in high concentrations to prevent or retard fire. Health concerns related to flame retardants (FRs) include carcinogenicity, endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, and reproductive and developmental toxicity. Globally, a lack of transparency related to chemicals in products and limited restrictions on use of FRs in electronics have led to widespread use and dissemination of harmful FRs. Despite the lack of transparency and restrictions, plastics from electronics are often recycled and can be incorporated in household items that do not require flame retardancy, resulting in potentially high and unnecessary exposure. This study sought to determine whether black plastic household products sold on the U.S. market contained emerging and phased-out FRs and whether polymer type was predictive of contamination. A total of 203 products were screened for bromine (Br), and products containing >50 ppm Br were analyzed for BFRs, OPFRs, and plastic polymers (e.g. acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, high impact polystyrene, polypropylene). FRs were found in 85% of analyzed products, with total FR concentrations ranging up to 22,800 mg/kg. FRs detected include the restricted compound deca-BDE, which was used widely in electronics casings, as well as its replacements decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 2,4,6-Tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TBPP-TAZ) along with associated compound 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP), recently detected in breast milk. Plastic typically used in electronics (styrene-based) contained significantly higher levels of ∑FRs than plastics less typically used for electronics (polypropylene and nylon). Estimation of exposure to BDE-209 from contaminated kitchen utensils indicated users would have a median intake of 34,700 ng/day, exceeding estimates for intake from dust and diet. The detection of FRs in collected household products indicates that recycling, without the necessary transparency and restrictions to ensure safety, is resulting in unexpected exposure to toxic flame retardants in household items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Liu
- Toxic-Free-Future, 4649 Sunnyside Ave N Suite 540, Seattle, WA 98103, United States.
| | - Sicco H Brandsma
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erika Schreder
- Toxic-Free-Future, 4649 Sunnyside Ave N Suite 540, Seattle, WA 98103, United States
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2
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Marcinekova P, Melymuk L, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Martinelli E, Jílková SR, Martiník J, Šenk P, Kukučka P, Audy O, Kohoutek J, Ghebremeskel M, Håland A, Borgen AR, Eikenes H, Hanssen L, Harju M, Cebula Z, Rostkowski P. Development of a supramolecular solvent-based extraction method for application to quantitative analyses of a wide range of organic contaminants in indoor dust. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:4973-4985. [PMID: 38995406 PMCID: PMC11330406 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the efficacy of supramolecular solvent (SUPRAS) in extracting a diverse spectrum of organic contaminants from indoor dust. Initially, seven distinct SUPRAS were assessed across nine categories of contaminants to identify the most effective one. A SUPRAS comprising Milli-Q water, tetrahydrofuran, and hexanol in a 70:20:10 ratio, respectively, demonstrated the best extraction performance and was employed for testing a wider array of organic contaminants. Furthermore, we applied the selected SUPRAS for the extraction of organic compounds from the NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2585. In parallel, we performed the extraction of NIST SRM 2585 with conventional extraction methods using hexane:acetone (1:1) for non-polar contaminants and methanol (100%) extraction for polar contaminants. Analysis from two independent laboratories (in Norway and the Czech Republic) demonstrated the viability of SUPRAS for the simultaneous extraction of twelve groups of organic contaminants with a broad range of physico-chemical properties including plastic additives, pesticides, and combustion by-products. However, caution is advised when employing SUPRAS for highly polar contaminants like current-use pesticides or volatile substances like naphthalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Marcinekova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czechia.
| | | | | | | | - Jakub Martiník
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Šenk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ondřej Audy
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiří Kohoutek
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czechia
| | | | | | | | - Heidi Eikenes
- NILU, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller, 2007, Lillestrøm, Norway
| | - Linda Hanssen
- Fram Center, NILU, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9007, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mikael Harju
- Fram Center, NILU, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9007, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Zofia Cebula
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland
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Li M, Gong X, Tan Q, Xie Y, Tong Y, Ma J, Wang D, Ai L, Gong Z. A review of occurrence, bioaccumulation, and fate of novel brominated flame retardants in aquatic environments: A comparison with legacy brominated flame retardants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 939:173224. [PMID: 38763187 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have been developed as replacements for legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). The prevalence of NBFRs in aquatic environments has initiated intense concerns that they resemble to BFRs. To comprehensively elucidate the fate of NBFRs in aquatic environments, this review summarizes the physico-chemical properties, distribution, bioaccumulation, and fates in aquatic environments. 1,2-bis(2,3,4,5,6-pentabromophenyl) ethane (DBDPE) as the major substitute for PBDEs is the primary NBFR. The release from industrial point sources such as e-waste recycling stations is the dominant way for NBFRs to enter the environment, which results in significant differences in the regional distribution of NBFRs. Sediment is the major sink of NBFRs attributed to the high hydrophobicity. Significantly, there is no decreasing trend of NBFRs concentrations, while PBDEs achieved the peak value in 1970-2000 and decreased gradually. The bioaccumulation of NBFRs is reported in both field studies and laboratory studies, which is regulated by the active area, lipid contents, trophic level of aquatic organisms, and the log KOW of NBFRs. The biotransformation of NBFRs showed similar metabolism patterns to that of BFRs, including debromination, hydroxylation, methoxylation, hydrolysis, and glycosylation. In addition, NBFRs show great potential in trophic magnification along the aquatic food chain, which could pose a higher risk to high trophic-level species. The passive uptake by roots dominates the plant uptake of NBFRs, followed by acropetal and basipetal bidirectional transportation between roots and leaves in plants. This review will provide the support to understand the current pollution characteristics of NBFRs and highlight perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Xinying Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China; Chengdu Research Academy of Environmental Protection Science, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Research Academy of Environmental Protection Science, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yonghong Xie
- Sichuan Province Ecological Environment Monitoring Station, Chengdu 610074, China
| | - Yuanjun Tong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Junyi Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Lian Ai
- Sichuan Province Ecological Environment Monitoring Station, Chengdu 610074, China
| | - Zhengjun Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China.
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Xie Z, Zhang X, Xie Y, Liu F, Sun B, Liu W, Wu J, Wu Y. Bioaccumulation and Potential Endocrine Disruption Risk of Legacy and Emerging Organophosphate Esters in Cetaceans from the Northern South China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4368-4380. [PMID: 38386007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Despite the increasing health risks shown by the continuous detection of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in biota in recent years, information on the occurrence and potential risks of OPEs in marine mammals remains limited. This study conducted the first investigation into the body burdens and potential risks of 10 traditional OPEs (tOPEs) and five emerging OPEs (eOPEs) in 10 cetacean species (n = 84) from the northern South China Sea (NSCS) during 2005-2021. All OPEs, except for 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), were detected in these cetaceans, indicating their widespread occurrence in the NSCS. Although the levels of the ∑10tOPEs in humpback dolphins remained stable from 2005 to 2021, the concentrations of the ∑5eOPEs showed a significant increase, suggesting a growing demand for these new-generation OPEs in South China. Dolphins in proximity to urban regions generally exhibited higher OPE concentrations than those from rural areas, mirroring the environmental trends of OPEs occurring in this area. All OPE congeners, except for EHDPHP, in humpback dolphins exhibited a maternal transfer ratio >1, indicating that the dolphin placenta may not be an efficient barrier for OPEs. The observed significant correlations between levels of OPEs and hormones (triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and testosterone) in humpback dolphins indicated that OPE exposures might have endocrine disruption effects on the dolphin population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Xie
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xiyang Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Yanqing Xie
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Bin Sun
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Wen Liu
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Jiaxue Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Yuping Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
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5
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De Silva AO, Young CJ, Spencer C, Muir DCG, Sharp M, Lehnherr I, Criscitiello A. Canadian high arctic ice core records of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:2001-2014. [PMID: 37856255 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00215b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been used as flame retardants, plasticizers, and anti-foaming agents over the past several decades. Of particular interest is the long range transport potential of OPEs given their ubiquitous detection in Arctic marine air. Here we report 19 OPE congeners in ice cores drilled on remote icefields and ice caps in the Canadian high Arctic. A multi-decadal temporal profile was constructed in the sectioned ice cores representing a time scale spanning the 1970s to 2014-16. In the Devon Ice Cap record, the annual total OPE (∑OPEs) depositional flux for all of 2014 was 81 μg m-2, with the profile dominated by triphenylphosphate (TPP, 9.4 μg m-2) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP, 42 μg m-2). Here, many OPEs displayed an exponentially increasing depositional flux including TCPP which had a doubling time of 4.1 ± 0.44 years. At the more northern site on Mt. Oxford icefield, the OPE fluxes were lower. Here, the annual ∑OPEs flux in 2016 was 5.3 μg m-2, dominated by TCPP (1.5 μg m-2) but also tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (1.5 μg m-2 TBOEP). The temporal trend for halogenated OPEs in the Mt. Oxford icefield is bell-shaped, peaking in the mid-2000s. The observation of OPEs in remote Arctic ice cores demonstrates the cryosphere as a repository for these substances, and supports the potential for long-range transport of OPEs, likely associated with aerosol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila O De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Cora J Young
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Christine Spencer
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Martin Sharp
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Igor Lehnherr
- Department of Geography, Geomatics and Environment, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.
| | - Alison Criscitiello
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
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Wang M, Xu J, Zhao Z, Gong L, Su Y, Fang Z, Chen P, Liu Y, Zhang L, Xu F. Triphenyl phosphate induced apoptosis of mice testicular Leydig cells and TM3 cells through ROS-mediated mitochondrial fusion inhibition. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114876. [PMID: 37027944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is a widely used organophosphate flame retardant and has biological toxicity. Previous studies showed TPHP can restrain testosterone biosynthesis in Leydig cells, while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, C57BL/6J male mice were exposed to 0, 5, 50, and 200 mg/kg B.W. of TPHP for 30 d by oral, as well as TM3 cells were treated with 0, 50, 100, and 200 μM of TPHP for 24 h. Results showed that TPHP induced testes damage, including spermatogenesis disorders and testosterone synthesis inhibition. Meanwhile, TPHP can cause apoptosis in testicular Leydig cells and TM3 cells, as evidenced by the increased apoptosis rate and decreased Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Moreover, TPHP disrupted mitochondrial ultrastructure of testicular Leydig cells and TM3 cells, reduced healthy mitochondria content and depressed mitochondrial membrane potential of TM3 cells, as well as inhibited mitochondrial fusion proteins mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), and optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) expression, without effect on mitochondrial fission proteins dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and fission 1 (Fis1) in testicular tissue and/or TM3 cells. Then, the mitochondrial fusion promoter M1 was used to pre-treat TPHP-exposed TM3 cells to determine the roles of mitochondrial fusion inhibition in TPHP-induced Leydig cells apoptosis. The results showed M1 pretreatment alleviated the above changes and further mitigated TM3 cells apoptosis and testosterone levels decreased, indicating TPHP induced TM3 cells apoptosis by inhibited mitochondrial fusion. Intriguingly, the intervention experiment of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) showed that TPHP-induced mitochondrial fusion inhibition is ROS dependent, because inhibition of ROS overproduction alleviated mitochondrial fusion inhibition, and subsequently relieved TPHP-induced apoptosis in TM3 cells. In summary, above data revealed that apoptosis is a specific mechanism for TPHP-induced male reproductive toxicity, and that ROS-mediated mitochondrial fusion inhibition is responsible for Leydig cells apoptosis caused by TPHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxin Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China; Xu Rongxiang Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jinyu Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China; Xu Rongxiang Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Zhengbo Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lichao Gong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yu Su
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Zhichao Fang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lianshuang Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China; Xu Rongxiang Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Feibo Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China; Xu Rongxiang Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
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Bjørneset J, Blévin P, Bjørnstad PM, Dalmo RA, Goksøyr A, Harju M, Limonta G, Panti C, Rikardsen AH, Sundaram AYM, Yadetie F, Routti H. Establishment of killer whale (Orcinus orca) primary fibroblast cell cultures and their transcriptomic responses to pollutant exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 174:107915. [PMID: 37031518 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Populations of killer whale (Orcinus orca) contain some of the most polluted animals on Earth. Yet, the knowledge on effects of chemical pollutants is limited in this species. Cell cultures and in vitro exposure experiments are pertinent tools to study effects of pollutants in free-ranging marine mammals. To investigate transcriptional responses to pollutants in killer whale cells, we collected skin biopsies of killer whales from the Northern Norwegian fjords and successfully established primary fibroblast cell cultures from the dermis of 4 out of 5 of them. Cells from the individual with the highest cell yield were exposed to three different concentrations of a mixture of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that reflects the composition of the 10 most abundant POPs found in Norwegian killer whales (p,p'-DDE, trans-nonachlor, PCB52, 99, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180, 187). Transcriptional responses of 13 selected target genes were studied using digital droplet PCR, and whole transcriptome responses were investigated utilizing RNA sequencing. Among the target genes analysed, CYP1A1 was significantly downregulated in the cells exposed to medium (11.6 µM) and high (116 µM) concentrations of the pollutant mixture, while seven genes involved in endocrine functions showed a non-significant tendency to be upregulated at the highest exposure concentration. Bioinformatic analyses of RNA-seq data indicated that 13 and 43 genes were differentially expressed in the cells exposed to low and high concentrations of the mixture, respectively, in comparison to solvent control. Subsequent pathway and functional analyses of the differentially expressed genes indicated that the enriched pathways were mainly related to lipid metabolism, myogenesis and glucocorticoid receptor regulation. The current study results support previous correlative studies and provide cause-effect relationships, which is highly relevant for chemical and environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bjørneset
- UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - P Blévin
- Akvaplan-niva AS, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - R A Dalmo
- UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - A Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - M Harju
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - C Panti
- University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - A H Rikardsen
- UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - F Yadetie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - H Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway.
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