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Zhang Y, Lin H, Yu A, Wang X, Liu Y, Liu T, Zhao C, Mei R. Migration mechanism of atrazine in the simulated lake icing process at different freezing temperatures based on density function theory. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 144:45-54. [PMID: 38802237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Atrazine causes concern due to its resistant to biodegradation and could be accumulated in aquatic organisms, causing pollution in lakes. This study measured the concentration of atrazine in ice and the water under ice through a simulated icing experiment and calculated the distribution coefficient K to characterize its migration ability in the freezing process. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to expatiate the migration law of atrazine during icing process. According to the results, it could release more energy into the environment when atrazine staying in water phase (-15.077 kcal/mol) than staying in ice phase (-14.388 kcal/mol), therefore it was beneficial for the migration of atrazine from ice to water. This explains that during the freezing process, the concentration of atrazine in the ice was lower than that in the water. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that when the temperature decreases from 268 to 248 K, the internal energy contribution of the compound of atrazine and ice molecule (water cluster) decreases at the same vibrational frequency, resulting in an increase in the free energy difference of the compound from -167.946 to -165.390 kcal/mol. This demonstrated the diminished migratory capacity of atrazine. This study revealed the environmental behavior of atrazine during lake freezing, which was beneficial for the management of atrazine and other pollutants during freezing and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Hao Lin
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Aixin Yu
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Xiaozhuang Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yucan Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Tongshuai Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Rui Mei
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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Deng S, Chen C, Wang Y, Liu S, Zhao J, Cao B, Jiang D, Jiang Z, Zhang Y. Advances in understanding and mitigating Atrazine's environmental and health impact: A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 365:121530. [PMID: 38905799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Atrazine is a widely used herbicide in agriculture, and it has garnered significant attention because of its potential risks to the environment and human health. The extensive utilization of atrazine, alongside its persistence in water and soil, underscores the critical need to develop safe and efficient removal strategies. This comprehensive review aims to spotlight atrazine's potential impact on ecosystems and public health, particularly its enduring presence in soil, water, and plants. As a known toxic endocrine disruptor, atrazine poses environmental and health risks. The review navigates through innovative removal techniques across soil and water environments, elucidating microbial degradation, phytoremediation, and advanced methodologies such as electrokinetic-assisted phytoremediation (EKPR) and photocatalysis. The review notably emphasizes the complex process of atrazine degradation and ongoing scientific efforts to address this, recognizing its potential risks to both the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Deng
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Cairu Chen
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Shanqi Liu
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jiaying Zhao
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Bo Cao
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Duo Jiang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Zhao Jiang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130132, PR China.
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Pantoja F, Beszédes S, Gyulavári T, Illés E, Kozma G, László Z. Ammonium ion removal from aqueous solutions in the presence of organic compounds, using biochar from banana leaves. Competitive isotherm models. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31495. [PMID: 38826707 PMCID: PMC11141371 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Industrial, e.g. food industrial and domestic wastewaters contain huge amount of compounds causing eutrophication, and should be removed with high cost during wastewater treatment. However, these compounds could be utilized as fertilizers too. Biochar can remove a wide range of pollutants from water, such as ammonium, which can be found in relatively high concentration in dairy wastewaters. However, adsorption performance may be affected by the presence of other wastewater pollutants. Thus, this study aims to determine the efficiency of biochar as an adsorbent of ammonium in aqueous solutions in the presence of some selected organic compounds of typical dairy wastewaters such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), lactose, and acetic acid. Methods: The biochar was produced from banana leaves at 300 °C, modified with NaOH, and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR) analysis, and specific surface area measurements. Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the ammonium adsorption capacity and the ion competitive adsorption mechanism. Significant Findings: Results show that the surface structure of the biochar derived from banana leaves is different from other biochars previously studied; although the specific surface area is not very considerable and despite having nitrogen within the elemental composition, the biochar studied is capable of adsorbing 2.60 mg NH4+/m2, the highest ammonium removal in 2 h occurs at pH 9 and 500 mg biochar dose. Langmuir model in the monolayer phase analysis fits better for all scenarios and the maximum NH4+ adsorption capacity was 0.97 mg/g without organic compounds. In the multilayer adsorption phase, the isotherm model that best fits the data obtained is the Harkins-Jura model without organic compounds. The presence of organic compounds in the aqueous solution significantly impacts the adsorption of ammonium by biochar since it improves the adsorption capacity (1.132 mg/g BSA, 0.975 mg/g lactose, and 1.874 mg/g acetic acid). The Aranovich-Donohue isotherm model fitted the data obtained during ion competitive adsorption experiments well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pantoja
- Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Beszédes
- Department of Process Engineering, University of Szeged, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Gyulavári
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla Sqr. 1, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Illés
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Szeged, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kozma
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla Sqr. 1, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna László
- Department of Process Engineering, University of Szeged, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
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Naboulsi A, Haydari I, Bouzid T, Grich A, Aziz F, Regti A, Himri ME, Haddad ME. Fixed-bed adsorption of pesticide agricultural waste using cross-linked adsorptive hydrogel composite beads. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:32320-32338. [PMID: 38653892 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Adsorption column blockage due to solid adsorbent material is prevalent in laboratory-scale applications. Creating composite materials with stable geometries offers a viable solution. By crafting hydrogel beads using sodium alginate (Alg) and a bio-source like activated carbon (RMCA-P), it becomes possible to effectively eliminate agricultural pollutants, including the pesticide 2,4-D, from aqueous solutions. To evaluate the performance of these beads, a range of structural and textural analyses such as DRX, FTIR, SEM/EDX, BET, Zeta potential, Boehm titration, and iodine number were employed. Moreover, the study found that optimizing certain parameters greatly enhanced adsorption column efficiency. Specifically, increasing the bed height while reducing the flow rate of the adsorbate and the initial concentration in the inlet proved beneficial. The column demonstrated peak performance at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, a bed height of 35 cm, and an inlet adsorbate concentration of 50 mg/L. Under these conditions, the highest recorded removal rate for 2,4-D was 95.49%, which was subsequently confirmed experimentally at 95.05%. Both the Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models exhibited a good fit with the breakthrough curves. After undergoing three cycles of reuse, the RMCA-P/Alg hydrogel composite maintained a 2,4-D removal percentage of 74.21%. Notably, the RMCA-P/Alg beads exhibited effective removal of 2,4-D from herbicidal field waters in a continuous operational mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Naboulsi
- Laboratory of Analytical and Molecular Chemistry, Faculty Poly-Disciplinary of Safi, BP 4162, 46 000, Safi, Morocco.
| | - Imane Haydari
- Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity, and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Taoufiq Bouzid
- Laboratory of Analytical and Molecular Chemistry, Faculty Poly-Disciplinary of Safi, BP 4162, 46 000, Safi, Morocco
| | - Abdelali Grich
- Laboratory of Analytical and Molecular Chemistry, Faculty Poly-Disciplinary of Safi, BP 4162, 46 000, Safi, Morocco
| | - Faissal Aziz
- Laboratory of Analytical and Molecular Chemistry, Faculty Poly-Disciplinary of Safi, BP 4162, 46 000, Safi, Morocco
- Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity, and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdelmajid Regti
- Laboratory of Analytical and Molecular Chemistry, Faculty Poly-Disciplinary of Safi, BP 4162, 46 000, Safi, Morocco
| | - Mamoune El Himri
- Laboratory of Analytical and Molecular Chemistry, Faculty Poly-Disciplinary of Safi, BP 4162, 46 000, Safi, Morocco
| | - Mohammadine El Haddad
- Laboratory of Analytical and Molecular Chemistry, Faculty Poly-Disciplinary of Safi, BP 4162, 46 000, Safi, Morocco
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Wu W, Zhang J, Zhu W, Zhao S, Gao Y, Li Y, Ding L, Ding H. Novel manganese and nitrogen co-doped biochar based on sodium bicarbonate activation for efficient removal of bisphenol A: Mechanism insight and role analysis of manganese and nitrogen by combination of characterizations, experiments and density functional theory calculations. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 399:130608. [PMID: 38499202 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
A novel porous manganese and nitrogen co-doped biochar (Mn-N@SBC) was synthesized via one-step pyrolysis, utilizing loofah agricultural waste as the precursor and NaHCO3 as the activator. The behavior of bisphenol A adsorbed on Mn-N@SBC was evaluated using static batch adsorption experiments. Compared to direct manganese-nitrogen co-doping, co-doping based on NaHCO3 activation significantly increased the specific surface area (231 to 1027 m2·g-1) and adsorption capacity (15 to 351 mg·g-1). Wide pH (2-10) and good resistance to cation/anion, humic acid and actual water demonstrated the robust adaptability of Mn-N@SBC to environmental factors. The significantly reduced specific surface area after adsorption, adverse effects of ethanol and phenanthrene on the removal of bisphenol A, and theoretically predicted interaction sites indicated the primary adsorption mechanisms involved pore filling, hydrophobicity, and π-π-electron-donor-acceptor interaction. This work presented an approach to create high-efficiency adsorbents from agricultural waste, offering theoretical and practical guidance for the removal of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Wu
- School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China
| | - Weijie Zhu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China
| | - Shouhui Zhao
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China
| | - Yuchen Gao
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China; Engineering Research Center of Biofilm Water Purification and Utilization Technology of Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China
| | - Lei Ding
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China; Engineering Research Center of Biofilm Water Purification and Utilization Technology of Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China.
| | - Heng Ding
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China.
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Zhang B, Zhang J, Wang Y, Qu J, Jiang Z, Zhang X, Tao Y, Wang Y, Kang Z, Han S, Zhang J, Zhang Y. Biodegradation of atrazine with biochar-mediated functional bacterial biofilm: Construction, characterization and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133237. [PMID: 38113741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The abuse and residue of herbicides in the black soil area had seriously affected the soil structure, function and crop growth, posing severe threats to agricultural soil environment and public health. Given the limitation of routine microbial remediation, innovative and eco-friendly functional bacterial biofilm which could adapt under adverse conditions was developed on the biochar to investigate its enhanced bioremediation and metabolic characteristics of typical herbicide atrazine. Results revealed that the atrazine degrading strain Acinetobacter lwoffii had competitive advantage in soil indigenous microorganisms and formed dense biofilms on the biochar which was beneficial to cell viability maintenance and aggregations. Metatranscriptomics and RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that the biochar-mediated biofilm improved the frequency of intercellular communications through quorum sensing and two-component signal regulation systems, and enhanced the atrazine biodegradation efficiency through horizontal gene transfer in co-metabolism mode, providing important scientific basis for the biological remediation of farmland soil non-point source pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jingdan Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yuping Wang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jianhua Qu
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Zhao Jiang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yue Tao
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Zhonghui Kang
- Longjiang Environmental Protection Group Co.,Ltd., Harbin 150050, PR China
| | - Songting Han
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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Yang X, Wang B, Zhang P, Song X, Cheng F. Adsorption and reduction of Cr(VI) by N, S co-doped porous carbon from sewage sludge and low-rank coal: Combining experiments and theoretical calculations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169265. [PMID: 38086485 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a novel N, S co-doped porous carbon (S5C5-AC) for Cr(VI) removal was prepared by co-hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of sewage sludge (SS) and low-rank coal (LC) combining with KOH modification. The results showed that S5C5-AC had excellent adsorption performance on Cr(VI), and lower pH value, higher initial concentration and longer contact time were beneficial for Cr(VI) adsorption. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms revealed that Cr(VI) adsorption by S5C5-AC was homogeneous and dominated by chemisorption. The adsorption isotherm showed that the maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity of S5C5-AC for Cr(VI) was 382.04 mg/g at 25 °C. Furthermore, the results showed that the main mechanisms for Cr(VI) removal were the pore filling, electrostatic interaction and reduction. Moreover, the electron transfer mechanism during the adsorption and reduction process was further explored at the molecular and electronic levels by density functional theory (DFT) and front orbital theory (FOT) simulations. The analysis of DFT and FOT indicated that the synergistic effect between S and N functional groups was exhibited during the Cr(VI) removal process. Considering the existence of synergistic effects between N and S functional groups during adsorption, the S and N content and form were modified collaboratively. Increasing the relative content of pyrrolic N may be the most effective pathway for improving removal performance. Besides that, S5C5-AC exhibited excellent adsorption capacity over a high coexisting ion concentration range and various actual water bodies and regeneration performance, which indicated that S5C5-AC had promising potential for the remediation of wastewater in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Yang
- Engineering Research Center of CO(2) Emission Reduction and Resource Utilization - Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Resources and Environment Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Engineering Research Center of CO(2) Emission Reduction and Resource Utilization - Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Resources and Environment Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of CO(2) Emission Reduction and Resource Utilization - Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Resources and Environment Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xutao Song
- Engineering Research Center of CO(2) Emission Reduction and Resource Utilization - Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Resources and Environment Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Fangqin Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of CO(2) Emission Reduction and Resource Utilization - Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Resources and Environment Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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Singh S, Narasimhappa P, Khan NA, Chauhan V, Shehata N, Behera SK, Singh J, Ramamurthy PC. Effective voltammetric tool for Nano-detection of triazine herbicide (1-Chloro-3-ethylamino-5-isopropylamino-2,4,6-triazine) by naphthalene derivative. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116808. [PMID: 37579962 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The development and operation of a nanosensor for detecting the poisonous 1-chloro-3-ethylamino-5-isopropylamino-2,4,6-triazine (Atrazine) are described in this study for the first time. The carbon electrode (CE) surface was modified with cysteine-substituted naphthalene diimide to create this sensitive platform. The developed nanosensor (NDI-cys/GCE) was evaluated for its ability to sense Atrazine using differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry. To achieve the best response from the target analyte, the effects of several parameters were examined to optimize the conditions. The cysteine-substituted naphthalene diimide significantly improved the signals of the Atrazine compared to bare GCE due to the synergistic activity of substituted naphthalene diimide and cysteine molecules. Under optimal conditions, atrazine detection limits at the (NDI-cys/GCE) were reported to be 94 nM with a linear range of 10-100 μM. The developed sensing platform also showed positive results when used to detect the atrazine herbicide in real tap water, wastewater, and milk samples. Furthermore, a reasonable recovery rate for real-time studies, repeatability, and stability revealed that the developed electrochemical platform could be used for sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simranjeet Singh
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Pavithra Narasimhappa
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Nadeem A Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vishakha Chauhan
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Nabila Shehata
- Environmental Science and Industrial Development Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - S K Behera
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144111, India
| | - Praveen C Ramamurthy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India.
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