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Zhang L, Lin Y, Lu AX, Liu JX, Li J, Yan CH. Metabolomics insights into the effects of pre-pregnancy lead exposure on bone metabolism in pregnant rats. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122468. [PMID: 37652228 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Today's women of childbearing age with a history of high lead (Pb) exposure in childhood have large Pb body burdens, which increases Pb release during pregnancy by promoting bone Pb mobilisation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the metabolic mechanisms underlying bone Pb mobilisation and explore the bone metabolism-related pathways during pregnancy. Drinking water containing 0.05% sodium acetate or Pb acetate was provided to weaned female rats for 4 weeks followed by a 4-week washout period, and then rats were co-caged with healthy males of the same age until pregnancy. Blood and bone tissues of the female rats were collected at gestational day (GD) 3 (early pregnancy), GD 10 (middle pregnancy), and GD 17 (late pregnancy), respectively. Pb and calcium concentrations, biomarkers for bone turnover, bone microstructure, serum metabolomics, and metabolic indicators were intensively analyzed. The results demonstrated that pre-pregnancy Pb exposure elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) at GD17, accompanied by a negative correlation between BLLs and trabecular bone Pb levels. Meanwhile, Pb-exposed rats had low bone mass and aberrant bone architecture with a larger number of mature osteoclasts (OCs) compared to the control group. Moreover, the metabolomics uncovered that Pb exposure caused mitochondrial dysfunction, such as enhanced oxidative stress and inflammatory response, and suppressed energy metabolism. Additionally, the levels of ROS, MDA, IL-1β, and IL-18 involved in redox and inflammatory pathways of bone tissues were significantly increased in the Pb-exposed group, while antioxidant SOD and energy metabolism-related indicators including ATP levels, Na+-K+-ATPase, and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities were significantly decreased. In conclusion, pre-pregnancy Pb exposure promotes bone Pb mobilisation and affects bone microstructure in the third trimester of pregnancy, which may be attributed to OC activation and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yin Lin
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - An-Xin Lu
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jun-Xia Liu
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chong-Huai Yan
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Zinia SS, Yang KH, Lee EJ, Lim MN, Kim J, Kim WJ. Effects of heavy metal exposure during pregnancy on birth outcomes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18990. [PMID: 37923810 PMCID: PMC10624662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and mercury poses serious health risks to pregnant women because of their high toxicity. In this study, we investigated the associations of heavy metal exposure with birth outcomes of Korean infants. Data of 5,215 women between 2015 and 2019 were analyzed. This study was part of the Korean Children's Environmental Health (Ko-CHENS) study. Linear regression and logistic regression analyses were used to examine effects of concentrations of lead, cadmium, and mercury on birth weight, small for gestational age, and large for gestational age after adjusting for maternal age groups, parity, infant sex, education, income, smoking, drinking, body mass index, stillbirth, premature birth, diabetes, hypertension, and gestational diabetes. Besides adjusting for these covariates, each metal was mutually adjusted to estimate birth weight and large for gestational age status. Maternal cadmium concentrations during early pregnancy (β = - 39.96; 95% confidence interval (CI): - 63.76, - 16.17) and late pregnancy (β = - 37.24; 95% CI - 61.63, - 12.84) were significantly associated with birth weight. Cadmium levels during early pregnancy (adjusted OR = 0.637; 95% CI 0.444, 0.912) were also associated with large for gestational age status. Our findings suggest that prenatal cadmium exposure, even at a low level of exposure, is significantly associated with low birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Shafi Zinia
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyeok Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Nam Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Gu L, Wang Z, Liu L, Luo J, Pan Y, Sun L, Wang H, Zhang WB. Association between mixed aldehydes and bone mineral density based on four statistical models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:31631-31646. [PMID: 36450965 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24373-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes as an environmental pollutant may lead to oxidative stress, which is an important mechanism in the development of osteoporosis. This suggests a possible link between aldehyde exposure and osteoporosis. Considering the mixed nature of aldehyde exposure and the interactions between different aldehydes, we explored for the first time the associations between mixed six aldehydes (benzaldehyde, butyraldehyde, heptanal, hexanal, isovaleraldehyde, and propionaldehyde) and BMD in three populations (men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women) by applying four statistical models: quantile g-computation (qgcomp) model, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model, generalized linear regression model (GLM), and generalized additive model (GAM), based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014. We found that mixed aldehydes could significantly reduce BMD in men, with hexanaldehyde and propanaldehyde having the greatest negative qgcomp model and BKMR model weights, also confirmed by GLM. The associations between isopentanaldehyde and propanaldehyde and femoral BMD in men were non-linear and had threshold effects as derived from the BKMR model and GAM. The associations turned positive when the concentrations of isopentanaldehyde and propanaldehyde exceeded their respective inflection points. To conclude, our study might provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, and hexanaldehyde and propanaldehyde should be more regulated to prevent osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Gu
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Luwei Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jiayi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lian Sun
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wei-Bing Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Department of Stomatology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- Department of Stomatology, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- Department of Stomatology, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Suzhou, China.
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Rooney JP, Rakete S, Heier M, Linkohr B, Schwettmann L, Peters A. Blood lead levels in 2018/2019 compared to 1987/1988 in the German population-based KORA study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114184. [PMID: 36041540 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lead exposure remains of continuing concern due to its known and suspected impacts on human health and has been designated as a priority substance for investigation in human biomonitoring studies by the EU. The aims of this study were to measure blood lead levels (BLL) in a population based cohort of middle-aged individuals without major current exposures to lead, and to compare these to historical blood lead levels obtained thirty years earlier. METHODS The population-based KORA study from 1984 to 2001 included inhabitants of the Augsburg Region, Germany. During 2018 to 2019, a subsample of these participants (KORA-Fit) was invited for interview regarding demographic and lifestyle factors, physical examination and blood withdrawal. Blood samples were stored at -80C prior to measurement of BLL via graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS). Descriptive and multivariable analyses were performed. RESULTS BLLs were measured in 3033 eligible persons aged 54 to 73, establishing a geometric mean (GM) BLL of 24.8 μg/l in 2018/19. Of these, 555 (18%) had BLL above proposed 95th percentile reference values of the German Environment Agency. Only small differences were found in BLL stratified by sociodemographic categories, however regular smokers had higher GM BLL (26.1 μg/l) compared to never smokers (23.7 μg/l), and an increasing BLL with increased wine consumption was noted. For 556 individuals, BLLs (GM: 54.0 μg/l) reduced by 35% in men and 50% in women compared to levels in 1987/88 with only 1.4% of individuals having an unchanged or increased BLL. DISCUSSION KORA-Fit provided contemporary normative data for BLL in a Western European population without major current sources of lead exposure. Mean BLLs have fallen since the 1980s using historical BLL data which is likely linked to the ban of leaded gasoline. Nevertheless, BLLs in this population remain elevated at levels associated with morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Pk Rooney
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Institute and Clinic for Occupational-, Social- and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
| | - Stefan Rakete
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational-, Social- and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Margit Heier
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; KORA Study Centre, University Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Linkohr
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lars Schwettmann
- Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Economics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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5
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Tong H, Su B, Liu Z, Chen Y. Follicle-stimulating hormone and blood lead levels with bone mineral density and the risk of fractures in pre- and postmenopausal women. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1054048. [PMID: 36605937 PMCID: PMC9810013 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1054048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conclusions on the associations of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and blood lead levels with bone mineral density (BMD) were controversial. Furthermore, little was known on the impacts of co-existence of serum FSH and blood lead levels on BMD and the risk of fractures in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the associations of serum FSH and blood lead levels with BMD and the risk of fractures in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. METHODS Data were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. FSH is assayed using the Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay technology. Blood lead levels were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. BMD was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fractures were defined as subjects with fractures in any site of hip, wrist, and spine. RESULTS This study included 3798 participants. Elevated blood lead levels were associated with increased serum FSH levels (β= 48.22, 95% CI: 40.21~ 56.22). Serum FSH levels were negatively associated with total femur BMD in pre- and postmenopausal women. However, elevated serum FSH levels were associated with a lower lumbar spine BMD and a higher risk of fractures only in postmenopausal women (β= -0.0010, 95% CI: -0.0015~ -0.0006; OR: 1.007, 95% CI: 1.000~1.014, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Serum lead levels were associated with serum FSH levels. Serum FSH levels were associated with a lower BMD and a higher risk of fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Tong
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Su
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhize Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Yongjie Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Yongjie Chen,
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6
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Dolan LC, Flannery BM, Hoffman-Pennesi D, Gavelek A, Jones OE, Kanwal R, Wolpert B, Gensheimer K, Dennis S, Fitzpatrick S. A review of the evidence to support interim reference level for dietary lead exposure in adults. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 111:104579. [PMID: 31945454 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
FDA developed the interim reference level (IRL) for lead of 3 μg/day in children and 12.5 μg/day in women of childbearing age (WOCBA) to better protect the fetus from lead toxicity. These IRLs correspond to a blood lead level (BLL) of 0.5 μg/dL in both populations. The current investigation was performed to determine if the IRL for WOCBA should apply to the general population of adults. A literature review of epidemiological studies was conducted to determine whether a BLL of 0.5 μg/dL is associated with adverse effects in adults. Some studies reported adverse effects over a wide range of BLLs that included 0.5 μg/dL adding uncertainty to conclusions about effects at 0.5 μg/dL; however, no studies clearly identified this BLL as an adverse effect level. Results also showed that the previously developed PTTDI for adults of 75 μg/day lead may not be health protective, supporting use of a lower reference value for lead toxicity in this population group. Use of the 12.5 μg/day IRL as a benchmark for dietary lead intake is one way FDA will ensure that dietary lead intake in adults is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie C Dolan
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Brenna M Flannery
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Dana Hoffman-Pennesi
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Gavelek
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Olivia E Jones
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Richard Kanwal
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Beverly Wolpert
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen Gensheimer
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sherri Dennis
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Suzanne Fitzpatrick
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
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7
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Li MM, Gao ZY, Dong CY, Wu MQ, Yan J, Cao J, Ma WJ, Wang J, Gong YL, Xu J, Cai SZ, Chen JY, Xu SQ, Tong S, Tang D, Zhang J, Yan CH. Contemporary blood lead levels of children aged 0-84 months in China: A national cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105288. [PMID: 31765862 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite the global abundance of studies on children's lead (Pb) exposure, the magnitude of Pb exposure among children across China remains unclear, especially for rural areas. In 2000, Pb was removed from petrol, marking a change in the sources of Pb exposure in China. To better understand children's Pb exposure and inform potential approaches to exposure reduction, we conducted a national blood Pb survey of 31,373 children (0-84 months old) from May 2013 to March 2015, using a multi-stage and multi-strata sampling method. Blood lead levels (BLLs) were tested using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with a detection limit of 1 µg/L. The results show that Chinese children had a contemporary geometric mean (GM) BLL of 26.7 μg/L, with 8.6% of BLLs exceeding 50 µg/L. Boys had higher BLLs (GM 27.2 μg/L) compared to girls (GM: 25.9 μg/L) (p < 0.001). Children at the age of 0-36 months had a lower PbB (GM 25.7 μg/L) level compared with those aged 36-84 months (GM 27.9 μg/L) (p < 0.001). When taking into account sociodemographic factors, a multivariate logistic regression analysis shows that the odds ratios (OR) of having a BLL of 27 µg/dL (i.e., median BLL of this study) or higher were 1.88 (95% CI: 1.76, 2.02) and 1.35 (95% CI: 1.22, 1.49) for homes using coal and biomass fuels, respectively, compared to those using gas or electricity. Meanwhile, children in homes close to roads were more likely to have BLLs exceeding 27 µg/dL (OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.20). In China, rural children had higher BLLs compared to urban children. As a result of pediatric exposure to Pb, there were approximately 144 million and 36 million IQ points lost for rural children and urban children, respectively, revealing a disparity of Pb exposure between rural and urban areas in China. Cleaner domestic fuels and improved cooking/heating equipment will reduce contemporary Pb exposure in rural areas. In addition, the association between contemporary BLLs and distance away from roads further suggests that resuspension of legacy soil/dust Pb should not be neglected in future remediation programs and household interventions. As a large scale survey, this study provides evidence for revising the reference value of BLL, improving the guideline for clinical and public health management, and implementing interventions to prevent adverse health outcomes associated with low-level Pb exposure in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ming Li
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Children's Health Department, Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Zhen-Yan Gao
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Chen-Yin Dong
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Mei-Qin Wu
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jin Yan
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jia Cao
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Wen-Juan Ma
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Ju Wang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Ying-Liang Gong
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jian Xu
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Shi-Zhong Cai
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jing-Yuan Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Shun-Qing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Shilu Tong
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Pudong, Shanghai 200127, PR China; Institute of Environment and Population Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China; School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, 4056 QLD, Australia
| | - Deliang Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Chong-Huai Yan
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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Ahn J, Kim NS, Lee BK, Oh I, Kim Y. Changes of Atmospheric and Blood Concentrations of Lead and Cadmium in the General Population of South Korea from 2008 to 2017. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2096. [PMID: 31200504 PMCID: PMC6617041 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We measured changes in atmospheric and blood levels of lead and cadmium in the South Korean general population during the past decade. Blood data of 16,873 adults were taken from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2008-2017). Atmospheric data were taken from 66 air quality monitoring sites in 16 different regions in South Korea. From 2008 to 2017, the geometric mean (GM) blood lead level decreased from 2.37 to 1.46 μg/dL (38.4% decrease), and the atmospheric lead concentration decreased by 61.0% in the overall population. During this time, the GM blood cadmium level decreased from 0.88 to 0.72 μg/L (18.2% decrease), and the atmospheric cadmium concentration decreased by 63.6%. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that a half reduction in air lead was associated with a 0.09 μg/dL decrease in blood lead (95% CI: 0.03 to 0.15) in a subgroup of the metropolitan city population. However, a half reduction in air cadmium had no significant effect on blood cadmium. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that the decrease in blood lead level over 10 years in Korea was related to the decrease in atmospheric lead concentration. However, the decrease in blood cadmium level during this time was not significantly associated with the decrease in atmospheric cadmium concentration. Our findings suggest that inhalation is a major source of lead exposure, but not of cadmium exposure. Ingestion of dietary cadmium presumably has a stronger impact on blood cadmium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeouk Ahn
- Department of Medical IT Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Suncheonhyang-ro, Asan 31538, Korea.
| | - Nam-Soo Kim
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyang-ro, Asan 31538, Korea.
| | - Byung-Kook Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Suncheonhyang-ro, Asan 31538, Korea.
| | - Inbo Oh
- Environmental Health Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 877 Bangeojinsunhwando-ro, Dong-gu, Ulsan 44033, Korea.
| | - Yangho Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 877 Bangeojinsunhwando-ro, Dong-gu, Ulsan 44033, Korea.
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9
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Jeong KS, Ha E, Shin JY, Park H, Hong YC, Ha M, Kim S, Lee SJ, Lee KY, Kim JH, Kim Y. Blood heavy metal concentrations in pregnant Korean women and their children up to age 5years: Mothers' and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) birth cohort study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:784-791. [PMID: 28679122 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study assessed the associations of heavy metal concentrations in pregnant women with the concentrations in their children during early childhood. This study is a part of the Mothers' and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) study, a Korean multi-center prospective birth cohort study of 1751 pregnant women who were recruited from 2006 to 2010. We completed the follow-up of children who were 5years-old in 2016. Lead, total mercury, and cadmium were measured in women during early and late pregnancy, in cord blood, and in children who were 2, 3, and 5years-old. Lead concentration was lowest in cord blood, highest in 24month-old children, and then decreased with child age. Total mercury concentration was highest in cord blood, and gradually decreased with child age. Cadmium concentration was lowest in cord blood, and increased with child age. After adjusting for child sex, maternal age, and maternal education level, we found strong correlations between the levels of lead and total mercury in women during late pregnancy with the levels in cord blood; however, there were weak correlations between the levels of these metals in women during late pregnancy and cord blood with the levels in their children. In conclusion, maternal lead and mercury concentrations correlated with the levels in cord blood and in children up to age 60months. This correlation may be due to high trans-placental transmission of these metals and shared living environment such as environmental exposure, food consumption, and lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Sook Jeong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Ha
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Shin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesook Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Suejin Kim
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jeong Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Yeon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hyeong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangho Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
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Use of Genetic Algorithm Combinational Single-nucleotide Polymorphisms Could Modify the Association of Blood Lead Levels and Bone Matrix Density. Epidemiology 2017; 28 Suppl 1:S121-S125. [PMID: 29028685 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have not explored the relationship between a single gene and a single disease. Our study aims to investigate the association of multiple genotypes with blood lead levels and bone matrix density (BMD) by using genetic algorithms. METHODS Our research focused on 506 employees (245 males and 261 females) of a lead battery factory in Taiwan. We collected data on their BMD, blood lead level, and 6 SNPs (ACE, alpha-adducin, Bsm, Tag, Apa, and ALAD); these factors were analyzed using discrete binary particle swarm optimization (DBPSO) and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS We found no association between blood lead level and bone density, which may be due to the relatively young age of this population (mean age = 45.1 years). However, the genotype that contained both Bsm type bb and ALAD type 1-1 may play an important role in protecting against lower bone density among these employees. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study found that the Bsm and ALAD genes influence bone density among lead workers. However, the mechanism and exact relationship between these two genes and bone density require further investigation.
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11
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Jain RB. Trends and variability in blood lead concentrations among US adults aged 20-64 years and senior citizens aged ≥65 years. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14056-14067. [PMID: 27044289 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the period 2003-2012, the objective of this study was to evaluate trends in blood lead levels (BLL) among adults aged 20-64 years (adults) and seniors aged ≥65 years (seniors). In addition, the contribution of other factors like gender, race/ethnicity, smoking, and exposure to secondhand smoke at home in explaining variability in BLL was also evaluated by fitting regression models with log10 transformed values of BLL as dependent variables. BLL decreased over 2003-2012 (p < 0.01). Irrespective of gender, race/ethnicity, and smoking status, seniors were found to have higher BLL than adults. Based on the magnitude of differences between the 5th and 95th percentiles, variability in the levels of blood lead was found to be substantially higher among seniors than among adults. Males had statistically significantly higher adjusted BLL than females (2.32 vs. 1.76 μg/dL for seniors, p < 0.01 and 1.66 vs. 1.13 μg/dL for adults, p < 0.01). Non-Hispanic whites had statistically significantly lower adjusted BLL than non-Hispanic blacks (1.99 vs. 2.42 μg/dL for seniors, p < 0.01 and 1.22 vs. 1.42 μg/dL for adults, p < 0.01). When compared with non-smokers, smokers had statistically significantly higher BLL (2.19 vs. 1.86 μg/dL for seniors, p < 0.01 and 1.54 vs. 1.22 μg/dL for adults, p < 0.01). Non-obese had statistically significantly higher BLL than obese individuals (2.11 vs. 1.93 μg/dL for seniors, p < 0.01 and 1.48 vs. 1.27 μg/dL for adults, p < 0.01). Exposure to secondhand smoke at home (SHS) was associated with statistically significantly higher BLL than when there was no exposure to SHS (β = 0.0683, p = 0.03 for seniors; β = 0.034, p = 0.034, p < 0.01 for adults).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram B Jain
- , 2959 Estate View Court, Dacula, GA, USA.
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12
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Jain RB. Trends and variability in blood lead concentrations among US children and adolescents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:7880-9. [PMID: 26758308 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the period 2003-2012, the objective of this study was to evaluate trends in blood lead levels (BLL) among children aged 1-5 and 6-11 years and smoker and nonsmoker adolescents aged 12-19 years. Regression models with log10 transformed values of BLLs as dependent variable were fitted to evaluate how gender, race/ethnicity, smoking, and exposure to secondhand smoke at home affect BLLs. Irrespective of age, gender, and race/ethnicity, BLLs declined over the study period (p ≤ 0.01). Overall, adjusted BLLs declined by 0.00114 μg/dL for every 2 years. Children aged 1-5 years had about 50 % higher BLLs than smoker adolescents, about 75 % higher BLLs than nonsmoker adolescents, and about 45 % higher BLLs than children aged 6-11 years. While overall, children aged 1-5 years with BLL ≥ 5 μg/dL made up 3.24 %, 7.8 % non-Hispanic Black children aged 1-5 years had BLL ≥ 5 μg/dL. Males were found to have higher adjusted BLLs than females, and non-Hispanic Blacks were found to have higher adjusted BLLs than non-Hispanic Whites. Higher poverty income ratio was associated with lower adjusted BLLs (β = -0.02916, p < 0.01). Children living in owner-occupied homes had lower adjusted BLLs than children living in renter-occupied homes. BLLs increased with increase in number of smokers smoking inside the home (β = 0.02496, p = 0.02). In conclusion, while BLLs have declined for all age groups, genders, and races/ethnicities, certain races/ethnicities like non-Hispanic Blacks continue to have substantially higher BLLs than non-Hispanic Whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram B Jain
- , 2959 Estate View Court, Dacula, GA, USA.
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13
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Tagne-Fotso R, Leroyer A, Howsam M, Dehon B, Richeval C, Nisse C. Current sources of lead exposure and their relative contributions to the blood lead levels in the general adult population of Northern France: The IMEPOGE Study, 2008-2010. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:245-265. [PMID: 27074096 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1149131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is justification for limiting lead (Pb) exposure as much as possible, given its impact on health at low concentrations. Consequently, the aim of this study was to measure blood lead levels (BLL) and examine exposure factors related to BLL variations in the general adult population of northern France, a current and past industrial area. Two thousand inhabitants of northern France, aged between 20 and 59 years, were recruited using the quota method with caution. Blood lead levels were quantified by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), and variation factors were studied separately in men and women using multivariate stepwise linear and logistic regression models. The geometric mean of the BLL was 18.8 μg/L (95% confidence interval [CI]: 18.3-19.3). Occupational factors affected BLL only in men and represented 14% of total explained variance of BLL. External occupational factors significantly increasing mean levels of BLL were tobacco, consumption of some beverages (wine, coffee, tea, and/or tap water), raw vegetables, housing characteristics (built prior to 1948, Pb piping in the home) and do-it-yourself or leisure activities (paint stripping or rifle shooting). Consumption habits accounted together for 25% and 18% of the total explained variance, respectively, in men and women. Industrial environment did not significantly contribute to BLL variations. Blood lead levels observed in the general population of this industrial part of France did not appear to be excessively elevated compared to values found internationally. Nonetheless, these BLL remain a public health issue in regard to nonthreshold toxicity attributed to Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Tagne-Fotso
- a Univ. Lille, EA 4483 -IMPECS-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine , Département Universitaire de Médecine et Santé au Travail , Lille , France
| | - Ariane Leroyer
- a Univ. Lille, EA 4483 -IMPECS-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine , Département Universitaire de Médecine et Santé au Travail , Lille , France
- b CHU Lille, Pôle de Santé Publique , Lille , France
| | - Mike Howsam
- c Univ. Lille, Centre Universitaire de Mesures et d'Analyses , Lille , France
| | - Betty Dehon
- d CHU Lille , Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Génopathies , Lille , France
| | - Camille Richeval
- d CHU Lille , Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Génopathies , Lille , France
| | - Catherine Nisse
- a Univ. Lille, EA 4483 -IMPECS-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine , Département Universitaire de Médecine et Santé au Travail , Lille , France
- b CHU Lille, Pôle de Santé Publique , Lille , France
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14
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Hwang HS, Lee SB, Jee D. Association between Blood Lead Levels and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134338. [PMID: 26252225 PMCID: PMC4529082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the association between blood lead levels and prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods A nationwide population-based cross-sectional study included 4,933 subjects aged over 40 years who participated in the 2008–2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and for whom fundus photographs were available. All participants underwent a standardized interview, evaluation of blood lead concentration, and a comprehensive ophthalmic examination. Digital fundus photographs (45°) were taken of both eyes under physiological mydriasis. All fundus photographs were graded using an international classification and grading system. Results Mean blood lead levels were 3.15 μg/dL in men and 2.27 μg/dL in women (P < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders including age, gender, smoking status, total cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, heart problems and strokes, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) in women for any AMD was 1.86 (95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.03–3.36) and for early AMD was 1.92 (95% CI, 1.06–3.48), for those in the highest quintile of lead level compared with the lowest quintile. In men, however, blood lead level was not significantly associated with AMD. Conclusions Blood lead levels were higher in men, but were only associated with AMD in women. Increased levels of blood lead may be involved in the pathogenesis of AMD development in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Sik Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | | | - Donghyun Jee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
- * E-mail:
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15
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Park S, Yoon HK, Ryu HM, Han YJ, Lee SW, Park BK, Park SY, Yim CH, Kim SH. Maternal vitamin D deficiency in early pregnancy is not associated with gestational diabetes mellitus development or pregnancy outcomes in Korean pregnant women in a prospective study. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2015; 60:269-75. [PMID: 25297616 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.60.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The association between vitamin D deficiency in the first trimester and GDM development remains controversial in various ethnicities. We prospectively assessed whether pregnant women with vitamin D deficiency during early pregnancy had an increased likelihood of GDM development or poor fetal growth or pregnancy outcomes compared to those with sufficient vitamin D levels. Serum 25-OH-D measurements and fetal ultrasonograms were carried out at 12-14, 20-22, and 32-34 wk in 523 pregnant women. Each woman was screened for GDM at 24-28 wk. There were no differences in serum 25-OH-D levels at 12-14 wk or 22-24 wk of pregnancy between GDM and non-GDM women after adjusting for maternal age, BMI at prepregnancy, BMI at first visit, BMI at GDM screening, gestational age at sampling, previous history of GDM, vitamin D intake, and seasonal variation in sampling. The risk of GDM, insulin resistance, and impaired β-cell function had no association with serum 25-OH-D levels in crude or adjusted logistic regression analysis. GDM was not associated with maternal serum 25-OH-D deficiency during the first trimester or fetal growth during the first and second trimesters. Pregnancy outcomes such as miscarriage, Apgar 1, Apgar 5 and birth weight were independent of maternal serum 25-OH-D levels during the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy. In conclusion, neither GDM prevalence nor fetal growth during pregnancy is associated with vitamin D deficiency at the first trimester in Korean women. Pregnancy outcomes are also independent of maternal vitamin D status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmin Park
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Hoseo University
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16
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Kim Y, Lobdell DT, Wright CW, Gocheva VV, Hudgens E, Bowler RM. Blood metal concentrations of manganese, lead, and cadmium in relation to serum ferritin levels in Ohio residents. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 165:1-9. [PMID: 25578336 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to assess ferritin-specific profiles of blood metal concentrations such as manganese, lead, and cadmium and to evaluate whether ferritin may affect the behavior of the blood metals in relation to menstruation, menopause, or sex in Ohio residents. Recruited participants included residents from Marietta, East Liverpool, and Mt. Vernon, OH, USA, who were aged 30-75 years and lived at least 10 years in their respective town. The levels of the neurotoxic metals such as manganese, cadmium, and lead were assayed in whole blood. Serum was analyzed for ferritin level [as a biomarker of iron (Fe) status]. An association between blood metal concentrations and independent variables (age, serum ferritin, manganese exposure status, and sex) by multiple regression analysis was assessed, controlling for various covariates such as BMI, educational level, smoking, and alcohol drinking status. Overall, the geometric means of blood manganese, cadmium, and lead levels of all participants (n = 276) were 9.307 μg/L, 0.393 μg/L, and 1.276 μg/dL, respectively. Log serum ferritin concentrations were inversely associated with log blood manganese concentration (β = -0.061 log ferritin and β = 0.146 categorical ferritin) and log blood cadmium concentrations (β = -0.090 log ferritin and β = 0.256 categorical ferritin). Log serum ferritin concentrations were not associated with log blood lead concentrations. Variables of age, sex, and exposure status were not associated with log manganese concentrations; however, log blood cadmium concentrations were higher in older population, women, and smokers. Log blood lead concentrations were higher in older population, men, and postmenopausal women. Our study showed that iron deficiency is associated with increased levels of blood manganese and cadmium, but not blood lead, in Ohio residents. These metals showed different toxicokinetics in relation to age, sex, and menopausal status despite similar relationships between ferritin and metal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangho Kim
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, 682-060, South Korea
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17
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lead exposure linked to osteoporosis in women. However, there is no direct evidence whether lead exposure has effects on bone metabolism in middle-aged male subjects. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationship between bone mineral densitometry measurements, bone markers, endocrine hormones and blood lead levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS The present study included lead exposure patients (n: 30) and control subjects (n: 32). We recorded information on patient demographics and risk factors of osteoporosis. Blood lead levels were evaluated using Varian AA 240Z atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Bone mineral density measurements were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Each lumbar T and Z scores in the lead exposure group were lower than the control group. There were no significant differences in femur neck and femur total T and Z scores between two groups. Blood lead levels were also negatively correlated with lumbar 2-4 T score, total lumbar T score, lumbar 2-4 Z score and total lumbar Z score. Urinary hydroxyproline and urinary deoxypyridinoline levels in the lead exposure group were significantly higher compared to controls. Blood lead levels were strong, positively correlated with urinary deoxypyridinoline. Endocrine hormone levels and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 levels were comparable between lead exposure and control group. CONCLUSION Lead exposure in male workers is an important factor for deterioration in bone mineral density. We should be screening blood lead levels and history of lead exposure in male osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Akbal
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Çanakkale , Turkey and
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18
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Lee BK, Kim Y. Sex-specific Profiles of Blood Metal Levels Associated with Metal-Iron Interactions. Saf Health Work 2014; 5:113-7. [PMID: 25379323 PMCID: PMC4213922 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which iron is absorbed are similar to those of divalent metals, particularly manganese, lead, and cadmium. These metals, however, show different toxicokinetics in relation to menarche or menopause, although their interaction with iron is the same. This review focuses on the kinetics of these three toxic metals (manganese, lead, and cadmium) in relation to menarche, pregnancy, and menopause. The iron–manganese interaction is the major factor determining sex-specific differences in blood manganese levels throughout the whole life cycle. The effects of estrogen overshadow the association between iron deficiency and increased blood lead concentrations, explaining why women, despite having lower ferritin concentrations, have lower blood lead concentrations than men. Iron deficiency is associated with elevated cadmium levels in premenopausal women, but not in postmenopausal women or men; these findings indicate that sex-specific differences in cadmium levels at older ages are not due to iron–cadmium interactions, and that further studies are required to identify the source of these differences. In summary, the potential causes of sex-specific differences in the blood levels of manganese, lead, and cadmium differ from each other, although all these three metals are associated with iron deficiency. Therefore, other factors such as estrogen effects, or absorption rate as well as iron deficiency, should be considered when addressing environmental exposure to toxic metals and sex-specific differences in the blood levels of these metals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yangho Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 290-3 Cheonha-Dong, Dong-Gu, Ulsan 682-060, Korea.
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Chen X, Wang K, Wang Z, Gan C, He P, Liang Y, Jin T, Zhu G. Effects of lead and cadmium co-exposure on bone mineral density in a Chinese population. Bone 2014; 63:76-80. [PMID: 24607944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been indicated that both cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) may have adverse effects on the bone. However, most studies have only focused on a single factor. The primary and main and interactive effects of Cd and Pb on bone mineral density (BMD) in a Chinese population were observed in this study. A total of 321 individuals (202 women and 119 men), aged 27 years and older, living in control and polluted areas, were recruited to participate in this study. The BMD was measured through dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the proximal radius and ulna. The samples of urine and blood were collected to determine the levels of Cd and Pb in the urine (UCd and UPb) and blood (BCd and BPb). The Cd and Pb levels of people living in the polluted area were significantly higher than those living in the control area (p<0.05). The BMD of women living in polluted area was significantly lower than that of women living in the control area (p<0.05). Furthermore, the BMD decreased with increasing of BCd (p<0.05), BPb and UPb in women. The likelihood of low BMD was associated with higher BCd in women (OR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.11-5.43) and BPb in men (OR=4.49, 95% CI: 1.37-14.6). The relative extra risk index of low BMD for female and male subjects with both high levels of BCd and BPb was 0.45 and 1.16, respectively. This study strengthens previous evidence that cadmium and lead may influence the bone and also demonstrates that cadmium and lead may have interactive effects on BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Keyue Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Zuiyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Caohui Gan
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Occupation Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihuai Liang
- Department of Occupation Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Taiyi Jin
- Department of Occupation Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoying Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Park JK, Lim YH, Kim KS, Kim SG, Kim JH, Lim HG, Shin J. Body Fat Distribution After Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2013; 22:587-94. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2012.4035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyu Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Hyo Lim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Gil Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heon Gil Lim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinho Shin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Lee DJ, Ko WS, Cho BJ. The Effects of Exercise Participation on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Mineral Content in Swimmers. J Phys Ther Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.24.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Chungnam National University
| | - Wi-Sug Ko
- Department of Sports and Leisure Studies, Daegu University
| | - Byung-Jun Cho
- Department of Emergency Medical Technology, Kangwon National University
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