1
|
Paiva AM, Barros B, Oliveira M, Alves S, Esteves F, Fernandes A, Vaz J, Slezáková K, Teixeira JP, Costa S, Morais S. Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and short-time health effects in wildland firefighters during real-life fire events. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171801. [PMID: 38508274 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring data retrieved from real-life wildland firefighting in Europe and, also, worldwide are scarce. Thus, in this study, 176 Portuguese firefighters were biomonitored pre- and post- unsimulated wildfire combating (average:12-13 h; maximum: 55 h) to evaluate the impact on the levels of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons hydroxylated metabolites (OHPAH; quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection) and the associated short-term health effects (symptoms, and total and differentiated white blood cells). Correlations between these variables and data retrieved from the self-reported questionnaires were also investigated. Firefighters were organized into four groups according to their exposure to wildfire emissions and their smoking habits: non-smoking non-exposed (NSNExp), non-smoking exposed (NSExp), smoking non-exposed (SNExp), and smoking and exposed (SExp). The most abundant metabolites were 1-hydroxynaphthalene and 1-hydroxyacenaphthene (1OHNaph + 1OHAce) (98-99 %), followed by 2-hydroxyfluorene (2OHFlu) (0.2-1.1 %), 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (1OHPhen) (0.2-0.4 %), and 1-hydroxypyrene (1OHPy) (0.1-0.2 %); urinary 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene was not detected. The exposure to wildfire emissions significantly elevated the median concentrations of each individual and total OHPAH compounds in all groups, but this effect was more pronounced in non-smoking (1.7-4.2 times; p ≤ 0.006) than in smoking firefighters (1.3-1.6 times; p ≤ 0.03). The greatest discriminant of exposure to wildfire emissions was 1OHNaph + 1OHAce (increase of 4.2 times), while for tobacco smoke it was 2OHFlu (increase of 10 times). Post-exposure, white blood cells count significantly increased ranging from 1.4 (smokers, p = 0.025) to 3.7-fold (non-smokers, p < 0.001), which was accompanied by stronger significant correlations (0.480 < r < 0.882; p < 0.04) between individual and total OHPAH and total white blood cells (and lymphocytes > monocytes > neutrophils in non-smokers), evidencing the impact of PAH released from wildfire on immune cells. This study identifies Portuguese firefighters with high levels of biomarkers of exposure to PAH and points out the importance of adopting biomonitoring schemes, that include multiple biomarkers of exposure and biomarkers of effect, and implementing mitigations strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Paiva
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bela Barros
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Alves
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, UICISA: E, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde: Enfermagem, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Filipa Esteves
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adília Fernandes
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, UICISA: E, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde: Enfermagem, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Josiana Vaz
- CIMO, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Campus Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; SusTEC, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Sustec - Associate Laboratory for Sustainability and Technology in Inland Regions, Campus Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Klára Slezáková
- LEPABE-ALiCE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Solange Costa
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Simone Morais
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pikula K, Tretyakova M, Zakharenko A, Johari SA, Ugay S, Chernyshev V, Chaika V, Kalenik T, Golokhvast K. Environmental Risk Assessment of Vehicle Exhaust Particles on Aquatic Organisms of Different Trophic Levels. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9100261. [PMID: 34678957 PMCID: PMC8539507 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vehicle emission particles (VEPs) represent a significant part of air pollution in urban areas. However, the toxicity of this category of particles in different aquatic organisms is still unexplored. This work aimed to extend the understanding of the toxicity of the vehicle exhaust particles in two species of marine diatomic microalgae, the planktonic crustacean Artemia salina, and the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. These aquatic species were applied for the first time in the risk assessment of VEPs. Our results demonstrated that the samples obtained from diesel-powered vehicles completely prevented egg fertilization of the sea urchin S. intermedius and caused pronounced membrane depolarization in the cells of both tested microalgae species at concentrations between 10 and 100 mg/L. The sample with the highest proportion of submicron particles and the highest content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) had the highest growth rate inhibition in both microalgae species and caused high toxicity to the crustacean. The toxicity level of the other samples varied among the species. We can conclude that metal content and the difference in the concentrations of PAHs by itself did not directly reflect the toxic level of VEPs, but the combination of both a high number of submicron particles and high PAH concentrations had the highest toxic effect on all the tested species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Pikula
- Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (M.T.); (S.U.); (V.C.); (K.G.)
- Federal Research Center the Yakut Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Petrovskogo Str., 677000 Yakutsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariya Tretyakova
- Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (M.T.); (S.U.); (V.C.); (K.G.)
| | - Alexander Zakharenko
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, SFSCA RAS, P.O. Box 267, 630501 Krasnoobsk, Russia; (A.Z.); (V.C.)
- Laboratory of Supercritical Fluid Research and Application in Agrobiotechnology, The National Research Tomsk State University, 36, Lenin Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Seyed Ali Johari
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Pasdaran St, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran;
| | - Sergey Ugay
- Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (M.T.); (S.U.); (V.C.); (K.G.)
| | - Valery Chernyshev
- Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (M.T.); (S.U.); (V.C.); (K.G.)
| | - Vladimir Chaika
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, SFSCA RAS, P.O. Box 267, 630501 Krasnoobsk, Russia; (A.Z.); (V.C.)
| | - Tatiana Kalenik
- Institute of Life Science and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Kirill Golokhvast
- Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (M.T.); (S.U.); (V.C.); (K.G.)
- Federal Research Center the Yakut Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Petrovskogo Str., 677000 Yakutsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Supercritical Fluid Research and Application in Agrobiotechnology, The National Research Tomsk State University, 36, Lenin Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Engin AB. Combined Toxicity of Metal Nanoparticles: Comparison of Individual and Mixture Particles Effect. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1275:165-193. [PMID: 33539016 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of metal nanoparticles (NPs) are closely associated with increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. However, NP interactions and surface complexation reactions alter the original toxicity of individual NPs. To date, toxicity studies on NPs have mostly been focused on individual NPs instead of the combination of several species. It is expected that the amount of industrial and highway-acquired NPs released into the environment will further increase in the near future. This raises the possibility that various types of NPs could be found in the same medium, thereby, the adverse effects of each NP either could be potentiated, inhibited or remain unaffected by the presence of the other NPs. After uptake of NPs into the human body from various routes, protein kinases pathways mediate their toxicities. In this context, family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is mostly efficient. Despite each NP activates almost the same metabolic pathways, the toxicity induced by a single type of NP is different than the case of co-exposure to the combined NPs. The scantiness of toxicological data on NPs combinations displays difficulties to determine, if there is any risk associated with exposure to combined nanomaterials. Currently, in addition to mathematical analysis (Response surface methodology; RSM), the quantitative-structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is used to estimate the toxicity of various metal oxide NPs based on their physicochemical properties and levels applied. In this chapter, it is discussed whether the coexistence of multiple metal NPs alter the original toxicity of individual NP. Additionally, in the part of "Toxicity of diesel emission/exhaust particles (DEP)", the known individual toxicity of metal NPs within the DEP is compared with the data regarding toxicity of total DEP mixture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Unraveling the blood transcriptome after real-life exposure of Wistar-rats to PM2.5, PM1 and water-soluble metals in the ambient air. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1469-1479. [PMID: 33194559 PMCID: PMC7645421 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a “real-life” exposure system to ambient PM1 and PM2.5 particles for Wistar rats. Blood transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes as candidate biomarkers in PM1 and PM2.5 groups. Pathway analysis revealed differentially regulated gene expression in inflammation signaling. Identification of candidate metals for possible correlation with the identified candidate genes leading to the development of AOPs.
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is one of the most important environmental issues in Europe with major health impact. Various sizes of PM are suspended in the atmosphere and contributes to ambient air pollution. The current study aimed to explore the differential gene expression in blood, and the effect on the respective biological signaling pathways in Wistar rats, after exposure to PM2.5 and PM1 ambient air particles for an eight-week period. A control group was included with animals breathing non-filtered atmospheric air. In parallel, filtered PM2.5 and PM1 was collected in separate samplers. The results after whole genome microarray analysis showed 23 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between control and PM2.5 group. In addition, pairwise comparison between control and PM1 group displayed 5635 DEGs linked to 69 biological pathways involved in inflammatory response, cell cycle and carcinogenicity. The smaller the size of the inhaled particles, the more gene alterations are triggered compared to non-filtered air group. More specifically, in inflammation signaling procedures differentially regulated gene expression was shown for interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-7, IL-1, IL-5, IL-9, IL-6 and IL-2. We have identified that RASGFR1, TRIM65, TRIM33, PLEKHB1, CAR4, S100A8, S100A9, ALPL, NP4 and the PROK2 genes are potential targets for the development of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) due to “real-life” exposure of Wistar rats. Particle measurements during the exposure period showed elevated concentrations of Fe, Mn and Zn in both PM1 and PM2.5 filter fractions, and of Cu in PM2.5. In addition, water-soluble concentration of metals showed significant differences between PM1 and PM2.5 fractions for V, Zn, As, Pb and Mn. In summary, in this study specific gene biomarkers of exposure to ambient air have been identified and heavy metals that are possibly linked to their altered regulation have been found. The results of this research will pave the way for the development of novel AOPs concerning the health effects of the environmental pollution.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wardoyo AYP, Juswono UP, Noor JAE. The association between the diesel exhaust particle exposure from bus emission and the tubular epithelial cell deformation of rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:23073-23080. [PMID: 32333344 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The diesel vehicle emissions regarding particles have become a problem due to human health adversely. Especially ultrafine particles (diameter ≤ 100 nm) can deeply penetrate the human body leading to cell deformation. Investigation of the diesel ultrafine particle exposure to the cell deformation has become a challenge to build up understanding the impacts of ultrafine particles on human health. Moreover, the relationship between high exposure to diesel ultrafine particles and the deformation of the rat's tubular epithelial cells is not clear. In this study, we investigated the impact of the diesel ultrafine particle exposure to the rat's tubular cells. Three diesel busses were used as the sources of the particles, while 50 rats were used as the experimental animals. The diesel emission was filtered using an N95 particulate filter and a suction pump. The rats were exposed to the diesel ultrafine particle emission for 100 s with three different concentrations C1, C2, and C3 for eight consecutive days. All rats were sacrificed on the day after exposures to examine the histological images. The results showed that the deformation level of the tubular epithelial cells was positively associated with the concentration of the ultrafine particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arinto Yudi Ponco Wardoyo
- Laboratory of Air Quality and Astro Imaging, Physics Department, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran 65145, Malang, Indonesia.
| | - Unggul Pundjung Juswono
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Physics Department, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran 65145, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Johan Andoyo Effendi Noor
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Physics Department, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran 65145, Malang, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rocha RS, Silva R, Guimarães JT, Balhtazar CF, Silveira MR, Martins AA, Rojas VP, Graça JS, Pimentel TC, Esmerino EA, Sant'Ana AS, Granato D, Freitas MQ, Barros ME, Silva MC, Cruz AG. Ohmic heating does not influence the biochemical properties of Minas Frescal cheese but decreases uric acid levels in healthy Wistar rats. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4929-4934. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
7
|
Pikula KS, Chernyshev VV, Zakharenko AM, Chaika VV, Waissi G, Hai LH, Hien TT, Tsatsakis AM, Golokhvast KS. Toxicity assessment of particulate matter emitted from different types of vehicles on marine microalgae. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 179:108785. [PMID: 31606615 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution caused by vehicle emissions remains a serious environmental threat in urban areas. Sedimentation of atmospheric aerosols, surface wash, drainage water, and urbane wastewater can bring vehicle particle emissions into the aquatic environment. However, the level of toxicity and mode of toxic action for this kind of particles are not fully understood. Here we explored the aquatic toxic effects of particulate matter emitted from different types of vehicles on marine microalgae Porphyridium purpureum and Heterosigma akashiwo. We used flow cytometry to evaluate growth rate inhibition, changes in the level of esterase activity, changes in membrane potential and size changes of microalgae cells under the influence of particulate matter emitted by motorcycles, cars and specialized vehicles with different types of engines and powered by different types of fuel. Both microalgae species were highly influenced by the particles emitted by diesel-powered vehicles. These particle samples had the highest impact on survival, esterase activity, and membrane potential of microalgae and caused the most significant increase in microalgae cell size compared to the particles produced by gasoline-powered vehicles. The results of the algae-bioassay strongly correlate with the data of laser granulometry analyses, which indicate that the most toxic samples had a significantly higher percentage of particles in the size range less than 1 μm. Visual observation with an optical microscope showed intensive agglomeration of the particles emitted by diesel-powered vehicles with microalgae cells. Moreover, within the scope of this research, we did not observe the direct influence of metal content in the particles to the level of their aquatic toxicity, and we can conclude that physical damage is the most probable mechanism of toxicity for vehicle emitted particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vladimir V Chaika
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - Greta Waissi
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Kuopio, POB 1627 70211, Finland
| | - Le Hong Hai
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - To Trong Hien
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation; University of Crete, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Toxicology, Heraklion, 71003, Greece; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119048, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill S Golokhvast
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation; Pacific Geographical Institute FEB RAS, Vladivostok, 690014, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Q, Xu X, Cong X, Zeng Z, Xu L, Huo X. Interactions between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and epoxide hydrolase 1 play roles in asthma. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:191-210. [PMID: 30293161 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Asthma, as one of the most common chronic diseases in children and adults, is a consequence of complex gene-environment interactions. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as a group of widespread environmental organic pollutants, are involved in the development, triggering and pathologic changes of asthma. Various previous studies reported the critical roles of PAHs in immune changes, oxidative stress and environment-gene interactions of asthma. EPHX1 (the gene of epoxide hydrolase 1, an enzyme mediating human PAH metabolism) had a possible association with asthma by influencing PAH metabolism. This review summarized that (1) the roles of PAHs in asthma-work as risk factors; (2) the possible mechanisms involved in PAH-related asthma-through immunologic and oxidative stress changes; (3) the interactions between PAHs and EPHX1 involved in asthma-enzymatic activity of epoxide hydrolase 1, which affected by EPHX1 genotypes/SNPs/diplotypes, could influence human PAH metabolism and people's vulnerability to PAH exposure. This review provided a better understanding of the above interactions and underlying mechanisms for asthma which help to raise public's concern on PAH control and develop strategies for individual asthma primary prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qihua Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaowei Cong
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhijun Zeng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Long Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Morphological and chemical composition of particulate matter in buses exhaust. Toxicol Rep 2018; 6:120-125. [PMID: 30671347 PMCID: PMC6327065 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Particle size distribution is divided in two groups, particles sized under 50 μm and particles within the range of 100–1000 μm. Soot particles are represented by amorphous carbon, while in 5% of cases structured carbon particles is found. According to RAMAN spectra, large particles are carbon agglomerates of irregular form. Samples contained metals hazardous to organisms such as Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Pb and Zn. Buses running on diesel fuel are the source of emission of predominantly large particles.
This research article investigates the particulate matter originated from the exhaust emissions of 20 bus models, within the territory of Vladivostok, Russian Federation. The majority of evaluated buses (17 out of 20) had emissions of large particles with sizes greater than 400 μm, which account for more than 80% of all measured particles. The analysis of the elemental composition showed that the exhaust emissions contained Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Pb, and Zn, with the concentration of Zn prevailing in all samples by two to three orders of magnitude higher than the concentrations of the other elements.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wardoyo AYP, Juswono UP, Noor JAE. Varied dose exposures to ultrafine particles in the motorcycle smoke cause kidney cell damages in male mice. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:383-389. [PMID: 29854608 PMCID: PMC5977376 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ultrafine particles has significant effect on kidney cell deformation. The exposure results in alterations in glomerular and tubular epithelial cells. Ultrafine particle concentration determines kidney cell deformation.
Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are one of motorcycle exhaust emissions which can penetrate the lung alveoli and deposit in the kidney. This study was aimed to investigate mice kidney cell physical damage (deformation) due to motorcycle exhaust emission exposures. The motorcycle exhaust emissions were sucked from the muffler with the rate of 33 cm3/s and passed through an ultrafine particle filter system before introduced into the mice exposure chamber. The dose concentration of the exhaust emissions was varied by setting the injected time of the 20s, 40s, 60s, 80s, and 100s. The mice were exposed to the smoke in the chamber for 100 s twice a day. The impact of the ultrafine particles on the kidney was observed by identifying the histological image of the kidney cell deformation using a microscope. The exposure was conducted for 10 days. The kidney observations were carried out on day 11. The results showed that there was a significant linear correlation between the total concentration of ultrafine particles deposited in the kidneys and the physical damage percentages. The increased concentrations of ultrafine particles caused larger cell deformation to the kidneys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arinto Y P Wardoyo
- Department of Physics, Brawijaya University, Malang Indonesia Jl. Veteran, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Unggul P Juswono
- Department of Physics, Brawijaya University, Malang Indonesia Jl. Veteran, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Johan A E Noor
- Department of Physics, Brawijaya University, Malang Indonesia Jl. Veteran, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chernyshev V, Zakharenko A, Ugay S, Hien T, Hai L, Kholodov A, Burykina T, Stratidakis A, Mezhuev YO, Tsatsakis A, Golokhvast K. Morphologic and chemical composition of particulate matter in motorcycle engine exhaust. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:224-230. [PMID: 29854593 PMCID: PMC5977370 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that environmental pollution due to motorcycle exhaust gases reports a great increase, motorcycle production exhibits a great increase through the last years. Countries of Asia and Africa are reported to be the major regions where two-wheeled vehicles are a major transportation mode, with tens of millions of units sold per year. Motorcycle exhaust particles are considered to be the major contributor to environmental pollution due to their airborne dispersion, containing great amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study aims at reporting an objective analysis of the main sources of the ambient air pollution as also particle size distribution and chemical composition analysis of particulate matter originated from the exhausts of two-wheeled vehicles used in the territory of Vladivostok, Russia. Various types of two-wheeled vehicles were examined (motorcycles, ATVs, scooters and wet bikes) using different types of engine and fuel system. Experimental results showed that there was no clear relation to the particle size distribution with the engine displacement of motorcycle and the number of strokes and the fuel system. Instead, there were reported two clear assumptions. The first one is that regarding to the motorcycle brand, a few samples did not exhibit a great percentage of PM10 fraction. The second one is that more modern vehicles, that have a harmful gas afterburning system, are usually the source of an increased percentage of PM10 emitted particles. At last, it should be mentioned that the laser particle size analysis method is capable of determining the particle sizes after their agglomeration whereas the optical morphometry method allows to determine the real particle size of emissions. In conclusion, it can be pointed out that the agglomeration of particles can lead to the reduction in the toxicity of particles emissions originated from two wheeled-vehicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V.V. Chernyshev
- Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova Street, 8, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - A.M. Zakharenko
- Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova Street, 8, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - S.M. Ugay
- Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova Street, 8, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - T.T. Hien
- Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova Street, 8, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - L.H. Hai
- Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova Street, 8, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - A.S. Kholodov
- Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova Street, 8, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - T.I. Burykina
- Department of Analytical Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A.K. Stratidakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Ya. O. Mezhuev
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Square, 9, Moscow, 125047, Russian Federation
| | - A.M. Tsatsakis
- Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova Street, 8, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - K.S. Golokhvast
- Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova Street, 8, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
- Pacific Geographical Institute FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Priftis A, Papikinos K, Koukoulanaki M, Kerasioti E, Stagos D, Konstantinopoulos K, Spandidos DA, Kermenidou M, Karakitsios S, Sarigiannis D, Tsatsakis AM, Kouretas D. Development of an assay to assess genotoxicity by particulate matter extract. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1738-1746. [PMID: 28260086 PMCID: PMC5365018 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study describes a method for assessing the oxidative potential of common environmental stressors (ambient air particulate matter), using a plasmid relaxation assay where the extract caused single-strand breaks, easily visualised through electrophoresis. This assay utilises a miniscule amount (11 µg) of particulate matter (PM) extract compared to other, cell-based methods (~3,000 µg). The negative impact of air pollution on human health has been extensively recognised. Among the air pollutants, PM plays an eminent role, as reflected in the broad scientific interest. PM toxicity highly depends on its composition (metals and organic compounds), which in turn has been linked to multiple health effects (such as cardiorespiratory diseases and cancer) through multiple toxicity mechanisms; the induction of oxidative stress is considered a major mechanism among these. In this study, the PM levels, oxidative potential, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of PM in the region of Larissa, Greece were examined using the plasmid relaxation assay. Finally, coffee extracts from different varieties, derived from both green and roasted seeds, were examined for their ability to inhibit PM-induced DNA damage. These extracts also exerted an inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase and catalase, but had no effect against superoxide dismutase. Overall, this study highlights the importance of assays for assessing the oxidative potential of widespread environmental stressors (PM), as well as the antioxidant capacity of beverages and food items, with the highlight being the development of a plasmid relaxation assay to assess the genotoxicity caused by PM using only a miniscule amount.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Priftis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41221, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Papikinos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41221, Greece
| | - Marina Koukoulanaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41221, Greece
| | - Efthalia Kerasioti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41221, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Stagos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41221, Greece
| | | | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion 71409, Greece
| | - Marianthi Kermenidou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Spyros Karakitsios
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Sarigiannis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Aristides M Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41221, Greece
| |
Collapse
|