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Mayor P, Soliño L, Cartró-Sabaté M, Orta-Martínez M. Impact of hydrocarbon extraction on heavy metal concentrations in lowland paca (Cuniculus paca) from the Peruvian Amazon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172371. [PMID: 38631638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Oil has been extracted from the Western Amazon since the 1920s, leading to severe environmental contamination due to frequent occurrence oil spills and the dumping of produced water. Local inhabitants, along with environmental and human rights organizations, have reported the adverse effects of oil-related pollution on their livelihoods and the ecosystems they depend on. Here, we study accumulation of oil-related heavy metals in wildlife, and its subsequent incorporation into the trophic chain. We analysed the concentration of 14 heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Hg, As, Ni, V, Ba, Se, Be, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Al) in liver samples from 78 lowland pacas (Cuniculus paca) hunted for subsistence in an oil-polluted area from the northern Peruvian Amazon where oil has been extracted since the 1970s (n = 38), and two control areas, the Yavari-Mirín River basin (n = 20), and the Pucacuro River basin (n = 20). Pacas in the oil-polluted area have significantly higher concentrations of Cd (P < 0.01) and Ba (P < 0.0001) compared to those in control areas, suggesting bioaccumulation of oil-related pollution. Conversely, Se levels were significantly lower in the oil-polluted area (P < 0.0001), likely due to the sequestration of Se by other heavy metals, particularly Cd. Additionally, minor variations in other heavy metals, e.g., Fe and Zn, were observed in pacas from the oil-polluted area, whereas control areas showed higher concentrations of Ni and Cu. Mn and Al levels did not significantly differ between the study areas. These results underscore the impact of oil extraction on the absorption and assimilation of heavy metals in wildlife, point at oil activities as the source of the high and unsafe blood Cd levels reported for the indigenous population of the studied oil extraction area and raise concerns about the long-term health risks from oil extraction posed to local Indigenous People who rely on subsistence hunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mayor
- Dept. Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Museo de Culturas Indígenas Amazónicas, Fundamazonia, Iquitos, Peru.
| | - Lucía Soliño
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mar Cartró-Sabaté
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Orta-Martínez
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institute de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Pellegrini L, Arsel M, Muñoa G, Rius-Taberner G, Mena C, Orta-Martínez M. The atlas of unburnable oil for supply-side climate policies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2318. [PMID: 38485960 PMCID: PMC10940309 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
To limit the increase in global mean temperature to 1.5 °C, CO2 emissions must be drastically reduced. Accordingly, approximately 97%, 81%, and 71% of existing coal and conventional gas and oil resources, respectively, need to remain unburned. This article develops an integrated spatial assessment model based on estimates and locations of conventional oil resources and socio-environmental criteria to construct a global atlas of unburnable oil. The results show that biodiversity hotspots, richness centres of endemic species, natural protected areas, urban areas, and the territories of Indigenous Peoples in voluntary isolation coincide with 609 gigabarrels (Gbbl) of conventional oil resources. Since 1524 Gbbl of conventional oil resources are required to be left untapped in order to keep global warming under 1.5 °C, all of the above-mentioned socio-environmentally sensitive areas can be kept entirely off-limits to oil extraction. The model provides spatial guidelines to select unburnable fossil fuels resources while enhancing collateral socio-environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pellegrini
- International Institute of Social Studies (ISS), Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Murat Arsel
- International Institute of Social Studies (ISS), Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Gorka Muñoa
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Guillem Rius-Taberner
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Mena
- Institute of Geography, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Martí Orta-Martínez
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institute de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Xu J, Cao Z, Chen F, Li Y, Dai J, Zhang X. Fast degradation of macro alkanes through activating indigenous bacteria using biosurfactants produced by Burkholderia sp. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:64300-64312. [PMID: 37067708 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26909-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Soil bacteria that produce biosurfactants can use total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) as a carbon source. This study demonstrated that biosurfactants produced by Burkholderia sp. enhanced the recovery and synergism of soil microbial community, resulting in fast degradation of macro alkanes. Experiments were carried out by applying bio-stimulation after pre-oxidation to investigate the effects of nutrient addition on biosurfactant production, TPH degradation, and microbial community succession in the soil. The results presented that bio-stimulation could produce biosurfactants in high C/N (32.6) and C/H (13.3) conversion after pre-oxidation and increased the total removal rate of TPH (10.59-46.71%). The number of total bacteria had a rapid increase trend (2.94-8.50 Log CFU/g soil). The degradation rates of macro alkanes showed a 4.0-fold (48.07 mg/kg·d-1 versus 186.48 mg/kg·d-1) increase, and the bioremediation time of degrading macro alkanes saved 166 days. Further characterization revealed that the biosurfactants produced by Burkholderia sp. could activate indigenous bacteria to degrade macro alkanes rapidly. A shift in phylum from Actinomycetes to Proteobacteria was observed during bioremediation. The average relative abundance of the microbial community increased from 36.24 to 64.96%, and the predominant genus tended to convert from Allorhizobium (8.57%) to Burkholderia (15.95%) and Bacillus (15.70%). The co-occurrence network and Pearson correlation analysis suggested that the synergism of microbial community was the main reason for the fast degradation of macro alkanes in petroleum-contaminated soils. Overall, this study indicated the potential of the biosurfactants to activate and enhance the recovery of indigenous bacteria after pre-oxidation, which was an effective method to remediate petroleum-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan Xu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zezhuang Cao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyang Chen
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianan Dai
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
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Omokpariola DO, Nduka JK, Kelle HI, Mgbemena NM, Iduseri EO. Chemometrics, health risk assessment and probable sources of soluble total petroleum hydrocarbons in atmospheric rainwater, Rivers State, Nigeria. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11829. [PMID: 35821234 PMCID: PMC9276798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs)—(aliphatic and aromatic) were analysed for in atmospheric rainwater between April–June; July–August; September–October depicting early, mid, late rain of 2019. Sampling at Rumuodomaya/Rumuodome and Ogale in Rivers State using basins fastened to a Table 2M above ground and 120 M from high features, Rainwater was analysed after treatment using Agilent GC-FID. Results show cumulative TPHs at R/R were 56.6551 mg/L, 39.5201 mg/L and 7.2283 mg/L, Ogale: 9.1217 mg/L, 59.4923 mg/L and 21.9825 mg/L. Aliphatic hydrocarbons: C5–C8 were < 1, low contamination, other carbon aggregates (C9–C16, C17–C35, and C36–C40) indicate high contamination. Chemometric assessment showed high contamination. TPHs aggregates at Rumuodomaya/Rumuodome were–C8–C11 (1.034 and 1.005) early rain, C18–C25 and C26–C33 has Carbon preference index of 1.287 and 1.630 (mid-rain), C26–C33 has CPI of 1.288 (late-rain), Ogale area, C26–C33 has CPI of 1.732 (early-rain), mid-rain C8–C11 (2.768) and C12–C17 (5.368). Pristane/phytane ratio indicated biogenic and pyrogenic sources. Average carbon length of TPHs for odd n-alkanes were C9–C11 (9.446) and C35–C39 (38.980), C9–C11(10.238), C35–C39 (36.510); C9–C11 (10.240) and C35–C39 (36.934). Average daily intake depicted possible health issues for children and adults as hazard index > 1 for aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Omeodisemi Omokpariola
- Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Unit, Pure and Industrial Chemistry Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria
| | - John Kanayochukwu Nduka
- Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Unit, Pure and Industrial Chemistry Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria.
| | - Henrietta Ijeoma Kelle
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National Open University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Nkoli MaryAnn Mgbemena
- Department of Chemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
| | - Emily Osa Iduseri
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, National Open University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
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O'Callaghan-Gordo C, Rosales J, Lizárraga P, Barclay F, Okamoto T, Papoulias DM, Espinosa A, Orta-Martinez M, Kogevinas M, Astete J. Blood lead levels in indigenous peoples living close to oil extraction areas in the Peruvian Amazon. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 154:106639. [PMID: 34103202 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High blood lead levels (BLLs) have been previously reported in indigenous people living in communities in the northern Peruvian Amazon. Oil extraction activities have been conducted in the area since the 1970s and have been identified as a source of lead exposure. OBJECTIVE Measure BLL and assess risk factors associated with BLL among indigenous populations from four river basins of the northern Peruvian Amazon. METHODS Participants from 39 communities were selected using a two-stage stratified random selection strategy and were visited between May and June 2016. Information on risk factors was collected using structured questionnaires and blood samples were taken. Overall, complete information was available from 1047 individuals (309 < 12 years old, 738 ≥ 12 years). BLL was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry in a graphite chamber. Weighted linear logistic regression models were used to study the association between socio-demographic variables, self-reported life-style factors, environmental, geographical and occupational exposures and BLLs. RESULTS Geometric mean (95% CI) BLL was 4.9 (4.5, 5.4) µg/dL in participants <12 years and 5.7 (5.4, 6.0) µg/dL in older participants. There were marked differences in BLL between river basins with the highest levels observed in the Corrientes river basin [8.1 (7.2, 9.1) µg/dL <12 years and 8.8 (8.0, 9.6) µg/dL older participants]. High BLL was associated with older age, being male, living in the Pastaza, Tigre or Corrientes river basins and consumption of fish offal in children and adults. Increased Euclidean distance between residence and oil production facilities was associated with a small reduction in BLL. CONCLUSION BLLs that pose a health risk were detected in the study population of a non-industrialized and remote area of the Amazon. The highest BLLs were observed in those river basins where relative oil extraction activity and environmental levels of contaminants have been reported to be greatest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina O'Callaghan-Gordo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Jaime Rosales
- Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente para la Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Peru
| | - Pilar Lizárraga
- Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente para la Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Peru
| | - Frederica Barclay
- Centro de Políticas Públicas y Derechos Humanos - Perú Equidad, Peru
| | - Tami Okamoto
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ana Espinosa
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Orta-Martinez
- Facultat de Ciències i Tecnologia, Universitat Central de Catalunya-Universitat de Vic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Instituto de Geografía, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Astete
- Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente para la Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Peru
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Is this a Real Choice? Critical Exploration of the Social License to Operate in the Oil Extraction Context of the Ecuadorian Amazon. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12208416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to critically analyze the social license to operate (SLO) for an oil company operating in Block 10, an oil concession located in the Ecuadorian Amazon. The specific study area is an important biodiversity hotspot, inhabited by indigenous villages. A mixed-methods approach was used to support a deeper understanding of SLO, grounded in participants’ direct experience. Semi-structured interviews (N = 53) were conducted with village leaders and members, indigenous associations, State institutions, and oil company staff, while household surveys were conducted with village residents (N = 346). The qualitative data informed a modified version of Moffat and Zhang’s SLO model, which was tested through structural equation modelling (SEM) analyses. Compared to the reference model, our findings revealed a more crucial role of procedural fairness in building community trust, as well as acceptance and approval of the company. Procedural fairness was found to be central in mediating the relationship between trust and the effects of essential services provided by the company (medical assistance, education, house availability) and sources of livelihoods (i.e., fishing, hunting, harvesting, cultivating, and waterway quality). The main results suggested that the concept of SLO may not appropriately apply without taking into account a community’s autonomy to decline company operation. To enhance procedural fairness and respect for the right of community self-determination, companies may need to consider the following: Establishing a meaningful and transparent dialogue with the local community; engaging the community in decision-making processes; enhancing fair distribution of project benefits; and properly addressing community concerns, even in the form of protests. The respect of the free prior informed consent procedure is also needed, through the collaboration of both the State and companies. The reduction of community dependence on companies (e.g., through the presence of developmental alternatives to oil extraction) is another important requirement to support an authentic SLO in the study area.
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Green SE, Rees JP, Stephens PA, Hill RA, Giordano AJ. Innovations in Camera Trapping Technology and Approaches: The Integration of Citizen Science and Artificial Intelligence. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10010132. [PMID: 31947586 PMCID: PMC7023201 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Camera traps, also known as “game cameras” or “trail cameras”, have increasingly been used in wildlife research over the last 20 years. Although early units were bulky and the set-up was complicated, modern camera traps are compact, integrated units able to collect vast digital datasets. Some of the challenges now facing researchers include the time required to view, classify, and sort all of the footage collected, as well as the logistics of establishing and maintaining camera trap sampling arrays across wide geographic areas. One solution to this problem is to enlist or recruit the public for help as ‘citizen scientists’ collecting and processing data. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is also being used to identify animals in digital photos and video; however, this process is relatively new, and machine-based classifications are not yet fully reliable. By combining citizen science with AI, it should be possible to improve efficiency and increase classification accuracy, while simultaneously maintaining and promoting the benefits associated with public engagement with, and awareness of, wildlife. Abstract Camera trapping has become an increasingly reliable and mainstream tool for surveying a diversity of wildlife species. Concurrent with this has been an increasing effort to involve the wider public in the research process, in an approach known as ‘citizen science’. To date, millions of people have contributed to research across a wide variety of disciplines as a result. Although their value for public engagement was recognised early on, camera traps were initially ill-suited for citizen science. As camera trap technology has evolved, cameras have become more user-friendly and the enormous quantities of data they now collect has led researchers to seek assistance in classifying footage. This has now made camera trap research a prime candidate for citizen science, as reflected by the large number of camera trap projects now integrating public participation. Researchers are also turning to Artificial Intelligence (AI) to assist with classification of footage. Although this rapidly-advancing field is already proving a useful tool, accuracy is variable and AI does not provide the social and engagement benefits associated with citizen science approaches. We propose, as a solution, more efforts to combine citizen science with AI to improve classification accuracy and efficiency while maintaining public involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân E. Green
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
- Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (J.P.R.); (P.A.S.)
- The Society for Preservation of Endangered Carnivores and Their International Ecological Study (SPECIES), Ventura, CA 93006, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jonathan P. Rees
- Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (J.P.R.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Philip A. Stephens
- Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (J.P.R.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Russell A. Hill
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
| | - Anthony J. Giordano
- The Society for Preservation of Endangered Carnivores and Their International Ecological Study (SPECIES), Ventura, CA 93006, USA;
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O'Callaghan-Gordo C, Flores JA, Lizárraga P, Okamoto T, Papoulias DM, Barclay F, Orta-Martínez M, Kogevinas M, Astete J. Oil extraction in the Amazon basin and exposure to metals in indigenous populations. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 162:226-230. [PMID: 29407757 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Most oil extraction areas in the Peruvian Amazon are within indigenous territories. Poor environmental practices have exposed the indigenous population to metals. We conducted a survey in two indigenous Kukama communities to assess body burdens of metals after the occurrence of two major oil spills in 2014. Urine levels above those recommended by the Peruvian Ministry of Health were observed in 50% and 17% of the study population for mercury and cadmium, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina O'Callaghan-Gordo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan A Flores
- National Institute of Health - Centro Nacional de Salud ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente para la Salud (CENSOPAS), Lima, Peru
| | - Pilar Lizárraga
- National Institute of Health - Centro Nacional de Salud ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente para la Salud (CENSOPAS), Lima, Peru
| | - Tami Okamoto
- Pontificia Unviersidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Federica Barclay
- Centro de políticas Públicas y Derechos Humanos - Perú Equidad, Lima, Peru
| | - Martí Orta-Martínez
- International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Hague, The Netherlands; Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Instituto de Geografía, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Astete
- National Institute of Health - Centro Nacional de Salud ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente para la Salud (CENSOPAS), Lima, Peru
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