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Singleton CMH, Brar S, Robertson N, DiTommaso L, Fuchs GJ, Schadler A, Radulescu A, Attia SL. Cardiometabolic risk factors in South American children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293865. [PMID: 37992076 PMCID: PMC10664905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiometabolic risk factors (impaired fasting glucose, abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia) cluster in children, may predict adult disease burden, and are inadequately characterized in South American children. OBJECTIVES To quantify the burden of cardiometabolic risk factors in South American children (0-21 years) and identify knowledge gaps. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature via Virtual Health Library from 2000-2021 in any language. Two independent reviewers screened and extracted all data. RESULTS 179 studies of 2,181 screened were included representing 10 countries (n = 2,975,261). 12.2% of South American children experienced obesity, 21.9% elevated waist circumference, 3.0% elevated fasting glucose, 18.1% high triglycerides, 29.6% low HDL cholesterol, and 8.6% high blood pressure. Cardiometabolic risk factor definitions varied widely. Chile exhibited the highest prevalence of obesity/overweight, low HDL, and impaired fasting glucose. Ecuador exhibited the highest prevalence of elevated blood pressure. Rural setting (vs. urban or mixed) and indigenous origin protected against most cardiometabolic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS South American children experience high rates of obesity, overweight, and dyslipidemia. International consensus on cardiometabolic risk factor definitions for children will lead to improved diagnosis of cardiometabolic risk factors in this population, and future research should ensure inclusion of unreported countries and increased representation of indigenous populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumeer Brar
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Nicole Robertson
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lauren DiTommaso
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - George J. Fuchs
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Kentucky, United States of America
- University of Kentucky College of Public Health Department of Epidemiology, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Aric Schadler
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine Department of Pediatrics, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Aurelia Radulescu
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine Department of Pediatrics, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Suzanna L. Attia
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Kentucky, United States of America
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Boonupara T, Udomkun P, Khan E, Kajitvichyanukul P. Airborne Pesticides from Agricultural Practices: A Critical Review of Pathways, Influencing Factors, and Human Health Implications. TOXICS 2023; 11:858. [PMID: 37888709 PMCID: PMC10611335 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
This critical review examines the release of pesticides from agricultural practices into the air, with a focus on volatilization, and the factors influencing their dispersion. The review delves into the effects of airborne pesticides on human health and their contribution to anthropogenic air pollution. It highlights the necessity of interdisciplinary research encompassing science, technology, public policy, and agricultural practices to effectively mitigate the risks associated with pesticide volatilization and spray dispersion. The text acknowledges the need for more research to understand the fate and transport of airborne pesticides, develop innovative application technologies, improve predictive modeling and risk assessment, and adopt sustainable pest management strategies. Robust policies and regulations, supported by education, training, research, and development, are crucial to ensuring the safe and sustainable use of pesticides for human health and the environment. By providing valuable insights, this review aids researchers and practitioners in devising effective and sustainable solutions for safeguarding human health and the environment from the hazards of airborne pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirasant Boonupara
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand (P.U.)
| | - Patchimaporn Udomkun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand (P.U.)
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction Department, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, USA
| | - Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand (P.U.)
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Andrade‐Rivas F, Paul N, Spiegel J, Henderson SB, Parrott L, Delgado‐Ron JA, Echeverri A, van den Bosch M. Mapping Potential Population-Level Pesticide Exposures in Ecuador Using a Modular and Scalable Geospatial Strategy. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2022GH000775. [PMID: 37426690 PMCID: PMC10326482 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Human populations and ecosystems are extensively exposed to pesticides. Most nations lack the capacity to control pesticide contamination and have limited availability of pesticide use information. Ecuador is a country with intense pesticide use with high exposure risks to humans and the environment, although relative or combined risks are not well understood. Here, we analyzed the distribution of application rates in Ecuador and identified regions of concern because of high potential exposure. We used a geospatial analysis to identify grid cells (∼8 km × 8 km) where the highest pesticide application rates and density of human populations overlap. Furthermore, we identified other regions of concern based on the number of amphibian species as an indicator of ecosystem integrity and the location of natural protected areas. We found that 28% of Ecuador's population dwelled in areas with high pesticide application rate. We identified an area of ∼512 km2 in the Amazon region where high application rates, large human settlements, and a high number of amphibian species overlapped. Additionally, we distinguished clusters of pesticide application rates and human populations that intersected with natural protected areas. Ecuador exemplifies how pesticides are disproportionately applied in areas with the potential to affect human health and ecosystems' integrity. Global estimates of population dwelling, pesticide application rates, and environmental factors are key in prioritizing locations to conduct further exposure assessments. The modular and scalable nature of the geospatial tools we developed can be expanded and adapted to other regions of the world where data on pesticide use are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Andrade‐Rivas
- School of Population and Public HealthThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Instituto de Salud y AmbienteUniversidad El BosqueBogotáColombia
| | - Naman Paul
- School of Population and Public HealthThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Environmental Health ServicesBritish Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC)VancouverBCCanada
| | - Jerry Spiegel
- School of Population and Public HealthThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Sarah B. Henderson
- School of Population and Public HealthThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Environmental Health ServicesBritish Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC)VancouverBCCanada
| | - Lael Parrott
- Department of BiologyThe University of British ColumbiaKelownaBCCanada
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Geographic SciencesThe University of British ColumbiaKelownaBCCanada
- Okanagan Institute for Biodiversity, Resilience, and Ecosystem ServicesThe University of British ColumbiaKelownaBCCanada
| | - Jorge Andrés Delgado‐Ron
- School of Population and Public HealthThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Faculty of Health SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityVancouverBCCanada
| | - Alejandra Echeverri
- Centre for Conservation BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
- The Natural Capital ProjectStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - Matilda van den Bosch
- School of Population and Public HealthThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- ISGlobalParc de Recerca Biomèdica de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
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Zúñiga-Venegas LA, Hyland C, Muñoz-Quezada MT, Quirós-Alcalá L, Butinof M, Buralli R, Cardenas A, Fernandez RA, Foerster C, Gouveia N, Gutiérrez Jara JP, Lucero BA, Muñoz MP, Ramírez-Santana M, Smith AR, Tirado N, van Wendel de Joode B, Calaf GM, Handal AJ, Soares da Silva A, Cortés S, Mora AM. Health Effects of Pesticide Exposure in Latin American and the Caribbean Populations: A Scoping Review. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:96002. [PMID: 36173136 PMCID: PMC9521041 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to pesticides is associated with adverse health outcomes. However, the literature on pesticide-related health effects in the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) region, an area of intensive agricultural and residential pesticide use, is sparse. We conducted a scoping review to describe the current state of research on the health effects of pesticide exposure in LAC populations with the goal of identifying knowledge gaps and research capacity building needs. METHODS We searched PubMed and SciELO for epidemiological studies on pesticide exposure and human health in LAC populations published between January 2007 and December 2021. We identified 233 publications from 16 countries that met our inclusion criteria and grouped them by health outcome (genotoxicity, neurobehavioral outcomes, placental outcomes and teratogenicity, cancer, thyroid function, reproductive outcomes, birth outcomes and child growth, and others). RESULTS Most published studies were conducted in Brazil (37%, n = 88 ) and Mexico (20%, n = 46 ), were cross-sectional in design (72%, n = 167 ), and focused on farmworkers (45%, n = 105 ) or children (21%, n = 48 ). The most frequently studied health effects included genotoxicity (24%, n = 62 ) and neurobehavioral outcomes (21%, n = 54 ), and organophosphate (OP) pesticides were the most frequently examined (26%, n = 81 ). Forty-seven percent (n = 112 ) of the studies relied only on indirect pesticide exposure assessment methods. Exposure to OP pesticides, carbamates, or to multiple pesticide classes was consistently associated with markers of genotoxicity and adverse neurobehavioral outcomes, particularly among children and farmworkers. DISCUSSION Our scoping review provides some evidence that exposure to pesticides may adversely impact the health of LAC populations, but methodological limitations and inconsistencies undermine the strength of the conclusions. It is critical to increase capacity building, integrate research initiatives, and conduct more rigorous epidemiological studies in the region to address these limitations, better inform public health surveillance systems, and maximize the impact of research on public policies. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9934.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana A. Zúñiga-Venegas
- Centro de Investigaciones de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Carly Hyland
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- School of Public Health and Population Science, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada
- Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Mariana Butinof
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rafael Buralli
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ricardo A. Fernandez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Foerster
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales, Universidad de O’Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
| | - Nelson Gouveia
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Juan P. Gutiérrez Jara
- Centro de Investigaciones de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Boris A. Lucero
- Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - María Pía Muñoz
- Escuela de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Muriel Ramírez-Santana
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Anna R. Smith
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Noemi Tirado
- Instituto de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, Louisiana Paz, Bolivia
| | - Berna van Wendel de Joode
- Infants’ Environmental Health Study, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Gloria M. Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexis J. Handal
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Sandra Cortés
- Centro Avanzado de Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDiS), Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, Departamento de Salud Pública, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana M. Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Infants’ Environmental Health Study, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
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Glover F, Eisenberg ML, Belladelli F, Del Giudice F, Chen T, Mulloy E, Caudle WM. The association between organophosphate insecticides and blood pressure dysregulation: NHANES 2013-2014. Environ Health 2022; 21:74. [PMID: 35934697 PMCID: PMC9358881 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate (OP) insecticides represent one of the largest classes of sprayed insecticides in the U.S., and their use has been associated with various adverse health outcomes, including disorders of blood pressure regulation such as hypertension (HTN). METHODS In a study of 935 adults from the NHANES 2013-2014 cycle, we examined the relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure changes and urinary concentrations of three OP insecticides metabolites, including 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), oxypyrimidine, and para-nitrophenol. These metabolites correspond to the parent compounds chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and methyl parathion, respectively. Weighted, multivariable linear regression analysis while adjusting for potential confounders were used to model the relationship between OP metabolites and blood pressure. Weighted, multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to model the odds of HTN for quartile of metabolites. RESULTS We observed significant, inverse association between TCPy on systolic blood pressure (β-estimate = -0.16, p < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (β-estimate = -0.15, p < 0.001). Analysis with para-nitrophenol revealed a significant, positive association with systolic blood pressure (β-estimate = 0.03, p = 0.02), and an inverse association with diastolic blood pressure (β-estimate = -0.09, p < 0.001). For oxypyrimidine, we observed significant, positive associations between systolic blood pressure (β-estimate = 0.58, p = 0.03) and diastolic blood pressure (β-estimate = 0.31, p < 0.001). Furthermore, we observed significant interactions between TCPy and ethnicity on systolic blood pressure (β-estimate = 1.46, p = 0.0036). Significant interaction terms were observed between oxypyrimidine and ethnicity (β-estimate = -1.73, p < 0.001), as well as oxypyrimidine and BMI (β-estimate = 1.51 p < 0.001) on systolic blood pressure, and between oxypyrimidine and age (β-estimate = 1.96, p = 0.02), race (β-estimate = -3.81 p = 0.004), and BMI on diastolic blood pressure (β-estimate = 0.72, p = 0.02). A significant interaction was observed between para-nitrophenol and BMI for systolic blood pressure (β-estimate = 0.43, p = 0.01), and between para-nitrophenol and ethnicity on diastolic blood pressure (β-estimate = 2.19, p = 0.006). Lastly, we observed a significant association between the odds of HTN and TCPy quartiles (OR = 0.65, 95% CI [0.43,0.99]). CONCLUSION Our findings support previous studies suggesting a role for organophosphate insecticides in the etiology of blood pressure dysregulation and HTN. Future studies are warranted to corroborate these findings, evaluate dose-response relationships between organophosphate insecticides and blood pressure, determine clinical significance, and elucidate biological mechanisms underlying this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Glover
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Michael L. Eisenberg
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Federico Belladelli
- Department of Maternal-Infant and Urological Sciences, “Sapienza” Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Del Giudice
- Department of Maternal-Infant and Urological Sciences, “Sapienza” Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Tony Chen
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Evan Mulloy
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - W. Michael Caudle
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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Chen H, Liang X, Chen L, Zuo L, Chen K, Wei Y, Chen S, Hao G. Associations Between Household Pesticide Exposure, Smoking and Hypertension. Front Public Health 2022; 10:754643. [PMID: 35273934 PMCID: PMC8902065 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.754643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This analysis aims to investigate the association between household pesticide exposure and hypertension risk, and to determine whether smoking plays a role in this association. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 1999–2014, including a total of 32,309 U.S. adult participants who were 20 years or older. Smoking status and pesticide exposure were self-reported. Blood pressure was measured by trained personnel using a mercury sphygmomanometer, according to a standardized protocol. We observed an increased risk of hypertension (OR [odds ratio] = 1.10, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.01–1.18) in participants with exposure to household pesticides. Moreover, a significant interaction between smoking status and pesticide exposure on hypertension was observed (P = 0.022). Stratified analysis showed that household pesticide exposure was associated with a 29% higher risk of hypertension (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.08–1.53) in smokers. However, for non-smokers, this association was not significant. Similar trends were found for systolic and diastolic blood pressures. In addition, we investigated the associations between pesticide metabolites in urine/serum and hypertension and found that several metabolites of dioxins, furans, and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls were significantly associated with a higher risk of hypertension. This study suggests that household pesticide exposure is associated with an elevated risk of hypertension. We also report that smoking may accentuate the effect of pesticide exposure on hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Chen
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Liang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Center of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Medicine, Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Lei Zuo
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kuncai Chen
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuehong Wei
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shouyi Chen
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang Hao
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Pereira PCG, Parente CET, Carvalho GO, Torres JPM, Meire RO, Dorneles PR, Malm O. A review on pesticides in flower production: A push to reduce human exposure and environmental contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117817. [PMID: 34333268 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In several countries, flower import regulations are restricted to food security, by establishing maximum residue limits (MRL) for pesticides in flower-based food products and biosafety, in order to limit the circulation of vectors, pests and exotic species across borders. In this context, the lack of limits on pesticides in flower-products for ornamental purposes can influence the pesticide overuse in production areas, as well as the transfer of contaminated products between countries. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to discuss possible adverse effects on human and environmental health of pesticides used in floriculture, evaluating regulations on the use of these pesticides in the main importing and flower-producing countries. This review included 92 documents. The use of 201 compounds was identified by interviews and analytical measurements. Among them, 93 are banned by the European Union (EU), although 46.3 % of these compounds have been identified in samples from European countries. Latin American countries have a large number of scientific publications on pesticides in flower production (n = 51), while the EU and China have less studies (n = 24) and the United States and Japan have no studies. Regarding adverse health effects, poorer neurobehavioral development, reproductive disorders, congenital malformations and genotoxicity have been reported for residents of flower production areas and workers throughout the flower production cycle. Studies including water samples show overuse of pesticides, while environmental impacts are related to water and air contamination, soil degradation and adverse effects on the reproduction and development of non-target organisms. This review points out that the absence of MRL for non-edible flowers can be crucial for the trade of contaminated products across borders, including pesticides banned in importing countries. Furthermore, setting limits on flowers could reduce the use of pesticides in producing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia C G Pereira
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho S/n, Bloco G, Sala 060, Subsolo, 21941-902, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Cláudio E T Parente
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho S/n, Bloco G, Sala 060, Subsolo, 21941-902, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel O Carvalho
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho S/n, Bloco G, Sala 060, Subsolo, 21941-902, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - João P M Torres
- Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho S/n, Bloco G, Sala 060, Subsolo, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo O Meire
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho S/n, Bloco G, Sala 060, Subsolo, 21941-902, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Paulo R Dorneles
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho S/n, Bloco G, Sala 060, Subsolo, 21941-902, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Olaf Malm
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho S/n, Bloco G, Sala 060, Subsolo, 21941-902, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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