1
|
Ladau J, Brodie EL, Falco N, Bansal I, Hoffman EB, Joachimiak MP, Mora AM, Walker AM, Wainwright HM, Wu Y, Pavicic M, Jacobson D, Hess M, Brown JB, Abuabara K. Estimating geographic variation of infection fatality ratios during epidemics. Infect Dis Model 2024; 9:634-643. [PMID: 38572058 PMCID: PMC10990719 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aim to estimate geographic variability in total numbers of infections and infection fatality ratios (IFR; the number of deaths caused by an infection per 1,000 infected people) when the availability and quality of data on disease burden are limited during an epidemic. Methods We develop a noncentral hypergeometric framework that accounts for differential probabilities of positive tests and reflects the fact that symptomatic people are more likely to seek testing. We demonstrate the robustness, accuracy, and precision of this framework, and apply it to the United States (U.S.) COVID-19 pandemic to estimate county-level SARS-CoV-2 IFRs. Results The estimators for the numbers of infections and IFRs showed high accuracy and precision; for instance, when applied to simulated validation data sets, across counties, Pearson correlation coefficients between estimator means and true values were 0.996 and 0.928, respectively, and they showed strong robustness to model misspecification. Applying the county-level estimators to the real, unsimulated COVID-19 data spanning April 1, 2020 to September 30, 2020 from across the U.S., we found that IFRs varied from 0 to 44.69, with a standard deviation of 3.55 and a median of 2.14. Conclusions The proposed estimation framework can be used to identify geographic variation in IFRs across settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Ladau
- Departments of Computational Precision Health and Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
- Arva Intelligence, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, 84101, USA
- Computational Biosciences Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Eoin L. Brodie
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nicola Falco
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ishan Bansal
- Computational Biosciences Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Elijah B. Hoffman
- Arva Intelligence, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, 84101, USA
- Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marcin P. Joachimiak
- Biosystems Data Science, Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ana M. Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Angelica M. Walker
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Haruko M. Wainwright
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yulun Wu
- Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mirko Pavicic
- Biosciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Daniel Jacobson
- Biosciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | | | - James B. Brown
- Arva Intelligence, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, 84101, USA
- Computational Biosciences Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Statistics Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Katrina Abuabara
- Departments of Computational Precision Health and Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Conejo-Bolaños LD, Mora AM, Hernández-Bonilla D, Cano JC, Menezes-Filho JA, Eskenazi B, Lindh CH, van Wendel de Joode B. Prenatal current-use pesticide exposure and children's neurodevelopment at one year of age in the Infants' Environmental Health (ISA) birth cohort, Costa Rica. Environ Res 2024; 249:118222. [PMID: 38272290 PMCID: PMC11065598 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide exposure may affect young children's neurodevelopment, but only few cohort studies have addressed possible effects of non-organophosphate pesticides. OBJECTIVE We evaluated associations between prenatal current-use pesticide exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes among 1-year-old children from the Infants' Environmental Health (ISA) birth cohort. METHODS To determine prenatal pesticide exposure, we measured biomarkers of pyrimethanil, chlorpyrifos, synthetic pyrethroids, and 2,4-D in urine samples among 355 women, 1-3 times during pregnancy. One-year post-partum, we evaluated children's neurodevelopment with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development 3rd edition (BSID-III). We assessed associations between exposures and neurodevelopmental outcomes (composite and z-scores) using single-chemical linear regression models adjusted for possible confounders (maternal education, parity, sex, gestational age at birth, child age, HOME-score, location of assessment, biomarkers of mancozeb), and studied effect-modification by sex. We evaluated non-linear associations of multiple pesticide exposures with Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). RESULTS We found higher prenatal urinary 2,4-D concentrations were associated with lower language (βper ten-fold increase = -2.0, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = -3.5, -0.5) and motor (βper ten-fold increase = -2.2, 95 %CI = -4.2, -0.1) composite scores among all children. Also, higher chlorpyrifos exposure [measured as urinary 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy)] was associated with lower cognitive composite scores (βper ten-fold increase = -1.9, 95 %CI = -4.7, 0.8), and lower motor composite scores among boys (βper ten-fold increase = -3.8, 95 % CI = -7.7, 0.1) but not girls (βper ten-fold increase = 2.3, 95 %CI = -1.6, 6.3, pINT = 0.11). Finally, higher pyrimethanil was associated with lower language abilities among girls, but not boys. Pyrethroid metabolite concentrations did not explain variability in BSID-III composite scores. Associations were similar for BSID-III z-scores, and we found no evidence for non-linear associations or mixture effects. DISCUSSION Prenatal exposure to common-use pesticides may affect children's neurodevelopment at 1-year of age, some effects may be sex-specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Diego Conejo-Bolaños
- Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA), Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica; Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies in Childhood and Adolescence (INEINA), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Ana M Mora
- Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA), Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica; Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), University of California at Berkeley, United States
| | | | - Juan Camilo Cano
- Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA), Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - José A Menezes-Filho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo s/n Campus, Universitário de Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), University of California at Berkeley, United States
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Berna van Wendel de Joode
- Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA), Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
van Wendel de Joode B, Peñaloza-Castañeda J, Mora AM, Corrales-Vargas A, Eskenazi B, Hoppin JA, Lindh CH. Pesticide exposure, birth size, and gestational age in the ISA birth cohort, Costa Rica. Environ Epidemiol 2024; 8:e290. [PMID: 38617432 PMCID: PMC11008631 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine associations of prenatal biomarkers of pesticide exposure with birth size measures and length of gestation among newborns from the Infants' Environmental Health (ISA) birth cohort, Costa Rica. Methods We included 386 singleton liveborn newborns with data on birth size measures, length of gestation, and maternal urinary biomarkers of chlorpyrifos, synthetic pyrethroids, mancozeb, pyrimethanil, and 2, 4-D during pregnancy. We associated biomarkers of exposure with birth outcomes using multivariate linear regression and generalized additive models. Results Concentrations were highest for ethylene thiourea (ETU, metabolite of mancozeb), median = 3.40; p10-90 = 1.90-6.79 µg/L, followed by 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP, metabolite of chlorpyrifos) p50 = 1.76 p10-90 = 0.97-4.36 µg/L, and lowest for 2,4-D (p50 = 0.33 p10-90 = 0.18-1.07 µg/L). Among term newborns (≥37 weeks), higher prenatal TCP was associated with lower birth weight and smaller head circumference (e.g., β per 10-fold-increase) during the second half of pregnancy = -129.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] = -255.8, -3.5) grams, and -0.61 (95% CI = -1.05, -0.17) centimeters, respectively. Also, among term newborns, prenatal 2,4-D was associated with lower birth weight (β per 10-fold-increase = -125.1; 95% CI = -228.8, -21.5), smaller head circumference (β = -0.41; 95% CI = -0.78, -0.03), and, during the second half of pregnancy, with shorter body length (β = -0.58; 95% CI = -1.09, -0.07). Furthermore, ETU was nonlinearly associated with head circumference during the second half of pregnancy. Biomarkers of pyrethroids and pyrimethanil were not associated with birth size, and none of the biomarkers explained the length of gestation. Conclusions Prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos and 2,4-D, and, possibly, mancozeb/ETU, may impair fetal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berna van Wendel de Joode
- Infants’ Environmental Health (ISA) Program, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Jorge Peñaloza-Castañeda
- Infants’ Environmental Health (ISA) Program, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Ana M. Mora
- Infants’ Environmental Health (ISA) Program, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), University of California at Berkeley
| | - Andrea Corrales-Vargas
- Infants’ Environmental Health (ISA) Program, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), University of California at Berkeley
| | - Jane A. Hoppin
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, North Carolina
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, North Carolina
| | - Christian H. Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rosa MJ, Armendáriz-Arnez C, Gudayol-Ferré E, Prehn M, Fuhrimann S, Eskenazi B, Lindh CH, Mora AM. Association of pesticide exposure with neurobehavioral outcomes among avocado farmworkers in Mexico. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 256:114322. [PMID: 38219443 PMCID: PMC10956701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM To date, few studies have focused on the health effects of pesticide exposure among avocado farmworkers. We examined the association of exposure to insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides with cognitive and mental health outcomes among these avocado workers from Michoacan, Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 105 avocado farmworkers between May and August 2021. We collected data on self-reported pesticide use during the 12 months prior to the baseline survey and estimated annual exposure-intensity scores (EIS) using a semi-quantitative exposure algorithm. We calculated specific gravity adjusted average concentrations of 12 insecticide, fungicide, or herbicide metabolites measured in urine samples collected during two study visits (8-10 weeks apart). We assessed participants' cognitive function and psychological distress using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery and the Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI-18), respectively. We examined individual associations of EIS and urinary pesticide metabolites with neurobehavioral outcomes using generalized linear regression models. We also implemented Bayesian Weighted Quantile Sum (BWQS) regression to evaluate the association between a pesticide metabolite mixture and neurobehavioral outcomes. RESULTS In individual models, after adjusting for multiple comparisons, higher concentrations of hydroxy-tebuconazole (OH-TEB, metabolite of fungicide tebuconazole) were associated with higher anxiety (IRR per two-fold increase in concentrations = 1.26, 95% CI:1.08, 1.48) and Global Severity Index (GSI) (IRR = 1.89, 95% CI:1.36, 2.75) scores, whereas higher concentrations of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy, metabolite of chlorpyrifos) were associated with lower GSI scores (IRR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.85). In BWQS analyses, we found evidence of a mixture association of urinary pesticide metabolites with higher anxiety (IRR = 1.72, 95% CrI: 1.12, 2.55), depression (IRR = 4.60, 95% CrI: 2.19, 9.43), and GSI (IRR = 1.99, 95% CrI: 1.39, 2.79) scores. OH-TEB and hydroxy-thiabendazole (metabolite of fungicide thiabendazole) combined contributed 54%, 40%, and 54% to the mixture effect in the anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, and overall psychological distress models, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We found that exposure to tebuconazole and thiabendazole, fungicides whose effects have been rarely studied in humans, may be associated with increased psychological distress among avocado farmworkers. We also observed that exposure to chlorpyrifos may be associated with decreased psychological distress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Rosa
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Cynthia Armendáriz-Arnez
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores (ENES) Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Morelia, Mexico
| | - Esteve Gudayol-Ferré
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Manuela Prehn
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores (ENES) Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Morelia, Mexico
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mora AM, Kogut K, Sandhu NK, Ridgway D, Patty CM, Renteria M, Morga N, Rodriguez MT, Romero M, Valdovinos JM, Torres-Nguyen A, Guzman O, Martinez M, Doty RL, Padilla A, Flores E, Brown PM, Eskenazi B. SARS-CoV-2 infection and long COVID among California farmworkers. J Rural Health 2024; 40:292-302. [PMID: 37715721 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of long COVID and identify its clinical manifestations among farmworkers in California. METHODS We collected data on sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometrics, clinical chemistries and anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G antibodies, self-reported SARS-CoV-2 infection history, and standardized health tests and scales from 297 farmworkers in California between February and July 2022. RESULTS Most participants were born in Mexico or Central America, had less than a high school diploma, and were overweight or obese. The prevalence of long COVID (defined as self-reported SARS-CoV-2 infection with symptoms >28 days) among farmworkers with a suspected or test-confirmed infection was 61.8%. Participants with long COVID had higher mean [95% CI] body mass index (32.9 [31.6-34.1]) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (4.8 [3.7, 6.0]) than those with no COVID-19 history (30.5 [29.3-31.7], and 3.3 [2.2, 4.3], respectively). Farmworkers with long COVID also reported greater fatigue, dyspnea, taste and smell problems, and overall poorer mental and physical health, than those with no COVID-19 history. Farmworkers with long COVID had increased odds of functional limitations compared to those with a self-reported SARS-CoV-2 infection with symptoms ≤28 days (OR [95% CI]: 7.46 [3.26, 17.09]). CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of farmworkers experience long COVID with persistent symptoms that limit their ability to perform their work. A comprehensive approach that addresses the unique needs and challenges of farmworkers is warranted given this population's high prevalence of long COVID and the essential nature of their work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Nimrat K Sandhu
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Derry Ridgway
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Chris M Patty
- Kaweah Health Medical Center, Visalia, California, USA
| | - Melissa Renteria
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Norma Morga
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Maria T Rodriguez
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Monica Romero
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jose M Valdovinos
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Omar Guzman
- Kaweah Health Medical Center, Visalia, California, USA
| | | | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ana Padilla
- Community and Labor Center, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Edward Flores
- Community and Labor Center, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Paul M Brown
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lupo PJ, Chambers TM, Mueller BA, Clavel J, Dockerty JD, Doody DR, Erdmann F, Ezzat S, Filippini T, Hansen J, Heck JE, Infante-Rivard C, Kang AY, Magnani C, Malagoli C, Metayer C, Bailey HD, Mora AM, Ntzani E, Petridou ET, Pombo-de-Oliveira MS, Rashed WM, Roman E, Schüz J, Wesseling C, Spector LG, Scheurer ME. Nonchromosomal birth defects and risk of childhood acute leukemia: An assessment in 15 000 leukemia cases and 46 000 controls from the Childhood Cancer and Leukemia International Consortium. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:434-447. [PMID: 37694915 PMCID: PMC11034994 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Although recent studies have demonstrated associations between nonchromosomal birth defects and several pediatric cancers, less is known about their role on childhood leukemia susceptibility. Using data from the Childhood Cancer and Leukemia International Consortium, we evaluated associations between nonchromosomal birth defects and childhood leukemia. Pooling consortium data from 18 questionnaire-based and three registry-based case-control studies across 13 countries, we used multivariable logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between a spectrum of birth defects and leukemia. Our analyses included acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL, n = 13 115) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML, n = 2120) cases, along with 46 172 controls. We used the false discovery rate to account for multiple comparisons. In the questionnaire-based studies, the prevalence of birth defects was 5% among cases vs 4% in controls, whereas, in the registry-based studies, the prevalence was 11% among cases vs 7% in controls. In pooled adjusted analyses, there were several notable associations, including (1) digestive system defects and ALL (OR = 2.70, 95% CI: 1.46-4.98); (2) congenital anomalies of the heart and circulatory system and AML (OR = 2.86, 95% CI: 1.81-4.52) and (3) nervous system defects and AML (OR = 4.23, 95% CI: 1.50-11.89). Effect sizes were generally larger in registry-based studies. Overall, our results could point to novel genetic and environmental factors associated with birth defects that could also increase leukemia susceptibility. Additionally, differences between questionnaire- and registry-based studies point to the importance of complementary sources of birth defect phenotype data when exploring these associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Lupo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tiffany M. Chambers
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Beth A. Mueller
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jacqueline Clavel
- CRESS, UMR-S1153, INSERM, Paris-Descartes University, Villejuif, France
| | - John D. Dockerty
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David R. Doody
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Friederike Erdmann
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology, Lyon, France
- Division of Childhood Cancer Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, Informatics (IMBEI), Johannes Gutenberg University of Minnesota, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sameera Ezzat
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, NLISSI Collaborative Research Center, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tommaso Filippini
- CREAGEN Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Johnni Hansen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julia E. Heck
- College of Health and Public Service, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Claire Infante-Rivard
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alice Y. Kang
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Corrado Magnani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Piemonte, Novara, Italy
| | - Carlotta Malagoli
- CREAGEN Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Helen D. Bailey
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Ana M. Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Evangelia Ntzani
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health, Policy and Practice, Center for Research Synthesis in Health, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Eleni Th Petridou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Hellenic Society for Social Pediatrics and Health Promotion, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Eve Roman
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology, Lyon, France
| | - Catharina Wesseling
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Logan G. Spector
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael E. Scheurer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sagiv SK, Baker JM, Rauch S, Gao Y, Gunier RB, Mora AM, Kogut K, Bradman A, Eskenazi B, Reiss AL. Prenatal and childhood exposure to organophosphate pesticides and functional brain imaging in young adults. Environ Res 2024; 242:117756. [PMID: 38016496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides has been linked with poorer neurodevelopment from infancy to adolescence. In our Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) birth cohort, we previously reported that residential proximity to OP use during pregnancy was associated with altered cortical activation using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a small subset (n = 95) of participants at age 16 years. METHODS We administered fNIRS to 291 CHAMACOS young adults at the 18-year visit. Using covariate-adjusted regression models, we estimated associations of prenatal and childhood urinary dialkylphosphates (DAPs), non-specific OP metabolites, with cortical activation in the frontal, temporal, and parietal regions of the brain during tasks of executive function and semantic language. RESULTS There were some suggestive associations for prenatal DAPs with altered activation patterns in both the inferior frontal and inferior parietal lobes of the left hemisphere during a task of cognitive flexibility (β per ten-fold increase in DAPs = 3.37; 95% CI: -0.02, 6.77 and β = 3.43; 95% CI: 0.64, 6.22, respectively) and the inferior and superior frontal pole/dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the right hemisphere during the letter retrieval working memory task (β = -3.10; 95% CI: -6.43, 0.22 and β = -3.67; 95% CI: -7.94, 0.59, respectively). We did not observe alterations in cortical activation with prenatal DAPs during a semantic language task or with childhood DAPs during any task. DISCUSSION We observed associations of prenatal OP concentrations with mild alterations in cortical activation during tasks of executive function. Associations with childhood exposure were null. This is reasonably consistent with studies of prenatal OPs and neuropsychological measures of attention and executive function found in CHAMACOS and other birth cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Joseph M Baker
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert B Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Allan L Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Armendáriz-Arnez C, Tamayo-Ortiz M, Mora-Ardila F, Rodríguez-Barrena ME, Barros-Sierra D, Castillo F, Sánchez-Vargas A, Lopez-Carr D, Deardorff J, Eskenazi B, Mora AM. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in avocado farmworkers from Mexico. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1252530. [PMID: 38174080 PMCID: PMC10761533 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1252530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected farmworkers in the United States and Europe, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. However, little is known about the specific impact of the pandemic on agriculture and food production workers in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and assess the mental health and economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic among avocado farmworkers in Michoacan, Mexico. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of adult farmworkers (n = 395) in May 2021. We collected survey data, nasal swabs and saliva samples for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection, and blood samples for immunoglobulin G (IgG) reactivity measurements. Results None of the farmworkers tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. However, among unvaccinated farmworkers (n = 336, 85%), approximately one-third (33%) showed evidence of past infection (positive for IgG against SARS-CoV-2). Unvaccinated farmworkers who lived with other farmworkers (aRR = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.05), had ever lived with someone with COVID-19 (aRR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.22, 2.43), and who had diabetes (aRR = 2.19; 95% CI: 1.53, 2.85) had a higher risk of testing IgG-positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. In contrast, unvaccinated farmworkers living in more rural areas (outside of Tingambato or Uruapan) (aRR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.96) or cooking with wood-burning stove (aRR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.96) had a lower risk of IgG-positivity. Moreover, 66% of farmworkers reported a negative impact of the pandemic on their lives, 29% reported experiencing food insecurity and difficulty paying bills, and 10% reported depression or anxiety symptoms. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the mental health and financial well-being of avocado farmworkers. Consequently, the implementation of interventions and prevention efforts, such as providing mental health support and food assistance services, is imperative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Armendáriz-Arnez
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Marcela Tamayo-Ortiz
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Francisco Mora-Ardila
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
| | | | | | - Federico Castillo
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Armando Sánchez-Vargas
- Institute of Economic Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Lopez-Carr
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Julianna Deardorff
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ana M. Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Blanco E, Algranti E, Cifuentes LA, López-Carrillo L, Mora AM, Rodríguez-Guzmán J, Rodríguez-Villamizar LA, Veiga LHS, Canelo-Aybar C, Nieto-Gutierrez W, Feliu A, Espina C, Ferreccio C. Latin America and the Caribbean Code Against cancer 1st edition: Environment, occupation, and cancer. Cancer Epidemiol 2023; 86 Suppl 1:102381. [PMID: 37852723 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2023.102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Within the framework of the Latin America and Caribbean region (LAC) Code Against Cancer 1st edition, the current work presents recommendations to reduce exposure to environmental and occupational carcinogenic agents relevant for LAC. Using the methodology established by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in the World Code Against Cancer Framework and experience from developing the European Code Against Cancer 4th edition, a working group of LAC cancer-prevention experts reviewed the list of Group I IARC carcinogenic agents, identified prevalent environmental and occupational exposures in the region, and proposed evidence-based cancer prevention recommendations suited to the epidemiological, socioeconomic, and cultural conditions of LAC countries. Two sets of recommendations were drafted: those targeting the general public and a second set for policymakers. Outdoor and indoor air pollution, ultra-violet radiation and occupational exposures to silica dust, asbestos, benzene, diesel, and welding fumes were identified as prevalent carcinogens in LAC and as agents that could be reduced or eliminated to prevent cancers. Recommendations for additional risk factors were not included due to insufficient data of their attributable burden in LAC (sunbeds, radon, aflatoxin), or lack of a clear preventive action to be taken by the individual (arsenic in drinking water, medical radiation), or lack of evidence of carcinogenicity effect (bisphenol A, phthalates, and pesticides). A broad consensus was reached on environmental and occupational carcinogenic exposures present throughout the LAC region and on individual-level and public policy-level recommendations to reduce or eliminate these exposures. Key educational content for the dissemination of these recommendations was also developed as part of LAC Code Against Cancer 1st Edition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estela Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Sociedad y Salud y Nucleo Milenio SocioMed, Universidad Mayor, Badajoz 130, Oficina 1305, Las Condes, Santiago 7550000, Chile; Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Región Metropolitana, Postal/Zip Code: 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Luis Abdon Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Región Metropolitana, Postal/Zip Code: 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lizbeth López-Carrillo
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Avenida Universidad 655, Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100, Mexico
| | - Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720-7392, USA
| | | | - Laura Andrea Rodríguez-Villamizar
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Cra. 32 #29-31, Bucaramanga, Santander 680002, Colombia
| | - Lene H S Veiga
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9776, Bethesda 20892, MD, USA
| | - Carlos Canelo-Aybar
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health, Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wendy Nieto-Gutierrez
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health, Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Feliu
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, 25 avenue Tony Garnier CS 90627, CEDEX 0769366, Lyon, France
| | - Carolina Espina
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, 25 avenue Tony Garnier CS 90627, CEDEX 0769366, Lyon, France
| | - Catterina Ferreccio
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Región Metropolitana, Postal/Zip Code: 8331150, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases ACCDIS, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zúñiga-Venegas LA, Hyland C, Muñoz-Quezada MT, Quirós-Alcalá L, Butinof M, Buralli R, Cardenas A, Fernandez RA, Foerster C, Gouveia N, Gutiérrez Jara JP, Lucero BA, Muñoz MP, Ramírez-Santana M, Smith AR, Tirado N, van Wendel de Joode B, Calaf GM, Handal AJ, Soares da Silva A, Cortés S, Mora AM. Erratum: "Health Effects of Pesticide Exposure in Latin American and the Caribbean Populations: A Scoping Review". Environ Health Perspect 2023; 131:89001. [PMID: 37589661 PMCID: PMC10434013 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
|
11
|
Sagiv SK, Mora AM, Rauch S, Kogut KR, Hyland C, Gunier RB, Bradman A, Deardorff J, Eskenazi B. Prenatal and Childhood Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticides and Behavior Problems in Adolescents and Young Adults in the CHAMACOS Study. Environ Health Perspect 2023; 131:67008. [PMID: 37307167 PMCID: PMC10259762 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported associations of prenatal exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides with poorer neurodevelopment in early childhood and at school age, including poorer cognitive function and more behavioral problems, in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS), a birth cohort study in an agriculture community. OBJECTIVE We investigated the extent to which early-life exposure to OP pesticides is associated with behavioral problems, including mental health, in youth during adolescence and early adulthood. METHODS We measured urinary dialkylphosphates (DAPs), nonspecific OP metabolites, in urine samples collected from mothers twice during pregnancy (13 and 26 wk) and at five different times in their children (ages 6 months to 5 y). We assessed maternal report and youth report of externalizing and internalizing behavior problems using the Behavior Assessment System for Children, 2nd edition (BASC-2), when the youth were ages 14, 16, and 18 y. Because there was evidence of nonlinearity, we estimated associations across quartiles of DAPs and modeled repeated outcome measures using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS There were 335 youths with prenatal maternal DAP measures and 14-. 16-, or 18-y BASC-2 scores. Prenatal maternal DAP concentrations (specific gravity-adjusted median, Q 1 - Q 3 = 159.4 , 78.7 - 350.4 nmol / L ) were associated with higher T-scores (more behavior problems) from maternal report, including more hyperactivity [fourth vs. first quartile of exposure β = 2.32 ; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18, 4.45], aggression (β = 1.90 ; 95% CI: 0.15, 3.66), attention problems (β = 2.78 ; 95% CI: 0.26, 5.30), and depression (β = 2.66 ; 95% CI: 0.08, 5.24). Associations with youth report of externalizing problems were null, and associations with depression were suggestive (fourth vs. first quartile of exposure β = 2.15 ; 95% CI: - 0.36 , 4.67). Childhood DAP metabolites were not associated with behavioral problems. DISCUSSION We found associations of prenatal, but not childhood, urinary DAP concentrations with adolescent/young adult externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. These findings are consistent with prior associations we have reported with neurodevelopmental outcomes measured earlier in childhood in CHAMACOS participants and suggests that prenatal exposure to OP pesticides may have lasting effects on the behavioral health of youth as they mature into adulthood, including their mental health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11380.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K. Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ana M. Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Stephen Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Katherine R. Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Carly Hyland
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Public Health and Population Science, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Robert B. Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Julianna Deardorff
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Eskenazi B, Gunier RB, Rauch S, Kogut K, Perito ER, Mendez X, Limbach C, Holland N, Bradman A, Harley KG, Mills PJ, Mora AM. Association of Lifetime Exposure to Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid (AMPA) with Liver Inflammation and Metabolic Syndrome at Young Adulthood: Findings from the CHAMACOS Study. Environ Health Perspect 2023; 131:37001. [PMID: 36856429 PMCID: PMC9976611 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of liver disorders and metabolic syndrome has increased among youth. Glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide worldwide, could contribute to the development of these conditions. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess whether lifetime exposure to glyphosate and its degradation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), is associated with elevated liver transaminases and metabolic syndrome among young adults. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study (n = 480 mother-child dyads) and a nested case-control study (n = 60 cases with elevated liver transaminases and 91 controls) using data from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS). We measured glyphosate and AMPA concentrations in urine samples collected during pregnancy and at child ages 5, 14, and 18 y from cases and controls. We calculated glyphosate residue concentrations: [glyphosate + ( 1.5 × AMPA ) ]. We estimated the amount of agricultural-use glyphosate applied within a 1 - km radius of every residence from pregnancy to age 5 y for the full cohort using California Pesticide Use Reporting data. We assessed liver transaminases and metabolic syndrome at 18 y of age. RESULTS Urinary AMPA at age 5 y was associated with elevated transaminases [relative risk (RR) per 2 - fold increase = 1.27 , 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.53] and metabolic syndrome (RR = 2.07 , 95% CI: 1.38, 3.11). Urinary AMPA and glyphosate residues at age 14 y were associated with metabolic syndrome [RR = 1.80 (95% CI: 1.10, 2.93) and RR = 1.88 (95% CI: 1.03, 3.42), respectively]. Overall, a 2-fold increase in urinary AMPA during childhood was associated with a 14% and a 55% increased risk of elevated liver transaminases and metabolic syndrome, respectively. Living near agricultural glyphosate applications during early childhood (birth to 5 y of age) was also associated with metabolic syndrome at age 18 y in the case-control group (RR = 1.53 , 95% CI: 1.16, 2.02). DISCUSSION Childhood exposure to glyphosate and AMPA may increase risk of liver and cardiometabolic disorders in early adulthood, which could lead to more serious diseases later in life. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11721.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Robert B. Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Stephen Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Emily R. Perito
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xenia Mendez
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Kim G. Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Paul J. Mills
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ana M. Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Islam JY, Hoppin J, Mora AM, Soto-Martinez ME, Gamboa LC, Castañeda JEP, Reich B, Lindh C, van Wendel de Joode B. Respiratory and allergic outcomes among 5-year-old children exposed to pesticides. Thorax 2023; 78:41-49. [PMID: 35210357 PMCID: PMC9533533 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-218068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the effects of pesticides on children's respiratory and allergic outcomes. We evaluated associations of prenatal and current pesticide exposures with respiratory and allergic outcomes in children from the Infants' Environmental Health Study in Costa Rica. METHODS Among 5-year-old children (n=303), we measured prenatal and current specific gravity-corrected urinary metabolite concentrations of insecticides (chlorpyrifos, pyrethroids), fungicides (mancozeb, pyrimethanil, thiabendazole) and 2,4-D. We collected information from caregivers on respiratory (ever doctor-diagnosed asthma and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), wheeze and cough during last 12 months) and allergic (nasal allergies, itchy rash, ever eczema) outcomes. We fitted separate multivariable logistic regression models for high (≥75th percentile (P75)) vs low (<P75) metabolite concentrations with respiratory and allergic outcomes. We also ran models including metabolite concentrations as continuous exposure variables. RESULTS Children's respiratory outcomes were common (39% cough, 20% wheeze, 12% asthma, 5% LRTI). High current pyrethroid metabolite concentrations (∑pyrethroids) were associated with wheeze (OR=2.37, 95% CI 1.28 to 4.34), itchy rash (OR=2.74, 95% CI 1.33 to 5.60), doctor-diagnosed asthma and LRTI. High current ethylene thiourea (ETU) (specific metabolite of mancozeb) was somewhat associated with LRTI (OR=2.09, 95% CI 0.68 to 6.02). We obtained similar results when modelling ∑pyrethroids and ETU as continuous variables. We saw inconsistent or null associations for other pesticide exposures and health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Current pyrethroid exposure may affect children's respiratory and allergic health at 5 years of age. Current mancozeb exposure might contribute to LRTI. These findings are important as pyrethroids are broadly used in home environments and agriculture and mancozeb in agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y Islam
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jane Hoppin
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ana M Mora
- Infants' Environmental Health (ISA) Program, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica,Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Leonel Córdoba Gamboa
- Infants' Environmental Health (ISA) Program, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Jorge Ernesto Peñaloza Castañeda
- Infants' Environmental Health (ISA) Program, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Brian Reich
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA,Department of Biostatistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christian Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Berna van Wendel de Joode
- Infants' Environmental Health (ISA) Program, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mora AM, Baker JM, Hyland C, Rodríguez-Zamora MG, Rojas-Valverde D, Winkler MS, Staudacher P, Palzes VA, Gutiérrez-Vargas R, Lindh C, Reiss AL, Eskenazi B, Fuhrimann S, Sagiv SK. Pesticide exposure and cortical brain activation among farmworkers in Costa Rica. Neurotoxicology 2022; 93:200-210. [PMID: 36228750 PMCID: PMC10014323 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous epidemiological studies have reported associations of pesticide exposure with poor cognitive function and behavioral problems. However, these findings have relied primarily on neuropsychological assessments. Questions remain about the neurobiological effects of pesticide exposure, specifically where in the brain pesticides exert their effects and whether compensatory mechanisms in the brain may have masked pesticide-related associations in studies that relied purely on neuropsychological measures. METHODS We conducted a functional neuroimaging study in 48 farmworkers from Zarcero County, Costa Rica, in 2016. We measured concentrations of 13 insecticide, fungicide, or herbicide metabolites or parent compounds in urine samples collected during two study visits (approximately 3-5 weeks apart). We assessed cortical brain activation in the prefrontal cortex during tasks of working memory, attention, and cognitive flexibility using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). We estimated associations of pesticide exposure with cortical brain activation using multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age and education level. RESULTS We found that higher concentrations of insecticide metabolites were associated with reduced activation in the prefrontal cortex during a working memory task. For example, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy; a metabolite of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos) was associated with reduced activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (β = -2.3; 95% CI: -3.9, -0.7 per two-fold increase in TCPy). Similarly, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA; a metabolite of pyrethroid insecticides) was associated with bilateral reduced activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (β = -3.1; 95% CI: -5.0, -1.2 and -2.3; 95% CI: -4.5, -0.2 per two-fold increase in 3-PBA for left and right cortices, respectively). These associations were similar, though weaker, for the attention and cognitive flexibility tasks. We observed null associations of fungicide and herbicide biomarker concentrations with cortical brain activation during the three tasks that were administered. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides may impact cortical brain activation in the prefrontal cortex - neural dynamics that could potentially underlie previously reported associations with cognitive and behavioral function. Furthermore, our study demonstrates the feasibility and utility of fNIRS in epidemiological field studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Joseph M Baker
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carly Hyland
- School of Public Health and Population Science, Boise State University, 1910 W University Dr, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - María G Rodríguez-Zamora
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Seguridad Laboral e Higiene Ambiental (EISLHA), Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Calle 15, Avenida 14, 1 km Sur de la Basílica de los Ángeles, Cartago 30101, Provincia de Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte, Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Campus Benjamin Nuñez, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Mirko S Winkler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 55, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Peterspl. 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Staudacher
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa A Palzes
- Drug and Alcohol Research Team at the Kaiser Permanente Northern California's Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, USA
| | - Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte, Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Campus Benjamin Nuñez, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Christian Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, 22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Allan L Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 55, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Peterspl. 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sharon K Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zúñiga-Venegas LA, Hyland C, Muñoz-Quezada MT, Quirós-Alcalá L, Butinof M, Buralli R, Cardenas A, Fernandez RA, Foerster C, Gouveia N, Gutiérrez Jara JP, Lucero BA, Muñoz MP, Ramírez-Santana M, Smith AR, Tirado N, van Wendel de Joode B, Calaf GM, Handal AJ, Soares da Silva A, Cortés S, Mora AM. Health Effects of Pesticide Exposure in Latin American and the Caribbean Populations: A Scoping Review. Environ Health Perspect 2022; 130:96002. [PMID: 36173136 PMCID: PMC9521041 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to pesticides is associated with adverse health outcomes. However, the literature on pesticide-related health effects in the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) region, an area of intensive agricultural and residential pesticide use, is sparse. We conducted a scoping review to describe the current state of research on the health effects of pesticide exposure in LAC populations with the goal of identifying knowledge gaps and research capacity building needs. METHODS We searched PubMed and SciELO for epidemiological studies on pesticide exposure and human health in LAC populations published between January 2007 and December 2021. We identified 233 publications from 16 countries that met our inclusion criteria and grouped them by health outcome (genotoxicity, neurobehavioral outcomes, placental outcomes and teratogenicity, cancer, thyroid function, reproductive outcomes, birth outcomes and child growth, and others). RESULTS Most published studies were conducted in Brazil (37%, n = 88 ) and Mexico (20%, n = 46 ), were cross-sectional in design (72%, n = 167 ), and focused on farmworkers (45%, n = 105 ) or children (21%, n = 48 ). The most frequently studied health effects included genotoxicity (24%, n = 62 ) and neurobehavioral outcomes (21%, n = 54 ), and organophosphate (OP) pesticides were the most frequently examined (26%, n = 81 ). Forty-seven percent (n = 112 ) of the studies relied only on indirect pesticide exposure assessment methods. Exposure to OP pesticides, carbamates, or to multiple pesticide classes was consistently associated with markers of genotoxicity and adverse neurobehavioral outcomes, particularly among children and farmworkers. DISCUSSION Our scoping review provides some evidence that exposure to pesticides may adversely impact the health of LAC populations, but methodological limitations and inconsistencies undermine the strength of the conclusions. It is critical to increase capacity building, integrate research initiatives, and conduct more rigorous epidemiological studies in the region to address these limitations, better inform public health surveillance systems, and maximize the impact of research on public policies. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9934.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana A. Zúñiga-Venegas
- Centro de Investigaciones de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Carly Hyland
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- School of Public Health and Population Science, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada
- Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Mariana Butinof
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rafael Buralli
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ricardo A. Fernandez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Foerster
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales, Universidad de O’Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
| | - Nelson Gouveia
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Juan P. Gutiérrez Jara
- Centro de Investigaciones de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Boris A. Lucero
- Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - María Pía Muñoz
- Escuela de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Muriel Ramírez-Santana
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Anna R. Smith
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Noemi Tirado
- Instituto de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, Louisiana Paz, Bolivia
| | - Berna van Wendel de Joode
- Infants’ Environmental Health Study, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Gloria M. Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexis J. Handal
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Sandra Cortés
- Centro Avanzado de Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDiS), Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, Departamento de Salud Pública, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana M. Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Infants’ Environmental Health Study, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Binter AC, Mora AM, Baker JM, Bruno JL, Kogut K, Rauch S, Reiss AL, Eskenazi B, Sagiv SK. Exposure to DDT and DDE and functional neuroimaging in adolescents from the CHAMACOS cohort. Environ Res 2022; 212:113461. [PMID: 35550812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to p,p'-dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) is associated with poorer cognitive function in children and adolescents, but the neural mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We investigated associations of prenatal and childhood exposure to p,p'-DDT and its metabolite p,p'-dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) with cortical activation in adolescents using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). METHODS We administered fNIRS to 95 adolescents from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) aged 15-17 years. We assessed cortical activity in the frontal, temporal, and parietal brain regions while participants completed tasks of executive function, language comprehension, and social cognition. We measured serum p,p'-DDT and -DDE concentrations at age 9 years and then estimated exposure-outcome associations using linear regression models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. In secondary analyses, we back-extrapolated prenatal concentrations using prediction models and examined their association with cortical activation. RESULTS Median (P25-P75) p,p'-DDT and -DDE concentrations in childhood were 1.4 (1-2.3) and 141.5 (75.0-281.3) ng/g lipid, respectively. We found that childhood exposure to p,p'-DDT and -DDE was associated with altered patterns of brain activation during tasks of cognition and executive functions. For example, we observed increased activity in the left frontal lobe during a language comprehension task (β per 10 ng/g lipid increase of serum p,p'-DDE at age 9 years = 3.4; 95% CI: 0.0, 6.9 in the left inferior frontal lobe; and β = 4.2; 95% CI: 0.9, 7.5 in the left superior frontal lobe). We found no sex differences in the associations of childhood p,p'-DDT and -DDE concentrations with neural activity. Associations between prenatal p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE concentrations and brain activity were similar to those observed for child p,p'-DDT and -DDE concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Childhood p,p'-DDT and -DDE exposure may impact cortical brain activation, which could be an underlying mechanism for its previously reported associations with poorer cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Binter
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joseph M Baker
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer L Bruno
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stephen Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Allan L Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sharon K Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schraw JM, Bailey HD, Bonaventure A, Mora AM, Roman E, Mueller BA, Clavel J, Petridou ET, Karalexi M, Ntzani E, Ezzat S, Rashed WM, Marcotte EL, Spector LG, Metayer C, Kang AY, Magnani C, Miligi L, Dockerty JD, Mejίa-Aranguré JM, Nuñez Enriquez JC, Infante-Rivard C, Milne E, Scheurer ME. Infant Feeding Practices And Childhood Acute Leukemia: Findings From The Childhood Cancer & Leukemia International Consortium. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:1013-1023. [PMID: 35532209 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that breastfeeding may protect from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, most studies have limited their analyses to any breastfeeding, and only a few data have examined exclusive breastfeeding, or other exposures such as formula milk. We performed pooled analyses and individual participant data meta-analyses of data from sixteen studies (N=17,189 controls; N=10,782 ALL and N=1,690 AML cases) from the Childhood Leukemia International Consortium (CLIC) to characterize the associations of breastfeeding duration with ALL and AML, as well as exclusive breastfeeding duration and age at introduction to formula with ALL. In unconditional multivariable logistic regression analyses of pooled data, we observed decreased odds of ALL among children breastfed 4-6 months (0.88, 95% CI 0.81-0.96) or 7-12 months (OR 0.85, 0.79-0.92). We observed a similar inverse association between breastfeeding ≥4 months and AML (0.82, 95% CI 0.71-0.95). Odds of ALL were reduced among children exclusively breastfed 4-6 months (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.63-0.85) or 7-12 months (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.53-0.92). Random effects meta-analyses produced similar estimates, and findings were unchanged in sensitivity analyses adjusted for race/ethnicity or mode of delivery, restricted to children diagnosed ≥1 year of age, or diagnosed with B-ALL. Our pooled analyses indicate that longer breastfeeding is associated with decreased odds of ALL and AML. Few risk factors for ALL and AML have been described, therefore our findings highlight the need to promote breastfeeding for leukemia prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Schraw
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Helen D Bailey
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Audrey Bonaventure
- CRESS, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-1153, Epidemiology of childhood and adolescent cancers team, Villejuif, France
| | - Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Eve Roman
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Beth A Mueller
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Clavel
- CRESS, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-1153, Epidemiology of childhood and adolescent cancers team, Villejuif, France.,National Registry of Childhood Cancers, APHP, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Villejuif, and CHU de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Eleni T Petridou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Hellenic Society for Social Pediatrics and Health Promotion, Greece
| | - Maria Karalexi
- Hellenic Society for Social Pediatrics and Health Promotion, Greece
| | - Evangelia Ntzani
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Hygeine and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Sameera Ezzat
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M Rashed
- Research Department, Children's Cancer Hospital-57357, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Erin L Marcotte
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Logan G Spector
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alice Y Kang
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Corrado Magnani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale, SCDU Epidemiologia del Tumori, Universitá del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Lucia Miligi
- Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology Branch-Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - John D Dockerty
- Department of Preventative and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Juan Manuel Mejίa-Aranguré
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Nuñez Enriquez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claire Infante-Rivard
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Milne
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael E Scheurer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mora AM, Lewnard JA, Rauch S, Kogut K, Jewell N, Cuevas M, Eskenazi B. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on California farmworkers' mental health and food security. J Agromedicine 2022; 27:303-314. [PMID: 35333134 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2022.2058664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES . To examine the mental health and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Latino farmworkers in California. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of adult farmworkers (n=1,115) between July 16 and November 30, 2020. We collected information via phone interviews. We used the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 scales to assess depression and anxiety symptoms. We adapted the U.S. Department of Agriculture six-question scale to assess household food insecurity. RESULTS Nearly 20% of study participants reported symptoms of depression and 15% reported symptoms of anxiety. Six percent reported increasing their substance use and 37% experienced food insecurity during the pandemic. Depression and anxiety symptoms were more frequent among women or those who had experienced ≥1 recent COVID-19 related symptom, but less frequent among those who were married and/or worked in the fields. Increased substance use was more common among farmworkers who had ≥1 COVID-19 related symptom, but less common among women and those who spoke a language other than English at home, were born outside the U.S., or lived in crowded housing. Food insecurity was common among those who were born outside the U.S. or lived with children <18 years, but less common among those with more education, a higher income, or who had lived longer in the U.S. CONCLUSIONS The pandemic has exacerbated challenges affecting mental health and and food security among farmworkers. Interventions and prevention efforts, led by respected and trusted members of the community, should include on-the-spot supplemental income, increased mental health services, and food support services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Joseph A Lewnard
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 108 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220, United States.,Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way Room 5302, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way Room 5302, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, United States
| | - Stephen Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Nicholas Jewell
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.,Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way Room 5302, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, United States
| | - Maximiliano Cuevas
- Clinica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, 430 Airport Blvd, Salinas, CA 93905, United States
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hyland C, Bradshaw P, Deardorff J, Gunier RB, Mora AM, Kogut K, Sagiv SK, Bradman A, Eskenazi B. Interactions of agricultural pesticide use near home during pregnancy and adverse childhood experiences on adolescent neurobehavioral development in the CHAMACOS study. Environ Res 2022; 204:111908. [PMID: 34425114 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have documented independent adverse associations between prenatal and early-life exposure to environmental chemicals and social adversity with child neurodevelopment; however, few have considered these exposures jointly. The objective of this analysis is to examine whether associations of pesticide mixtures and adolescent neurobehavioral development are modified by early-life adversity in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) cohort. METHODS We used linear mixed effects Bayesian Hierarchical Models (BHM) to examine the joint effect of applications of 11 agricultural pesticides within 1 km of maternal homes during pregnancy and youth-reported Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) with maternal and youth-reported internalizing behaviors, hyperactivity, and attention problems assessed via the Behavior Assessment for Children (BASC) (mean = 50, standard deviation = 10) at ages 16 and 18 years (n = 458). RESULTS The median (25th-75th percentiles) of ACEs was 1 (0-3); 72.3% of participants had low ACEs (0-2 events) and 27.7% had ACEs (3+ events). Overall, there was little evidence of modification of exposure-outcome associations by ACEs. A two-fold increase in malathion use was associated with increased internalizing behaviors among those with high ACEs from both maternal- (β = 1.9; 95% Credible Interval (CrI): 0.2, 3.7 for high ACEs vs. β = -0.1; 95% CrI: 1.2, 0.9 for low ACEs) and youth-report (β = 2.1; 95% CrI: 0.4, 3.8 for high ACEs vs. β = 0.2; 95% CrI: 0.8, 1.2 for low ACEs). Applications of malathion and dimethoate were also associated with higher youth-reported hyperactivity and/or inattention among those with high ACEs. CONCLUSION We observed little evidence of effect modification of agricultural pesticide use near the home during pregnancy and adolescent behavioral problems by child ACEs. Future studies should examine critical windows of susceptibility of exposure to chemical and non-chemical stressors and should consider biomarker-based exposure assessment methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carly Hyland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Department of Public Health and Population Science, College of Health Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
| | - Patrick Bradshaw
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Julianna Deardorff
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Robert B Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Sharon K Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Department of Public Health, School of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, University of California, Merced, United States
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sagiv SK, Rauch S, Kogut KR, Hyland C, Gunier RB, Mora AM, Bradman A, Deardorff J, Eskenazi B. Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and risk-taking behaviors in early adulthood. Environ Health 2022; 21:8. [PMID: 35012551 PMCID: PMC8751255 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00822-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies show evidence for associations of prenatal exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides with poorer childhood neurodevelopment. As children grow older, poorer cognition, executive function, and school performance can give rise to risk-taking behaviors, including substance abuse, delinquency, and violent acts. We investigated whether prenatal OP exposure was associated with these risk-taking behaviors in adolescence and young adulthood in a Mexican American cohort. METHODS We measured urinary dialkyl phosphates (DAPs), non-specific metabolites of OPs, twice (13 and 26 weeks gestation) in pregnant women recruited in 1999-2000 in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study, a birth cohort set in a primarily Latino agricultural community in the Salinas Valley, California. We followed up children throughout their childhood and adolescence; at the 18-year visit, adolescent youth (n = 315) completed a computer-based questionnaire which included questions about substance use, risky sexual activity, risky driving, and delinquency and police encounters. We used multivariable models to estimate associations of prenatal total DAPs with these risk-taking behaviors. RESULTS The prevalence of risk-taking behaviors in CHAMACOS youth ranged from 8.9% for smoking or vaping nicotine to 70.2% for committing a delinquent act. Associations of total prenatal DAPs (geometric mean = 132.4 nmol/L) with risk-taking behavior were generally null and imprecise. Isolated findings included a higher risk for smoking or vaping nicotine within the past 30 days (relative risk [RR] per 10-fold increase in prenatal DAPs = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.00, 3.56) and driving without a license (RR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.25, 2.42). There were no consistent differences by sex or childhood adversity. DISCUSSION We did not find clear or consistent evidence for associations of prenatal OP exposure with risk-taking behaviors in adolescence/early adulthood in the CHAMACOS population. Our small sample size may have prevented us from detecting potentially subtle associations of early life OP exposure with these risk-taking behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Stephen Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Katherine R Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Carly Hyland
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Robert B Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Julianna Deardorff
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Alhanti B, van Wendel de Joode B, Soto Martinez M, Mora AM, Córdoba Gamboa L, Reich B, Lindh CH, Quirós Lépiz M, Hoppin JA. Environmental exposures contribute to respiratory and allergic symptoms among women living in the banana growing regions of Costa Rica. Occup Environ Med 2021; 79:469-476. [PMID: 34969778 PMCID: PMC9198003 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2021-107611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This research evaluates whether environmental exposures (pesticides and smoke) influence respiratory and allergic outcomes in women living in a tropical, agricultural environment. METHODS We used data from 266 mothers from the Infants' Environmental Health cohort study in Costa Rica. We evaluated environmental exposures in women by measuring seven pesticide and two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites in urine samples. We defined 'high exposure' as having a metabolite value in the top 75th percentile. We collected survey data on respiratory and allergic outcomes in mothers as well as on pesticides and other environmental exposures. Using logistic regression models adjusted for obesity, we assessed the associations of pesticide exposure with multiple outcomes (wheeze, doctor-diagnosed asthma, high (≥2) asthma score based on symptoms, rhinitis, eczema and itchy rash). RESULTS Current pesticide use in the home was positively associated with diagnosed asthma (OR=1.99 (95% CI=1.05 to 3.87)). High urinary levels of 5-hydroxythiabendazole (thiabendazole metabolite) and living in a neighbourhood with frequent smoke from waste burning were associated with a high asthma score (OR=1.84 (95%CI=1.05 to 3.25) and OR=2.31 (95%CI=1.11 to 5.16), respectively). Women who worked in agriculture had a significantly lower prevalence of rhinitis (0.19 (0.01 to 0.93)), but were more likely to report eczema (OR=2.54 (95%CI=1.33 to 4.89)) and an itchy rash (OR=3.17 (95%CI=1.24 to 7.73)). CONCLUSIONS While limited by sample size, these findings suggest that environmental exposure to both pesticides and smoke may impact respiratory and skin-related allergic outcomes in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Alhanti
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Berna van Wendel de Joode
- Infants' Environmental Health (ISA) Study, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | | | - Ana M Mora
- Infants' Environmental Health (ISA) Study, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica.,Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Leonel Córdoba Gamboa
- Infants' Environmental Health (ISA) Study, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Brian Reich
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcela Quirós Lépiz
- Infants' Environmental Health (ISA) Study, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Jane A Hoppin
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA .,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Perng W, Cantoral A, Soria-Contreras DC, Betanzos-Robledo L, Kordas K, Liu Y, Mora AM, Corvalan C, Pereira A, Cardoso MA, Chavarro JE, Breton CV, Meeker JD, Harley KG, Eskenazi B, Peterson KE, Tellez-Rojo MM. [Exposición a químicos disruptores endócrinos obesogénicos y obesidad en niños y jóvenes de origen latino o hispano en Estados Unidos y Latinoamérica: una perspectiva del curso de la vida]. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 5:e13352. [PMID: 34708538 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Perng
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, EE. UU.,Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, EE. UU
| | - Alejandra Cantoral
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Diana C Soria-Contreras
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Larissa Betanzos-Robledo
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, Búfalo, Nueva York, EE. UU
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, EE. UU
| | - Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, EE. UU.,Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Camila Corvalan
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anita Pereira
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marly Augusto Cardoso
- Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Jorge E Chavarro
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, EE. UU
| | - Carrie V Breton
- Division of Environmental Health, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Ángeles, California, EE. UU
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Míchigan, EE. UU
| | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, EE. UU
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, EE. UU
| | - Karen E Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Míchigan, EE. UU
| | - Martha Maria Tellez-Rojo
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Ciudad de México, México
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mora AM, Lewnard JA, Kogut K, Rauch SA, Hernandez S, Wong MP, Huen K, Chang C, Jewell NP, Holland N, Harris E, Cuevas M, Eskenazi B. Risk Factors Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Farmworkers in Monterey County, California. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2124116. [PMID: 34524438 PMCID: PMC8444020 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.24116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Essential workers in agriculture and food production have been severely affected by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Objective To identify risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection among farmworkers in California. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study invited farmworkers in California's Salinas Valley (Monterey County) receiving transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection at federally qualified community clinics and community sites to participate. Individuals were eligible if they were not pregnant, were 18 years or older, had conducted farmwork since the pandemic started, and were proficient in English or Spanish. Survey data were collected and SARS-CoV-2 tests were conducted among participants from July 16 to November 30, 2020. Exposures Sociodemographic, household, community, and workplace characteristics. Main Outcomes and Measures TMA- and immunoglobulin G (IgG)-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results A total of 1107 farmworkers (581 [52.5%] women; mean [SD] age, 39.7 [12.6] years) were included in these analyses. Most participants were born in Mexico (922 [83.3%]), were married or living with a partner (697 [63.0%]), and worked in the fields (825 [74.5%]). Overall, 118 of 911 (13.0%) had a positive result on their TMA test for SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas 201 of 1058 (19.0%) had antibody evidence of infection. In multivariable analyses accounting for recruitment venue and enrollment period, the incidence of TMA-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection was higher among those with lower than primary school-level education (adjusted relative risk [aRR], 1.32; 95% CI, 0.99-1.76; non-statistically significant finding), who spoke an Indigenous language at home (aRR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.97-1.73; non-statistically significant finding), who worked in the fields (aRR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.03-2.50), and who were exposed to a known or suspected COVID-19 case at home (aRR, 2.98; 95% CI, 2.06-4.32) or in the workplace (aRR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.18-2.14). Positive results on IgG tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection were more common among those who lived in crowded housing (aRR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.98-1.53; non-statistically significant finding), with children aged 5 years or younger (aRR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.11-1.76), with unrelated roommates (aRR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.19-1.64), and with an individual with known or suspected COVID-19 (aRR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.13-2.24). The risk of IgG positivity was also higher among those with body mass index of 30 or greater (aRR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.01-2.70) or diabetes (aRR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.98-1.75; non-statistically significant finding). Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study of farmworkers in California, both residential and workplace exposures were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Urgent distribution of COVID-19 vaccines and intervention on modifiable risk factors are warranted given this population's increased risk of infection and the essential nature of their work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Joseph A. Lewnard
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Stephen A. Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Samantha Hernandez
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Marcus P. Wong
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Karen Huen
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Cynthia Chang
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Nicholas P. Jewell
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | | | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Farnham A, Fuhrimann S, Staudacher P, Quirós-Lépiz M, Hyland C, Winkler MS, Mora AM. Long-Term Neurological and Psychological Distress Symptoms among Smallholder Farmers in Costa Rica with a History of Acute Pesticide Poisoning. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18179021. [PMID: 34501611 PMCID: PMC8431685 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest that acute pesticide poisonings (APP) may be linked with long-term neurological effects. To examine long-term neurological and psychological distress symptoms associated with having experienced an APP, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 300 conventional and organic smallholder farmers from Zarcero County, Costa Rica, May–August 2016. We collected self-reported data on sociodemographic characteristics, occupational history, pesticide exposure, APPs, neurological and psychological distress symptoms (using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)). Adjusted logistic regression models were fit. A total of 14% of the farmers (98% male) reported experiencing at least one APP during their lifetime. Self-reported APP was associated with neurological symptoms during the 12 months prior to interview (e.g., fainting (Odds Ratio: 7.48, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.83, 30.74), shaking hands (3.50; 1.60, 7.60), numbness/tingling in hands or feet (3.23; 1.66, 6.32), insomnia (2.53; 1.34, 4.79), accelerated heartrate (2.42; 1.03, 5.47), dizziness (2.38; 1.19, 4.72), increased irritability/anger (2.37; 1.23, 4.55), low energy (2.33; 1.23, 4.46), and difficulty concentrating (2.01; 1.05, 3.85)). Farmers who reported an APP in the ten years prior to interview experienced increased odds of abnormal BSI scores for hostility (4.51; 1.16, 17.70) and paranoid ideation (3.76; 0.99, 18.18). Having experienced an APP may be associated with long-term neurological and psychological distress symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Farnham
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; (S.F.); (M.S.W.)
- Swiss TPH, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; (S.F.); (M.S.W.)
- Swiss TPH, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp Staudacher
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcela Quirós-Lépiz
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 83-3000, Costa Rica; (M.Q.-L.); (C.H.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Carly Hyland
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 83-3000, Costa Rica; (M.Q.-L.); (C.H.); (A.M.M.)
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720-7392, USA
| | - Mirko S. Winkler
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; (S.F.); (M.S.W.)
- Swiss TPH, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ana M. Mora
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 83-3000, Costa Rica; (M.Q.-L.); (C.H.); (A.M.M.)
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720-7392, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fuhrimann S, Farnham A, Staudacher P, Atuhaire A, Manfioletti T, Niwagaba CB, Namirembe S, Mugweri J, Winkler MS, Portengen L, Kromhout H, Mora AM. Exposure to multiple pesticides and neurobehavioral outcomes among smallholder farmers in Uganda. Environ Int 2021; 152:106477. [PMID: 33756429 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to single pesticide active ingredients or chemical groups is associated with adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in farmers. In agriculture, exposure to multiple pesticide active ingredients is the rule, rather than exception. Therefore, occupational studies on neurobehavioral effects of pesticides should account for potential co-exposure confounding. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 288 Ugandan smallholder farmers between September and December 2017. We collected data on self-reported use of pesticide products during the 12 months prior to survey and estimated yearly exposure-intensity scores for 14 pesticide active ingredients using a semi-quantitative exposure algorithm. We administered 11 neurobehavioral tests to assess five neurobehavioral domains. We implemented a Bayesian Model-Averaging (BMA) approach to examine the association between exposure to multiple pesticides and neurobehavioral outcomes, while accounting for multiple testing. We applied two levels of inference to determine (1) which neurobehavioral outcomes were associated with overall pesticide exposure (marginal inclusion probability (MIP) for covariate-only models <0.5) and (2) which specific pesticide active ingredients were associated with these outcomes (MIP for models where active ingredient was included >0.5). RESULTS Seventy-two percent of farmers reported use of pesticide products that contained at least one of 14 active ingredients, while the applicators used in median three different active ingredients (interquartile range (IQR) 4) in the 12 months prior to the study. The most widely used active ingredients were glyphosate (79%), cypermethrin (60%), and mancozeb (55%). We found that overall pesticide exposure was associated with impaired visual memory (Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT)), language (semantic verbal fluency test), perceptual-motor function (Finger tapping test), and complex attention problems (Trail making A test and digit symbol test). However, when we looked at the associations for individual active ingredients, we only observed a positive association between glyphosate exposure and impaired visual memory (-0.103 [95% Bayesian Credible Interval (BCI)] [-0.24, 0] units in BVRT scores per interquartile range (IQR) increase in annual exposure to glyphosate, relative to a median [IQR] of 6 [3] units in BVRT across the entire study population). CONCLUSIONS We found that overall pesticide exposure was associated with several neurobehavioral outcome variables. However, when we examined individual pesticide active ingredients, we observed predominantly null associations, except for a positive association between glyphosate exposure and impaired visual memory. Additional epidemiologic studies are needed to evaluate glyphosate's neurotoxicity, while accounting for co-pollutant confounding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fuhrimann
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Andrea Farnham
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Staudacher
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aggrey Atuhaire
- Uganda National Association of Community and Occupational Health (UNACOH), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tiziana Manfioletti
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charles B Niwagaba
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sarah Namirembe
- Uganda National Association of Community and Occupational Health (UNACOH), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jonathan Mugweri
- Uganda National Association of Community and Occupational Health (UNACOH), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mirko S Winkler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lutzen Portengen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ana M Mora
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica; Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Perng W, Cantoral A, Soria-Contreras DC, Betanzos-Robledo L, Kordas K, Liu Y, Mora AM, Corvalan C, Pereira A, Cardoso MA, Chavarro JE, Breton CV, Meeker JD, Harley KG, Eskenazi B, Peterson KE, Tellez-Rojo MM. Exposure to obesogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals and obesity among youth of Latino or Hispanic origin in the United States and Latin America: A lifecourse perspective. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 3:e13245. [PMID: 33951277 PMCID: PMC8217151 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Following a 2019 workshop led by the Center for Global Health Studies at the Fogarty International Center on the topic of childhood obesity prevention and research synergies transpiring from cross-border collaborations, we convened a group of experts in the United States and Latin America to conduct a narrative review of the epidemiological literature on the role of obesogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the etiology of childhood obesity among Latino youth in the United States and Latin America. In addition to summarizing and synthesizing results from research on this topic published within the last decade, we place the findings within a lifecourse biobehavioral framework to aid in identification of unique exposure-outcome relationships driven by both biological and behavioral research, identify inconsistencies and deficiencies in current literature, and discuss the role of policy regulations, all with the goal of identifying viable avenues for prevention of early life obesity in Latino/Hispanic populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Perng
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alejandra Cantoral
- National Council of Science and Technology, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana C Soria-Contreras
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Larissa Betanzos-Robledo
- National Council of Science and Technology, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Camila Corvalan
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anita Pereira
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marly Augusto Cardoso
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge E Chavarro
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carrie V Breton
- Division of Environmental Health, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Karen E Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Martha Maria Tellez-Rojo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lewnard JA, Mora AM, Nkwocha O, Kogut K, Rauch SA, Morga N, Hernandez S, Wong MP, Huen K, Andrejko K, Jewell NP, Parra KL, Holland N, Harris E, Cuevas M, Eskenazi B. Prevalence and Clinical Profile of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection among Farmworkers, California, USA, June-November 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1330-1342. [PMID: 33657340 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.27.20248894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During the ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, farmworkers in the United States are considered essential personnel and continue in-person work. We conducted prospective surveillance for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and antibody prevalence among farmworkers in Salinas Valley, California, during June 15-November 30, 2020. We observed 22.1% (1,514/6,864) positivity for SARS-CoV-2 infection among farmworkers compared with 17.2% (1,255/7,305) among other adults from the same communities (risk ratio 1.29, 95% CI 1.20-1.37). In a nested study enrolling 1,115 farmworkers, prevalence of current infection was 27.7% among farmworkers reporting >1 COVID-19 symptom and 7.2% among farmworkers without symptoms (adjusted odds ratio 4.16, 95% CI 2.85-6.06). Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies increased from 10.5% (95% CI 6.0%-18.4%) during July 16-August 31 to 21.2% (95% CI 16.6%-27.4%) during November 1-30. High SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence among farmworkers underscores the need for vaccination and other preventive interventions.
Collapse
|
28
|
Lewnard JA, Mora AM, Nkwocha O, Kogut K, Rauch SA, Morga N, Hernandez S, Wong MP, Huen K, Andrejko K, Jewell NP, Parra KL, Holland N, Harris E, Cuevas M, Eskenazi B. Prevalence and Clinical Profile of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection among Farmworkers, California, USA, June-November 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1330-1342. [PMID: 33657340 PMCID: PMC8084509 DOI: 10.3201/eid2705.204949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, farmworkers in the United States are considered essential personnel and continue in-person work. We conducted prospective surveillance for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and antibody prevalence among farmworkers in Salinas Valley, California, during June 15-November 30, 2020. We observed 22.1% (1,514/6,864) positivity for SARS-CoV-2 infection among farmworkers compared with 17.2% (1,255/7,305) among other adults from the same communities (risk ratio 1.29, 95% CI 1.20-1.37). In a nested study enrolling 1,115 farmworkers, prevalence of current infection was 27.7% among farmworkers reporting >1 COVID-19 symptom and 7.2% among farmworkers without symptoms (adjusted odds ratio 4.16, 95% CI 2.85-6.06). Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies increased from 10.5% (95% CI 6.0%-18.4%) during July 16-August 31 to 21.2% (95% CI 16.6%-27.4%) during November 1-30. High SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence among farmworkers underscores the need for vaccination and other preventive interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oguchi Nkwocha
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Katherine Kogut
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Stephen A. Rauch
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Norma Morga
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Samantha Hernandez
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Marcus P. Wong
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Karen Huen
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Kristin Andrejko
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Nicholas P. Jewell
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Kimberly L. Parra
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Nina Holland
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Eva Harris
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Maximiliano Cuevas
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - on behalf of the CHAMACOS-Project-19 Study Team2
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Approximately 75% of farmworkers in the United States are Latino migrants, and about 50% of hired farmworkers do not have authorization to work in the United States. Farmworkers face numerous chemical, physical, and biological threats to their health. The adverse effects of these hazards may be amplified among Latino migrant farmworkers, who are concurrently exposed to various psychosocial stressors. Factors such as documentation status, potential lack of authorization to work in the United States, and language and cultural barriers may also prevent Latino migrants from accessing federal aid, legal assistance, and health programs. These environmental, occupational, and social hazards may further exacerbate existing health disparities among US Latinos. This population is also likely to be disproportionately impacted by emerging threats, including climate change and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Latino migrant farmworkers are essential to agriculture in the United States, and actions are needed to protect this vulnerable population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Castillo
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; , ,
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Georgia L Kayser
- Health Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA; ,
| | - Jennifer Vanos
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA;
| | - Carly Hyland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; , ,
| | - Audrey R Yang
- Health Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA; ,
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; , ,
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Barquero MS, Salguero AM, Alán DL, Ulloa CS, Mora AM, Lizano LR. Prevalencia de parasitosis en niños de 1 a 7 años en condición de vulnerabilidad en la Región Central Sur de Costa Rica. AMC 2020. [DOI: 10.51481/amc.v60i2.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo: Actualizar la información sobre la prevalencia de parasitosis en niños en Costa Rica y la relación de esta con factores socioeconómicos.Metodología: se realizó un estudio para determinar la prevalencia de parásitos y comensales intestinales en niños de 1-7 años, de 13 centros que cuentan con dos modalidades de programas de alimentación. A los padres se les administró un cuestionario estructurado (n=2514; 96,8% de los padres invitados a participar accedieron). Se recolectaron muestras de heces de los niños (n=1368, 54,0%), que fueron analizadas por frotis directo y montaje de Kato. Se corrieron pruebas de chi cuadrado, se calcularon las razones de probabilidades (OR) y se realizó un modelo de regresión logística binaria para examinar las asociaciones entre las características socioeconómicas de las familias de los niños y su probabilidad de desarrollar parasitosis.Resultados: la prevalencia de protozoarios comensales, protozoarios patógenos, helmintos o una combinación de los anteriores (CPH) fue del 24,1%(IC 95%: 21,9-26,4). La prevalencia de parásitos patógenos y la de helmintiasis fue del 8,5% (IC 95%: 7,5-10,5) y 0,7% (IC 95%: 0,1-1,5), respectivamente. El protozoario patógeno más frecuente fue Giardia intestinalis (8,0%), el comensal fue Endolimax nana (7,7%) y el helminto fue Ascaris lumbricoides (0,4%). No se observaron diferencias significativas en la prevalencia e CPH o parasitosis según sexo o programa de alimentación. Las prevalencias más altas de CPH y parasitosis se observaron en La Uruca (46,9% y 17,2%, respectivamente) y las más bajas en Paso Ancho (7,7% y 0%, respectivamente). Tener una edad >5 años, vivir en una casa con paredes construidas con material de desecho o zinc, habitar en una vivienda no adecuada (i.e., vivienda indígena, cuarto en cuartería, tugurio, casa móvil, pensión o convento) y tener una familia con más de 4 miembros, fueron identificados como posibles factores de riesgo para CPH.Conclusiones: la prevalencia de comensales, patógenos, helmintos encontrada en este estudio fue menor a la observada en la última Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición de Costa Rica (32,6%), realizada en 2008-2009. Sin embargo, el estudio muestra que existen condiciones permisivas para la trasmisión de enteroparásitos, y que resulta necesario darle seguimiento a las medidas preventivas y de tratamiento de las parasitosis.Descriptores: parasitosis intestinales, niños, CEN-CINAI, Costa Rica.
Collapse
|
31
|
Karalexi MA, Dessypris N, Ma X, Spector LG, Marcotte E, Clavel J, Pombo-de-Oliveira MS, Heck JE, Roman E, Mueller BA, Hansen J, Auvinen A, Lee PC, Schüz J, Magnani C, Mora AM, Dockerty JD, Scheurer ME, Wang R, Bonaventure A, Kane E, Doody DR, Erdmann F, Kang AY, Metayer C, Milne E, Petridou ET. Age-, sex- and disease subtype-related foetal growth differentials in childhood acute myeloid leukaemia risk: A Childhood Leukemia International Consortium analysis. Eur J Cancer 2020; 130:1-11. [PMID: 32163883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Evidence for an association of foetal growth with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is inconclusive. AML is a rare childhood cancer, relatively more frequent in girls, with distinct features in infancy. In the context of the Childhood Leukemia International Consortium (CLIC), we examined the hypothesis that the association may vary by age, sex and disease subtype using data from 22 studies and a total of 3564 AML cases. METHODS Pooled estimates by age, sex and overall for harmonised foetal growth markers in association with AML were calculated using the International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century Project for 17 studies contributing individual-level data; meta-analyses were, thereafter, conducted with estimates provided ad hoc by five more studies because of administrative constraints. Subanalyses by AML subtype were also performed. RESULTS A nearly 50% increased risk was observed among large-for-gestational-age infant boys (odds ratio [OR]: 1.49, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-2.14), reduced to 34% in boys aged <2 years (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.05-1.71) and 25% in boys aged 0-14 years (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.06-1.46). The association of large for gestational age became stronger in boys with M0/M1subtype (OR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.15-2.83). Large birth length for gestational age was also positively associated with AML (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.00-1.92) in boys. By contrast, there were null associations in girls, as well as with respect to associations of decelerated foetal growth markers. CONCLUSIONS Accelerated foetal growth was associated with AML, especially in infant boys and those with minimally differentiated leukaemia. Further cytogenetic research would shed light into the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Karalexi
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nick Dessypris
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Xiaomei Ma
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Cancer Prevention and Control, Yale Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Yale School of Medicine, CT, USA
| | - Logan G Spector
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Erin Marcotte
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jacqueline Clavel
- CRESS, UMR-S1153, INSERM, Paris-Descartes University, Villejuif, France; National Registry of Childhood Cancers, APHP, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, CHU de Nancy, France
| | | | - Julia E Heck
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eve Roman
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Beth A Mueller
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Johnni Hansen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anssi Auvinen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pei-Chen Lee
- Department of Health Care Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Environment and Radiation, Lyon, France
| | - Corrado Magnani
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, CPO Piedmont and University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Ana M Mora
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - John D Dockerty
- Department of Preventative and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael E Scheurer
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics Texas Children's Cancer Center, TX, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Cancer Prevention and Control, Yale Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Yale School of Medicine, CT, USA
| | | | - Eleanor Kane
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - David R Doody
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Friederike Erdmann
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Environment and Radiation, Lyon, France; Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Childhood Cancer Research Group, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alice Y Kang
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Milne
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Center for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
| | - Eleni Th Petridou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Figueroa SC, Kennedy CJ, Wesseling C, Wiemels JM, Morimoto L, Mora AM. Early immune stimulation and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Costa Rica: A comparison of statistical approaches. Environ Res 2020; 182:109023. [PMID: 31911233 PMCID: PMC7605596 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although epidemiologic studies suggest that early immune stimulation is protective against childhood leukemia, evidence for this relationship is equivocal for Hispanic children, who are disproportionately affected by this disease. The complex biological processes underlying immune stimulation and leukemogenesis may benefit from novel statistical approaches that account for mixed exposures and their nonlinear interactions. In this study, we utilized targeted machine learning and traditional statistical methods to investigate the association of multiple measures of early immune stimulation with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in Costa Rican children. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used data from a population-based case-control study conducted in Costa Rica (2001-2003). Cases of ALL (n = 240) were diagnosed in 1995-2000 (age >1 year and <15 years at diagnosis) and were identified through the National Cancer Registry and National Children's Hospital. Population controls (n = 578) were frequency-matched to cases by birth year and drawn from the National Birth Registry. Data on surrogate measures of early immune stimulation were collected through in-home interviews. We fitted multivariable models, utilizing targeted causal inference (varimpact), unconditional logistic regression, and latent class analysis (LCA). RESULTS In varimpact analysis, contact with any pet [risk difference (RD) = -0.17, 95% CI: -0.25, -0.10)] or any farm animal (RD = -0.07, 95% CI: -0.13, 0.00) and allergies (RD = -0.08, 95% CI: -0.17, 0.01) were associated with a reduced risk of ALL, whereas experiencing a fever longer than one week was associated with an increased risk (RD = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.33). In unconditional logistic regression models, contact with any pet or farm animal and a complete vaccination scheme were inversely associated with odds of ALL (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.31, 0.62; OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.90; OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.83; respectively), whereas experiencing a fever longer than one week was positively associated with ALL (OR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.61, 3.70). Two-class and three-class LCA revealed a group with elevated risk for ALL whose exposure profile was mainly characterized by reduced exposure to pets and farm animals. CONCLUSIONS Using distinct statistical approaches, we observed that exposure to pets and farm animals was inversely associated with ALL risk, whereas having a fever longer than one week (a putative proxy of severe infection) was associated with an increased risk. For multifactorial diseases such as childhood leukemia, we recommend estimating the joint effects of multiple exposures by applying diverse statistical methods and interpreting their results together. Overall, we found support for the hypothesis that early immune stimulation offers protection against childhood ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Colombari Figueroa
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, P.O. Box 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Avenue NA21, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Chris J Kennedy
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 460, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Catharina Wesseling
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph M Wiemels
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1520 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Libby Morimoto
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 460, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Ana M Mora
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, P.O. Box 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica; Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mora AM, Hoppin JA, Córdoba L, Cano JC, Soto-Martínez M, Eskenazi B, Lindh CH, van Wendel de Joode B. Prenatal pesticide exposure and respiratory health outcomes in the first year of life: Results from the infants' Environmental Health (ISA) study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 225:113474. [PMID: 32066110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence suggests that pesticide exposure may influence respiratory health, but data in young children are very limited. We examined the association of prenatal pesticide exposure with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) and wheeze at one year of age in children from the Infants' Environmental Health (ISA) study in Costa Rica. METHODS We measured seven pesticide metabolites, including ethylenethiourea (ETU, metabolite of mancozeb), in maternal urine samples collected repeatedly during pregnancy. For each woman, we averaged pesticide concentrations during each half of pregnancy (≤20 and >20 weeks of gestation) and across repeated samples collected over the course of pregnancy. We collected information about LRTIs (n = 355) and wheezing (n = 272) during the first year of life from mothers when their children were 11-19 months old. We fit multivariable logistic regression models using high (quartile 4) vs. low (quartiles 1-3) urinary pesticide concentrations as exposures and adjusted models for maternal age, education, parity, gestational age at birth, and child sex. RESULTS Ten percent of the children had at least one LRTI and 39% had at least one episode of wheezing during their first year of life. Median (25-75th percentile) specific gravity-corrected urinary ETU concentrations during the first half, second half, and over the course of pregnancy were 3.4 (2.1-5.0), 3.3 (2.2-4.7), and 3.4 (2.4-5.0) ng/mL, respectively. We observed that high urinary ETU concentrations during the first half of pregnancy were associated with increased odds of LRTI (OR = 2.45; 95% CI: 0.96, 6.26), whereas high urinary ETU concentrations during the second half of pregnancy were associated with decreased odds of wheezing (OR = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.96). We found that the association between high urinary ETU concentrations during the first half of pregnancy and LRTIs persisted among mother-child pairs with either high or low ETU concentrations during the second half. In contrast, the association of high urinary ETU concentrations during the second half of pregnancy with wheezing was attenuated when we simultaneously adjusted for urinary ETU concentrations during the first half. We observed null associations between other pesticide metabolites measured during pregnancy and respiratory outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that exposure to mancozeb/ETU during the first half of pregnancy may be associated with respiratory outcomes in the first year of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Mora
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica; Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.
| | - Jane A Hoppin
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, United States
| | - Leonel Córdoba
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Juan C Cano
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Manuel Soto-Martínez
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Nacional de Niños, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, Costa Rica
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Berna van Wendel de Joode
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Staudacher P, Fuhrimann S, Farnham A, Mora AM, Atuhaire A, Niwagaba C, Stamm C, Eggen RIL, Winkler MS. Comparative Analysis of Pesticide Use Determinants Among Smallholder Farmers From Costa Rica and Uganda. Environ Health Insights 2020; 14:1178630220972417. [PMID: 33402828 PMCID: PMC7739084 DOI: 10.1177/1178630220972417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are used globally in agriculture and pose a threat to the health of farmers, communities, and the environment. Smallholder farmers in low- and middle-income countries have generally a low socio-economic status and educational level. Consequently, they are particularly vulnerable to negative impacts of pesticides on their health, yields, or land. In a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices study, we compared the pest management practices between a market-oriented farming system in Zarcero County, Costa Rica, and a subsistence-based farming system in Wakiso District, Uganda. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among smallholder farmers from Costa Rica (n = 300) in 2016 and from Uganda (n = 302) in 2017. We enrolled conventional and organic farmers, but also farmers with mixed practices and non-applicators of any pest management strategy. We found that the majority of pesticides used in both case studies are classified as highly hazardous by the World Health Organization. While more than 90% of smallholder farmers from both countries were aware of the negative health effects of pesticide exposure, <11% in Costa Rica and <2% in Uganda reported using personal protective equipment every time they handled or applied pesticides. Hygiene and other safe use practices were not adopted by all farmers (<61%), especially among farmers applying more hazardous pesticides. Conventional farmers from Costa Rica (14%) and Uganda (19%) reported disposing pesticide residuals into rivers. Using a logistic regression we found that organic farmers were more likely to having been trained on safe pesticide use practices. Using a robust regression, we observed that smallholder household income was primarily driven by education and not directly by the use of synthetic pesticides. Our results suggest that negative effects of pesticides can be managed over the whole life cycle, from purchase, via storage and application to residual and waste management by fostering professionalization of farmers. We advise future safe use and handling interventions to consider the pesticide use-related socioeconomic and demographic findings highlighted in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Staudacher
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, CHN, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Philipp Staudacher, Eawag, Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland.
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Farnham
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ana M Mora
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Aggrey Atuhaire
- Uganda National Association of Community and Occupational Health (UNACOH), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Niwagaba
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christian Stamm
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rik IL Eggen
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, CHN, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mirko S Winkler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Frederiksen LE, Erdmann F, Wesseling C, Winther JF, Mora AM. Parental tobacco smoking and risk of childhood leukemia in Costa Rica: A population-based case-control study. Environ Res 2020; 180:108827. [PMID: 31655332 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of environmental and behavioral exposures on childhood leukemia etiology is poorly understood. We examined the association of maternal and paternal tobacco smoking at different time points with the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in Costa Rican children. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a population-based case-control study on childhood leukemia in Costa Rica. Cases (n ALL = 252; n AML = 40) were diagnosed between 1995 and 2000 (aged <15 years at diagnosis) and identified from the Costa Rican Cancer Registry and the National Children's Hospital. A total of 578 frequency-matched population controls were sampled from the National Birth Registry. Parental tobacco smoking was assessed via face-to-face interviews. We used logistic regression models to examine the association of paternal and maternal tobacco smoking before conception, during pregnancy, and after birth with childhood ALL and AML risk, adjusted for child sex, birth year, maternal/paternal age, and parental education. RESULTS Paternal smoking before conception, during pregnancy, and after birth was associated with an increased risk of childhood AML (Odds Ratio (OR): 2.51, 95% CI: 1.21-5.17; OR: 3.21, 95% CI: 1.56-6.60; and OR: 2.83, 95% CI: 1.36-5.90, respectively). Maternal smoking during pregnancy was also associated with a modest, but imprecise increase in AML risk. We observed null associations of maternal and paternal smoking with ALL in the offspring. CONCLUSION Our results suggest an association between parental smoking and risk of AML, but not ALL, in Costa Rican children. These findings add to the established evidence of numerous health risks associated with smoking and highlight the potential harm of smoking during sensitive windows of the development of fetus and child.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Friederike Erdmann
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catharina Wesseling
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeanette Falck Winther
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University and University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ana M Mora
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica; Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fuhrimann S, Staudacher P, Lindh C, van Wendel de Joode B, Mora AM, Winkler MS, Kromhout H. Variability and predictors of weekly pesticide exposure in applicators from organic, sustainable and conventional smallholder farms in Costa Rica. Occup Environ Med 2019; 77:40-47. [PMID: 31796522 PMCID: PMC6929695 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2019-105884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective Estimates of pesticide exposure among applicators from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are scarce, and exposure assessment methods are sometimes costly or logistically unfeasible. We examined the variability in weeklong pesticide exposure among applicators in Costa Rica and its predictors. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 221 pesticide applicators from organic, sustainable and conventional farms in 2016. We administered structured questionnaires to assess pesticide application practices at two time points (4–6 weeks apart). We adapted an existing algorithm to fit the context of smallholders and derive weekly pesticide exposure scores. We used linear mixed-effect models to examine within-worker and between-worker score variability. We then identified sociodemographic and occupational predictors of weekly pesticide exposure scores. Results We observed high within-worker and between-worker variability in weekly pesticide exposures (eg, up to 180-fold and 70-fold differences in average weekly exposures within and between workers, respectively; intraclass correlation coefficient=0.4). Applicators working on conventional and sustainable farms had exposure scores twofold and 1.5-fold higher than those working in organic farms, respectively. Farm workers who received training on pesticide use had weekly pesticide exposure scores of 33% (95% CI 1% to 55%) lower than those who did not receive any training. Conclusions In this study of applicators from smallholder farms in Costa Rica, we determined the importance of collecting questionnaire data on self-reported pesticide use repeatedly due to its high variability within workers and absence of application records. Our questionnaire-based exposure algorithm could allow the calculation of semiquantitative estimates of average pesticide exposure for applicators from other LMICs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fuhrimann
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp Staudacher
- Department Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Berna van Wendel de Joode
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Ana M Mora
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.,Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mirko S Winkler
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hyland C, Mora AM, Kogut K, Calafat AM, Harley K, Deardorff J, Holland N, Eskenazi B, Sagiv SK. Prenatal Exposure to Phthalates and Neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS Cohort. Environ Health Perspect 2019; 127:107010. [PMID: 31652105 PMCID: PMC6867166 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that prenatal exposure to phthalates, ubiquitous synthetic chemicals, may adversely affect neurodevelopment. However, data are limited on how phthalates affect cognition, executive function, and behavioral function into adolescence. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate associations of prenatal phthalate exposure with neurodevelopment in childhood and adolescence in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study. METHODS We examined associations between maternal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations measured twice during pregnancy and a range of neurodevelopmental outcomes from ages 7 through 16 y in the CHAMACOS birth cohort (n=334). We used age-specific linear regression models and generalized estimating equation models to assess longitudinal effects and examined differences by sex. RESULTS Phthalate metabolites were detected in 88%-100% of samples, depending on the metabolite. Associations of phthalates with neurodevelopmental outcomes were largely null with some noteworthy patterns. Higher prenatal concentrations of metabolites of low-molecular weight phthalates (ΣLMW) were associated with more self-reported hyperactivity [β=0.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1, 1.4 per 2-fold increase in ΣLMW phthalates], attention problems (β=1.5, 95% CI: 0.7, 2.2), and anxiety (β=0.9, 95% CI: 0.0, 1.8) at age 16. We observed sex-specific differences for the sums of high-molecular-weight and di(2-ethylhexyl) metabolites and cognitive outcomes (e.g., β for Full-Scale IQ for boys=-1.9, 95% CI: -4.1, 0.3 and -1.7, 95% CI: -3.8, 0.3, respectively; β for girls=1.8, 95% CI: 0.1, 3.4 and 1.6, 95% CI: 0.0, 3.2, respectively; p-int=0.01 for both). CONCLUSION We found predominantly null associations of prenatal phthalates with neurodevelopment in CHAMACOS, and weak associations of ΣLMW phthalates with internalizing and externalizing behaviors in adolescence. No previous studies have examined associations of prenatal phthalate exposure with neurodevelopment into adolescence, an important time for manifestations of effects. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5165.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carly Hyland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kim Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Julianna Deardorff
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Sharon K Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rodríguez-Zamora MG, Zock JP, van Wendel de Joode B, Mora AM. Respiratory Health Outcomes, Rhinitis, and Eczema in Workers from Grain Storage Facilities in Costa Rica. Ann Work Expo Health 2019; 62:1077-1086. [PMID: 30016387 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To examine the associations of inhalable grain dust exposure with respiratory health outcomes, rhinitis, and eczema reported by workers from rice, wheat, and maize storage facilities. Methods A cross-sectional study of 136 workers (73 operators and 63 administrative staff and other workers) from eight Costa Rican grain storage facilities was conducted in 2014-2015. Full-shift personal inhalable dust samples from all workers were collected. Study participants were administered a short version of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey questionnaire to identify symptoms of asthma, chronic bronchitis, rhinitis, and eczema. Associations between grain dust exposure and health outcomes were assessed using multivariable logistic and negative binomial regression models adjusted for age, smoking history, grain type, and presence of pets or farm animals in the home. Results The median inhalable grain dust concentration was 2.0 (25th to 75th percentile: 0.3-7.0) mg m-3. Higher concentrations of inhalable dust were associated with increased odds of (i) asthma symptoms or medication use [adjusted Odds ratio (ORa) per 10-fold increase in dust concentration 2.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-6.7]; (ii) a score of at least two out of five symptoms suggestive of asthma (ORa 1.2; 95% CI: 1.0-1.3); and (iii) eczema (ORa 3.6; 95% CI: 1.7-9.6). No associations of inhalable grain dust exposure with chronic bronchitis and rhinitis were observed. Conclusions High exposure to inhalable dust in Costa Rican grain storage facilities was associated to asthma symptoms and eczema in workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María G Rodríguez-Zamora
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Seguridad Laboral e Higiene Ambiental (EISLHA), Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Jan-Paul Zock
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,University Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Berna van Wendel de Joode
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Omar Dengo Campus, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Ana M Mora
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Omar Dengo Campus, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.,Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sagiv SK, Bruno JL, Baker JM, Palzes V, Kogut K, Rauch S, Gunier R, Mora AM, Reiss AL, Eskenazi B. Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and functional neuroimaging in adolescents living in proximity to pesticide application. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18347-18356. [PMID: 31451641 PMCID: PMC6744848 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903940116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported consistent associations of prenatal organophosphate pesticide (OP) exposure with poorer cognitive function and behavior problems in our Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS), a birth cohort of Mexican American youth in California's agricultural Salinas Valley. However, there is little evidence on how OPs affect neural dynamics underlying associations. We used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure cortical activation during tasks of executive function, attention, social cognition, and language comprehension in 95 adolescent CHAMACOS participants. We estimated associations of residential proximity to OP use during pregnancy with cortical activation in frontal, temporal, and parietal regions using multiple regression models, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. OP exposure was associated with altered brain activation during tasks of executive function. For example, with a 10-fold increase in total OP pesticide use within 1 km of maternal residence during pregnancy, there was a bilateral decrease in brain activation in the prefrontal cortex during a cognitive flexibility task (β = -4.74; 95% CI: -8.18, -1.31 and β = -4.40; 95% CI: -7.96, -0.84 for the left and right hemispheres, respectively). We also found that prenatal OP exposure was associated with sex differences in brain activation during a language comprehension task. This first functional neuroimaging study of prenatal OP exposure suggests that pesticides may impact cortical brain activation, which could underlie previously reported OP-related associations with cognitive and behavioral function. Use of fNIRS in environmental epidemiology offers a practical alternative to neuroimaging technologies and enhances our efforts to assess the impact of chemical exposures on neurodevelopment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
| | - Jennifer L Bruno
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Joseph M Baker
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Vanessa Palzes
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Stephen Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Robert Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Allan L Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Palzes VA, Sagiv SK, Baker JM, Rojas-Valverde D, Gutiérrez-Vargas R, Winkler MS, Fuhrimann S, Staudacher P, Menezes-Filho JA, Reiss AL, Eskenazi B, Mora AM. Manganese exposure and working memory-related brain activity in smallholder farmworkers in Costa Rica: Results from a pilot study. Environ Res 2019; 173:539-548. [PMID: 30991177 PMCID: PMC6581040 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Main sources of manganese (Mn) in the general population are diet and drinking water. Mn is also found in ethylene bisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicides used in agriculture or emitted into the air by ferromanganese plants and welding fumes, which can be additional environmental and occupational sources of exposure. High occupational Mn exposure has been linked with motor, behavioral, and cognitive impairment, but its effects on neural function remain poorly understood. We conducted a functional neuroimaging study in a sample of 48 farmworkers in Zarcero County, Costa Rica, an agricultural region where EBDC fungicides are sprayed. We measured Mn concentrations in farmworkers' toenails (n = 40 farmworkers) and hair (n = 33 farmworkers), and recorded brain activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a letter-retrieval working memory task using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). We estimated exposure-outcome associations using multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age and education level. Geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) toenail and hair Mn concentrations were 0.40 μg/g (3.52) and 0.24 μg/g (3.54), respectively. We did not find strong evidence that Mn concentrations were associated with working memory-related brain activity in this sample of farmworkers; we also found null associations between working memory task accuracy and brain activity. However, our small sample size may have limited our ability to detect small effect sizes with statistical precision. Our study demonstrates that fNIRS can be a useful and feasible tool in environmental epidemiology for examining the effects of toxicants, like Mn, on neural function. This may prove to be important for elucidating neuropathological pathways that underlie previously reported associations of elevated Mn exposure with neurotoxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Palzes
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica; Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sharon K Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M Baker
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Mirko S Winkler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Philipp Staudacher
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Allan L Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ana M Mora
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica; Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fuhrimann S, Winkler MS, Staudacher P, Weiss FT, Stamm C, Eggen RI, Lindh CH, Menezes-Filho JA, Baker JM, Ramírez-Muñoz F, Gutiérrez-Vargas R, Mora AM. Exposure to Pesticides and Health Effects on Farm Owners and Workers From Conventional and Organic Agricultural Farms in Costa Rica: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2019; 8:e10914. [PMID: 30681969 PMCID: PMC6367668 DOI: 10.2196/10914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pesticide use is increasing in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) including Costa Rica. This increase poses health risks to farm owners, farm workers, and communities living near agricultural farms. Objective We aimed to examine the health effects associated with occupational pesticide exposure in farm owners and workers from conventional and organic smallholder farms in Costa Rica. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 300 owners and workers from organic and conventional horticultural smallholder farms in Zarcero County, Costa Rica. During the baseline study visit, we administered a structured, tablet-based questionnaire to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, pesticide exposure, and health conditions (eg, respiratory and allergic outcomes and acute pesticide intoxication symptoms) and administered a neurobehavioral test battery (eg, Finger Tapping Test and Purdue Pegboard); we measured blood pressure, anthropometry (height, weight, and waist circumference), and erythrocytic acetylcholinesterase activity and also collected urine samples. In addition, a functional neuroimaging assessment using near-infrared spectroscopy was conducted with a subset of 50 study participants. During the follow-up study visit (~2-4 weeks after the baseline), we administered participants a short questionnaire on recent pesticide exposure and farming practices and collected hair, toenail, and urine samples. Urine samples will be analyzed for various pesticide metabolites, whereas toenails and hair will be analyzed for manganese (Mn), a biomarker of exposure to Mn-containing fungicides. Self-reported pesticide exposure data will be used to develop exposure intensity scores using an exposure algorithm. Furthermore, exposure-outcome associations will be examined using linear and logistic mixed-effects regression models. Results Fieldwork for our study was conducted between May 2016 and August 2016. In total, 113 farm owners and 187 workers from 9 organic and 83 conventional horticultural smallholder farms were enrolled. Data analyses are ongoing and expected to be published between 2019 and 2020. Conclusions This study is one of the first to examine differences in health effects due to pesticide exposure between farm owners and workers from organic and conventional smallholder farms in an LMIC. We expect that this study will provide critical data on farming practices, exposure pathways, and how occupational exposure to pesticides may affect farm owners and workers’ health. Finally, we hope that this study will allow us to identify strategies to reduce pesticide exposure in farm owners and workers and will potentially lay the groundwork for a future longitudinal study of health outcomes in farm owners and workers exposed to pesticides. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/10914
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fuhrimann
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mirko S Winkler
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Staudacher
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Frederik T Weiss
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Stamm
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rik Il Eggen
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - José A Menezes-Filho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joseph M Baker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Fernando Ramírez-Muñoz
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Ana M Mora
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Erdmann F, Li T, Luta G, Giddings BM, Torres Alvarado G, Steliarova-Foucher E, Schüz J, Mora AM. Incidence of childhood cancer in Costa Rica, 2000-2014: An international perspective. Cancer Epidemiol 2018; 56:21-30. [PMID: 30025251 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimating childhood cancer incidence globally is hampered by a lack of reliable data from low- and middle-income countries. Costa Rica is one of the few middle-income countries (MIC) with a long-term high quality nationwide population-based cancer registry. METHODS Data on incident cancers in children aged under 15 years reported to the Costa Rica National Cancer Registry between 2000 and 2014 were analyzed by diagnostic group, age, sex, and geographical region and compared with incidence data for Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White (NHW) children in California, USA. RESULTS During the 15-year period, 2396 cases of childhood cancer were reported in Costa Rica, resulting in an overall age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) of 140/million. Most frequent cancer types were leukemias (40.5%), malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumors (13.9%), and lymphomas (12.7%). The observed ASR of lymphoid leukemia (46.9/million) ranked high globally. Low rates were found for most solid tumors including malignant CNS tumors, sympathetic nervous system tumors, and soft tissue sarcomas. There was almost no change in incidence rates over time, while geographical variations were observed within Costa Rica. The overall cancer rate in Costa Rica was lower compared to NHW (176.1/million) and Hispanic (161.7/million) children in California. CONCLUSION Based on the longstanding registration system, the childhood cancer incidence rates were similar to those observed in other Latin American countries. While a degree of under-ascertainment of cases cannot be excluded, the markedly high leukemia rates, in particular of the lymphoid sub-type deserves further study in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Erdmann
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France; Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Tengfei Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, 4000 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - George Luta
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, 4000 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - Brenda M Giddings
- California Cancer Reporting and Epidemiologic Surveillance (CalCARES) Program, UC Davis Health, Institute for Population Health Improvement, 1631 Alhambra Boulevard, Suite 200, Sacramento, CA, 95816, USA
| | | | - Eva Steliarova-Foucher
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Joachim Schüz
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Ana M Mora
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, P.O. Box 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Alcántara A, Cózar JM, Errando C, Rubio-Rodríguez D, Rubio-Rodríguez D, Rubio-Terrés C, Mora AM, Duran A. [Cost-effectiveness model of a fixed dose combination of solifenacin and tamsulosin for the treatment of LUTS associated with BPH with inadequate response to monotherapy.]. ARCH ESP UROL 2018; 71:595-606. [PMID: 30198851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the cost-effectiveness of fixed dose combination of solifenacin 6 mg and tamsulosin 0.4 mg in a controlled absorption system (TOCAS) with free dose combination of tolterodine plus tamsulosin, when used for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who do not respond adequately to monotherapy. The analysis was conducted from the perspective of the Spanish National Health System. METHODS A Markov model was developed in Excel, with 1-year time horizon. The transition probabilities of the model were obtained from the NEPTUNE clinical trial and published literature. Unit costs were obtained from Spanish sources. The use of healthcare resources was validated by Spanish clinical experts. Both deterministic and probabilistic analyses were performed to determine the key drivers of the model. RESULTS Treatment with fixed dose combination of solifenacin plus TOCAS was found to be dominant, as it resulted in lower annual costs (€ 1,349 vs. € 1,619) and greater quality-adjusted life years (QALY) gained per patient (0.8406 vs. 0.8386) when compared with free dose combination of tolterodine plus tamsulosin. According to the probabilistic analyses, the probability of the fixed dose combination treatment being cost-effective at a willingness to pay threshold of € 20,000 or 30,000 would be 100%. CONCLUSIONS This analysis suggests that fixed dose combination of solifenacin plus TOCAS represents a cost-effective choice for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe LUTS/BHP, compared to free dose combination of tolterodine plus tamsulosin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aurea Duran
- Astellas Pharma Europe Ltd. Chertsey. Reino Unido
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Arlandis S, Franco A, Mora AM, Rebollo P. Validation of the Spanish version of the Bladder Pain/Interstitial Cystitis-Symptom Score (BPIC-SS) questionnaire. A useful tool for the diagnosis of bladder pain syndrome. Actas Urol Esp 2018; 42:457-464. [PMID: 29650471 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Validation of the Spanish version of the Bladder Pain/Interstitial Cystitis-Symptom Score (BPIC-SS) questionnaire to evaluate its utility for the diagnosis of Bladder Pain Syndrome (BPS) patients in the Female and Urodynamics Urology Functional Units in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS The Spanish adaptation of the BPIC-SS questionnaire was evaluated in 243 BPS patients. EQ-5D-5L, Patient Perception of Bladder Condition (PPBC) and global impression questionnaire (CGI-S) were collected. Consistency, test-retest reliability in patients without clinical changes at 15 days, criterion validity and sensitivity to change were assessed in BPS patients with clinical changes at 6 months. The cut-off point for discriminating BPS patients from other similar pathologies (Hyperactive Bladder or other urinary pathologies) was analysed using ROC curve. RESULTS Mean (SD) BPIC-SS score (0-38) was 16.2 (12.0) points. Cronbach's alpha was 0.92 and intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC) was 0.82, ranging from 0.5-0.9 per item. Convergent validity determined a Spearman correlation of 0.63 with PPBC and -0.40 with EQ-5D-5L Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the effect size obtained in patients who improved their clinical status was 1.9. A score greater than or equal to 12 points in the BPIC-SS has been established as the best cut-off point for the diagnosis of BPS (87.5% sensitivity and 91.9% specificity). CONCLUSIONS The Spanish version of the BPIC-SS is a valid and reliable instrument for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with BPS in Spain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Arlandis
- Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España.
| | - A Franco
- Hospital Universitario Clínic, Barcelona, España
| | - A M Mora
- Departamento Médico, Astellas Pharma S.A., Madrid, España
| | - P Rebollo
- Health Economics & Outcomes Research. Real-World Evidence Solutions. QuintilesIMS, Barcelona, España
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hyland C, Gunier RB, Metayer C, Bates MN, Wesseling C, Mora AM. Maternal residential pesticide use and risk of childhood leukemia in Costa Rica. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:1295-1304. [PMID: 29658108 PMCID: PMC6099525 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that early-life exposure to pesticides inside the home may be associated with childhood leukemia, however data from Latin American countries are limited. We examined whether self-reported maternal residential pesticide use and nearby pesticide applications-before and after child's birth-were associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in the Costa Rican Childhood Leukemia Study (CRCLS), a population-based case-control study (2001-2003). Cases (n = 251 ALL) were diagnosed between 1995 and 2000 (age <15 years at diagnosis) and were identified through the Costa Rican Cancer Registry and National Children's Hospital. Population controls (n = 577) were drawn from the National Birth Registry. We fitted unconditional logistic regression models adjusted for child sex, birth year, and socioeconomic status to estimate the exposure-outcome associations and also stratified by child sex. We observed that self-reported maternal insecticide use inside the home in the year before pregnancy, during pregnancy, and while breastfeeding was associated with increased odds of ALL among boys [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 1.63 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.05-2.53), 1.75 (1.13-2.73), and 1.75 (1.12-2.73), respectively. We also found evidence of exposure-response relationships between more frequent maternal insecticide use inside the home and increased odds of ALL among boys and girls combined. Maternal report of pesticide applications on farms or companies near the home during pregnancy and at any time period were also associated with ALL. Our study in Costa Rica highlights the need for education to minimize pesticide exposures inside and around the home, particularly during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carly Hyland
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.,Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Robert B Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Catherine Metayer
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Michael N Bates
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Catharina Wesseling
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana M Mora
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.,Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Orsi L, Magnani C, Petridou ET, Dockerty JD, Metayer C, Milne E, Bailey HD, Dessypris N, Kang AY, Wesseling C, Infante-Rivard C, Wünsch-Filho V, Mora AM, Spector LG, Clavel J. Living on a farm, contact with farm animals and pets, and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: pooled and meta-analyses from the Childhood Leukemia International Consortium. Cancer Med 2018; 7:2665-2681. [PMID: 29663688 PMCID: PMC6010788 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The associations between childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and several factors related to early stimulation of the immune system, that is, farm residence and regular contacts with farm animals (livestock, poultry) or pets in early childhood, were investigated using data from 13 case-control studies participating in the Childhood Leukemia International Consortium. The sample included 7847 ALL cases and 11,667 controls aged 1-14 years. In all studies, the data were obtained from case and control parents using standardized questionnaires. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by unconditional logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, study, maternal education, and maternal age. Contact with livestock in the first year of life was inversely associated with ALL (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.85). Inverse associations were also observed for contact with dogs (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86, 0.99) and cats (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.80, 0.94) in the first year of life. There was no evidence of a significant association with farm residence in the first year of life. The findings of these large pooled and meta-analyses add additional evidence to the hypothesis that regular contact with animals in early childhood is inversely associated with childhood ALL occurrence which is consistent with Greaves' delayed infection hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Orsi
- INSERM U1153, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team (EPICEA), Paris-Descartes University, Villejuif, France
| | - Corrado Magnani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale, Università del Piemonte Orientale, AOUMaggiore della Carità & CPO, Piemonte, Novara, Italy
| | - Eleni T Petridou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John D Dockerty
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Elizabeth Milne
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Helen D Bailey
- INSERM U1153, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team (EPICEA), Paris-Descartes University, Villejuif, France
| | - Nick Dessypris
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alice Y Kang
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Catharina Wesseling
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claire Infante-Rivard
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Ana M Mora
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Logan G Spector
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jacqueline Clavel
- INSERM U1153, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team (EPICEA), Paris-Descartes University, Villejuif, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mora AM, Fleisch AF, Rifas-Shiman SL, Woo Baidal JA, Pardo L, Webster TF, Calafat AM, Ye X, Oken E, Sagiv SK. Early life exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and mid-childhood lipid and alanine aminotransferase levels. Environ Int 2018; 111:1-13. [PMID: 29156323 PMCID: PMC5801004 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence suggests that exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) may disrupt lipid homeostasis and liver function, but data in children are limited. OBJECTIVE We examined the association of prenatal and mid-childhood PFAS exposure with lipids and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in children. METHODS We studied 682 mother-child pairs from a Boston-area pre-birth cohort. We quantified PFASs in maternal plasma collected in pregnancy (median 9.7weeks gestation, 1999-2002) and in child plasma collected in mid-childhood (median age 7.7years, 2007-2010). In mid-childhood we also measured fasting total (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and ALT. We then derived low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) from TC, HDL-C, and TG using the Friedewald formula. RESULTS Median (interquartile range, IQR) perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and perfluorodecanoate (PFDeA) concentrations in child plasma were 6.2 (5.5), 4.3 (3.0), and 0.3 (0.3) ng/mL, respectively. Among girls, higher child PFOS, PFOA, and PFDeA concentrations were associated with detrimental changes in the lipid profile, including higher TC and/or LDL-C [e.g., β per IQR increment in PFOS=4.0mg/dL (95% CI: 0.3, 7.8) for TC and 2.6mg/dL (-0.5, 5.8) for LDL-C]. However, among both boys and girls, higher plasma concentrations of these child PFASs were also associated with higher HDL-C, which predicts better cardiovascular health, and slightly lower ALT, which may indicate better liver function. Prenatal PFAS concentrations were also modestly associated with improved childhood lipid and ALT levels. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that prenatal and mid-childhood PFAS exposure may be associated with modest, but somewhat conflicting changes in the lipid profile and ALT levels in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
| | - Abby F Fleisch
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Woo Baidal
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Larissa Pardo
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sharon K Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Baker JM, Rojas-Valverde D, Gutiérrez R, Winkler M, Fuhrimann S, Eskenazi B, Reiss AL, Mora AM. Portable Functional Neuroimaging as an Environmental Epidemiology Tool: A How-To Guide for the Use of fNIRS in Field Studies. Environ Health Perspect 2017; 125:094502. [PMID: 28937962 PMCID: PMC5915206 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY The widespread application of functional neuroimaging within the field of environmental epidemiology has the potential to greatly enhance our understanding of how environmental toxicants affect brain function. Because many epidemiological studies take place in remote and frequently changing environments, it is necessary that the primary neuroimaging approach adopted by the epidemiology community be robust to many environments, easy to use, and, preferably, mobile. Here, we outline our use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to collect functional brain imaging data from Costa Rican farm workers enrolled in an epidemiological study on the health effects of chronic pesticide exposure. While couched in this perspective, we focus on the methodological considerations that are necessary to conduct a mobile fNIRS study in a diverse range of environments. Thus, this guide is intended to be generalizable to all research scenarios and projects in which fNIRS may be used to collect functional brain imaging data in epidemiological field surveys. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2049.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Baker
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, California, USA
| | - Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte, Universidad Nacional , Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Randall Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte, Universidad Nacional , Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Mirko Winkler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Allan L Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California, USA
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional , Heredia, Costa Rica
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rodríguez-Zamora MG, Medina-Escobar L, Mora G, Zock JP, van Wendel de Joode B, Mora AM. Dust exposure in workers from grain storage facilities in Costa Rica. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:1039-1045. [PMID: 28663028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 12 million workers are involved in the production of basic grains in Central America. However, few studies in the region have examined the occupational factors associated with inhalable dust exposure. OBJECTIVES (i) To assess the exposure to inhalable dust in workers from rice, maize, and wheat storage facilities in Costa Rica; (ii) to examine the occupational factors associated with this exposure; and (iii) to measure concentrations of respirable and thoracic particles in different areas of the storage facilities. METHODS We measured inhalable (<100μm) dust concentrations in 176 personal samples collected from 136 workers of eight grain storage facilities in Costa Rica. We also measured respirable (<4μm) and thoracic (<10μm) dust particles in several areas of the storage facilities. RESULTS Geometric mean (GM) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) inhalable dust concentrations were 2.0mg/m3 and 7.8 (range=<0.2-275.4mg/m3). Personal inhalable dust concentrations were associated with job category [GM for category/GM for administrative staff and other workers (95% CI)=4.4 (2.6, 7.2) for packing; 20.4 (12.3, 34.7) for dehulling; 109.6 (50.1, 234.4) for unloading in flat bed sheds; 24.0 (14.5, 39.8) for unloading in pits; and 31.6 (18.6, 52.5) for drying], and cleaning task [15.8 (95% CI: 10.0, 26.3) in workers who cleaned in addition to their regular tasks]. Higher area concentrations of thoracic dust particles were found in wheat (GM and GSD=4.3mg/m3 and 4.5) and maize (3.0mg/m3 and 3.9) storage facilities, and in grain drying (2.3mg/m3 and 3.1) and unloading (1.5mg/m3 and 4.8) areas. CONCLUSIONS Operators of grain storage facilities showed elevated inhalable dust concentrations, mostly above international exposure limits. Better engineering and administrative controls are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María G Rodríguez-Zamora
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Seguridad Laboral e Higiene Ambiental (EISLHA), Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica.
| | - Lourdes Medina-Escobar
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Seguridad Laboral e Higiene Ambiental (EISLHA), Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Glend Mora
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Seguridad Laboral e Higiene Ambiental (EISLHA), Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Jan-Paul Zock
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Berna van Wendel de Joode
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Ana M Mora
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica; Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Fleisch AF, Rifas-Shiman SL, Mora AM, Calafat AM, Ye X, Luttmann-Gibson H, Gillman MW, Oken E, Sagiv SK. Early-Life Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Childhood Metabolic Function. Environ Health Perspect 2017; 125:481-487. [PMID: 27586368 PMCID: PMC5332186 DOI: 10.1289/ehp303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic chemicals that may persist in the environment and in humans. There is a possible association between early-life PFAS exposure and metabolic dysfunction in later life, but data are limited. METHODS We studied 665 mother-child pairs in Project Viva, a Boston, Massachusetts-area cohort recruited 1999-2002. We quantified concentrations of PFASs [perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorodecanoate (PFDeA)] in maternal plasma collected at the first prenatal visit (median, 9.6 weeks gestation) and in child plasma from the mid-childhood research visit (median, 7.7 years). We assessed leptin, adiponectin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in mid-childhood. We fit covariate-adjusted linear regression models and conducted stratified analyses by child sex. RESULTS Children with higher PFAS concentrations had lower HOMA-IR [e.g., -10.1% (95% CI: -17.3, -2.3) per interquartile range increment in PFOA]. This inverse association between child PFAS and HOMA-IR was more pronounced in females [e.g., PFOA: -15.6% (95% CI: -25.4, -4.6) vs. -6.1% (95% CI: -16.2, 5.2) for males]. Child PFAS plasma concentrations were not associated with leptin or adiponectin. Prenatal PFAS plasma concentrations were not associated with leptin, adiponectin, or HOMA-IR in offspring. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence for an adverse effect of early-life PFAS exposure on metabolic function in mid-childhood. In fact, children with higher PFAS concentrations had lower insulin resistance. Citation: Fleisch AF, Rifas-Shiman SL, Mora AM, Calafat AM, Ye X, Luttmann-Gibson H, Gillman MW, Oken E, Sagiv SK. 2017. Early-life exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and childhood metabolic function. Environ Health Perspect 125:481-487; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP303.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abby F. Fleisch
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana M. Mora
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Matthew W. Gillman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sharon K. Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|