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Lorentzen JC, Ekberg O, Alm M, Björk F, Harderup LE, Johanson G. Mold Odor from Wood Treated with Chlorophenols despite Mold Growth That Can Only Be Seen Using a Microscope. Microorganisms 2024; 12:395. [PMID: 38399798 PMCID: PMC10891868 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that indoor odorous chloroanisoles (CAs) are still being emitted due to microbial methylation of hazardous chlorophenols (CPs) present in legacy wood preservatives. Meanwhile, Swedish researchers reported that this malodor, described since the early 1970s, is caused by hazardous mold. Here, we examined to what extent CP-treated wood contains mold and if mold correlates with perceived odor. We found no studies in PubMed or Web of Science addressing this question. Further, we investigated two schools built in the 1960s with odor originating from crawlspaces. No visible mold was evident in the crawlspaces or on the surfaces of treated wood samples. Using a microscope, varying amounts of mold growth were detected on the samples, all containing both CP(s) and CA(s). Some samples smelled, and the odor correlated with the amount of mold growth. We conclude that superficial microscopic mold on treated wood suffices produced the odor. Further, we argue that CPs rather than mold could explain the health effects reported in epidemiological studies that use mold odor as an indicator of hazardous exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny C. Lorentzen
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, SE-113 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Ekberg
- Division of Building Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; (O.E.); (L.-E.H.)
| | - Maria Alm
- Urban Property Department, SE-402 26 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Folke Björk
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Lars-Erik Harderup
- Division of Building Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; (O.E.); (L.-E.H.)
| | - Gunnar Johanson
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
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Koc S, Gultekin ZN, Kahraman S, Cengiz A, Polat B, Caliskan C, Yildirim T, Tufan-Cetin O, Cetin H. Exploring the Larvicidal and Repellent Potential of Taurus Cedar ( Cedrus libani) Tar against the Brown Dog Tick ( Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato). Molecules 2023; 28:7689. [PMID: 38067421 PMCID: PMC10707419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the potential acaricidal and repellent effects of tar obtained from the Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) against the brown dog tick species Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato Latreille (Acari: Ixodidae). The goal was to find an alternative, safe, and effective way to eliminate ticks. Tar is traditionally extracted from cedar trees in the Antalya region of Türkiye. The composition of the tar is primarily characterized by a diverse mixture of terpenes, with β-himachalene (29.16%), α-atlantone (28.7%), ar-turmerone (8.82%), longifolene-(V4) (6.66%), α-himachalene (5.28%), and β-turmerone (5.12%) emerging as the predominant constituents. The toxic effects of tar on tick larvae were studied through larval immersion tests (LIT), and its repellent activity was evaluated using a new larval repellent activity test (LRAT). The results revealed significant acaricidal effects, with mortality rates of 77.7% and 82.2% for the Konyaalti and Kepez strains of the brown dog tick, respectively, in response to a 1% concentration of tar. LC50 and LC90 values were determined as 0.47% and 1.52% for the Kepez strain and 0.58% and 1.63% for the Konyaalti strain, respectively. When comparing the repellent effect of tar to the widely used synthetic repellent DEET, repellency rates of up to 100% were observed. As a result, this study establishes, for the first time, the larvicidal and repellent effects of C. libani tar on ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samed Koc
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
- Laboratory Animals Application and Research Centre, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Nur Gultekin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
| | - Sevval Kahraman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
| | - Aysegul Cengiz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
| | - Burak Polat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
| | - Cansu Caliskan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
| | - Tolga Yildirim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
| | - Ozge Tufan-Cetin
- Department of Environmental Protection Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye;
| | - Huseyin Cetin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
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Li X, Zang N, Zhang N, Pang L, Lv L, Meng X, Lv X, Leng J. DNA damage resulting from human endocrine disrupting chemical exposure: Genotoxicity, detection and dietary phytochemical intervention. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139522. [PMID: 37478996 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has posed an increasing threat to human health. EDCs are major risk factors in the occurrence and development of many diseases. Continuous DNA damage triggers severe pathogenic consequences, such as cancer. Beyond their effects on the endocrine system, EDCs genotoxicity is also worthy of attention, owing to the high accessibility and bioavailability of EDCs. This review investigates and summarizes nearly a decade of DNA damage studies on EDC exposure, including DNA damage mechanisms, detection methods, population marker analysis, and the application of dietary phytochemicals. The aims of this review are (1) to systematically summarize the genotoxic effects of environmental EDCs (2) to comprehensively summarize cutting-edge measurement methods, thus providing analytical solutions for studies on EDC exposure; and (3) to highlight critical data on the detoxification and repair effects of dietary phytochemicals. Dietary phytochemicals decrease genotoxicity by playing a major role in the detoxification system, and show potential therapeutic effects on human diseases caused by EDC exposure. This review may support research on environmental toxicology and alternative chemo-prevention for human EDC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Li
- Comprehensive Exposure Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Ningzi Zang
- Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Comprehensive Exposure Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Lijian Pang
- Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
| | - Ling Lv
- Comprehensive Exposure Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Xiansheng Meng
- Comprehensive Exposure Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Xiaodong Lv
- Comprehensive Exposure Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Jiapeng Leng
- Comprehensive Exposure Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China.
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Han M, Ma A, Dong Z, Yin J, Shao B. Organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in serum of Beijing population: Exposure and health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160358. [PMID: 36436633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental contaminants, but large-scale human biomonitoring and health risk assessment data on these contaminants remain limited. In this study, concentrations of 6 OCPs and 5 PAHs were determined by GC-MS/MS in 1268 human serum samples which were collected from the participants in 2017 Beijing Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance. The detection frequencies of OCPs and PAHs ranged from 64.7 % to 96.5 % and 89.4 % to 99.6 %, respectively. The most abundant contaminants in OCPs and PAHs were pentachlorophenol (PCP) and pyrene (Pyr) with median concentrations reaching up to 3.13 and 8.48 μg/L, respectively. Nonparametric tests were employed to assess the correlations among contaminants levels, demographic characteristics (age, gender, body mass index, residence) and serum biochemical indexes. Significantly higher serum levels of all PAHs were observed in suburb residents than that in urban residents (P < 0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated that exposure to benzo(a)pyrene (OR 2.17 [1.29, 3.63]), phenanthrene (OR 1.06 [1.02, 1.11]), fluoranthene (OR 1.04 [1.02, 1.07]) and Pyr (OR 1.02 [1.01, 1.03]) might increase the occurrence of hyperglycemia, and exposure to hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (OR 1.53 [1.05, 2.22]) and pentachlorobenzene (OR 1.14 [1.02, 1.27]) were positively associated with hyperlipidemia. Furthermore, the hazard quotients (HQs) for serum HCB, PCP and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene were calculated based on health-based guidance values to predict health risks. 0.2 % and 4.3 % of serum samples showed HQ values exceeding 1 for HCB and PCP, respectively, in case of the non-carcinogenic risk, while 23.1 % of HQs for HCB were above 1 in case of the carcinogenic risk for a risk level 10-5. Our study reveals that the body burden of the Beijing general population relative to OCPs and PAHs was nonnegligible. The past exposure of HCB and PCP might adversely affect the health status of the Beijing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muke Han
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Aijuan Ma
- Institute of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Zhong Dong
- Institute of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China.
| | - Jie Yin
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China.
| | - Bing Shao
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
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Filippi I, Lucero P, Bonansea RI, Lerda D, Butinof M, Fernandez RA, Wunderlin DA, Amé MV, Muñoz SE. Validation of exposure indexes to pesticides through the analysis of exposure and effect biomarkers in ground pesticide applicators from Argentina. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07921. [PMID: 34522813 PMCID: PMC8427256 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the population exposed to pesticides and the use of effective biomarkers to evaluate potential health effects are determinant to identify vulnerable groups, understanding the causality of diverse pathologies and propose prevention policies. This is particularly important in countries where intensive agricultural practices had an explosive expansion in last decades. The aim of this study was assessing the usefulness of two exposure indexes questionnaire-based: Intensity Level of the pesticide Exposure (ILE) and Cumulative Exposure Index (CEI) and their scales, in terrestrial applicators of pesticide from the Province of Córdoba (Argentina). The analysis was performed contrasting ILE and CEI results with perceived symptomatology, in addition to effect and exposure biomarkers. A cross-sectional study was designed to compare pesticides body burdens and effect biomarkers between subjects occupationally (OE) and non-occupationally exposed (NOE) to pesticides. Prevalence of perceived symptomatology and genotoxicity damage was higher in the OE group. The exposure condition was the only variable explaining these differences. Significant associations were found between CEI and neurologic symptomatology (p < 0.05) and between ILE and plasmatic cholinesterase (p < 0.1). However, residues of HCB, β-HCH, α-endosulfan, pp'DDE, endrin, β-endosulfan, pp'DDT, endosulfan sulfate and mirex were found in blood samples from both groups. To our knowledge, this is the first report on pesticides body burdens in occupational exposure settings in Argentina. So far, our current results indicate that the occupational condition affects the health of the workers. Significant associations found between symptomatology and biomarkers with scales of CEI and ILE suggest their usefulness to verify different levels of exposure. Further research is necessary to propose these indexes as an affordable tool for occupational health surveillance in areas with difficult access to health care centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iohanna Filippi
- CIBICI: Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Bioquímica Clínica, Ciudad Universitaria, Medina Allende esq. Haya de La Torre, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Patricia Lucero
- Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba (CEPROCOR), X5164, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rocio I. Bonansea
- ICYTAC: Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel Lerda
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariana Butinof
- Escuela de Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ricardo A. Fernandez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel A. Wunderlin
- ICYTAC: Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María V. Amé
- CIBICI: Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Bioquímica Clínica, Ciudad Universitaria, Medina Allende esq. Haya de La Torre, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sonia E. Muñoz
- INICSA: Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
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Nanoparticle Beads of Chitosan-Ethylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether/Fe for the Removal of Aldrin. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/8421840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reports on the preparation of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) supported in chitosan beads (Chi-EDGE-Fe) for removing aldrin from aqueous solutions. The FeNPs and Chi-EDGE-Fe beads were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and the Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS) techniques. TEM, XRD, and MS showed that the FeNPs had core-shell structures consisting of a core of either Fe0 or Fe2B and a shell of magnetite. Furthermore, SEM images showed that Chi-EDGE-Fe beads were spherical with irregular surfaces and certain degrees of roughness and porosity, whilst the sorbent mean pore size was 204 nm, and the occluded iron nanoparticles in the chitosan material had diameters of 70 nm and formed agglomerates. The sorbent beads consisted of carbon, oxygen, chlorine, aluminum, silicon, and iron according to the SEM-EDS analysis. Functional groups such as O-H, C-H, -CH2, N-H, C-O, C-OH, and Fe-OH were detected in the FTIR spectra. In addition, a characteristic band appeared at about 1700 cm−1 after the sorption process involving aldrin. MS also showed that the iron nanoparticles in the beads probably oxidized into NPs of α-Fe2O3 as a result of the supporting process. The isotherm of the aldrin removal followed the Langmuir–Freundlich model and presented a maximum adsorption capacity of 74.84 mg/g, demonstrating that chitosan-Fe beads are promising sorbents for the removal of toxic pollutants in aqueous solutions.
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Wang Z, Liu Y, Li T, Zhang Q, Bai H, Cai Y, Lv Q. Wood preservatives in children's wooden toys from China: Distribution, migration, oral exposure, and risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111786. [PMID: 33340956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A total of 90 wooden toys were collected, and six wood preservatives (chlorophenols and lindane) were analyzed by using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to assess the exposure risk of children to wood preservatives through oral contact with wooden toys. The detection rates of six preservatives ranged from 2.2% to 22.2%. The contents of the preservatives ranged from 0.6 µg/kg to 9.6 µg/kg. 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) had higher detection rates and contents than other preservatives. Thus, their migration behaviors from toys to saliva were further investigated. In 11 positive samples, the max migration ratios of 2,4-DCP and 2,4,6-TCP ranged from 7.1% to 20.3% and from 11.1% to 24.8%, respectively. For children aged 3-36 months, the daily average 2,4-DCP exposure level associated with wooden toys ranged from 2.7 pg/(kg day) to 46.9 pg/(kg day), and the daily average 2,4,6-TCP exposure ranged from 3.6 pg/(kg day) to 69.4 pg/(kg day). The contribution to exposure provided by the saliva mobilization pathway was more than that provided by the ingestion of scraped-off toys, and the exposure level of 2,4,6-TCP was greater than that of 2,4-DCP. The max hazard quotient for 2,4-DCP was 1.9 × 10-4, and the max cancer risk for 2,4,6-TCP was 1.2 × 10-9. The above results indicated that although wood preservatives were distributed in wooden toys, exposure arising from directly mouthing these materials currently does not pose unacceptable risks to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Wang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yahui Liu
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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