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Ramel-Delobel M, Heydari S, de Nazelle A, Praud D, Salizzoni P, Fervers B, Coudon T. Air pollution exposure in active versus passive travel modes across five continents: A Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 261:119666. [PMID: 39074774 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies on health effects of air pollution usually estimate exposure at the residential address. However, ignoring daily mobility patterns may lead to biased exposure estimates, as documented in previous exposure studies. To improve the reliable integration of exposure related to mobility patterns into epidemiological studies, we conducted a systematic review of studies across all continents that measured air pollution concentrations in various modes of transport using portable sensors. To compare personal exposure across different transport modes, specifically active versus motorized modes, we estimated pairwise exposure ratios using a Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis. Overall, we included measurements of six air pollutants (black carbon (BC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) and ultrafine particles (UFP)) for seven modes of transport (i.e., walking, cycling, bus, car, motorcycle, overground, underground) from 52 published studies. Compared to active modes, users of motorized modes were consistently the most exposed to gaseous pollutants (CO and NO2). Cycling and walking were the most exposed to UFP compared to other modes. Active vs passive mode contrasts were mostly inconsistent for other particle metrics. Compared to active modes, bus users were consistently more exposed to PM10 and PM2.5, while car users, on average, were less exposed than pedestrians. Rail modes experienced both some lower exposures (compared to cyclists for PM10 and pedestrians for UFP) and higher exposures (compared to cyclist for PM2.5 and BC). Ratios calculated for motorcycles should be considered carefully due to the small number of studies, mostly conducted in Asia. Computing exposure ratios overcomes the heterogeneity in pollutant levels that may exist between continents and countries. However, formulating ratios on a global scale remains challenging owing to the disparities in available data between countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Ramel-Delobel
- Department of Prevention Cancer Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; INSERM U1296 Unit "Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment", Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; Ecole Centrale de Lyon, CNRS, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, LMFA, UMR5509, 69130 Ecully, France
| | - Shahram Heydari
- Department of Civil, Maritime and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey de Nazelle
- Centre for Environmental Policy Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Delphine Praud
- Department of Prevention Cancer Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; INSERM U1296 Unit "Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment", Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Pietro Salizzoni
- Ecole Centrale de Lyon, CNRS, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, LMFA, UMR5509, 69130 Ecully, France
| | - Béatrice Fervers
- Department of Prevention Cancer Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; INSERM U1296 Unit "Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment", Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Coudon
- Department of Prevention Cancer Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; INSERM U1296 Unit "Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment", Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France.
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Xu S, Sun C, Liu N. Road congestion and air pollution -Analysis of spatial and temporal congestion effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173896. [PMID: 38880138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Urban traffic congestion has resulted in several adverse outcomes, including reduced traffic efficiency, increased noise pollution, and heightened exhaust emissions. It has also emerged as a significant indicator of urban health concerns. This article primarily delves into an examination of the pollution stemming from congestion. To accomplish this, the study focuses on two specific aspects of congestion measurement: long-term spatial constraints (limited travel routes) and short-term time delays (time wasted due to congestion). Expanding on this, the article explores the potential solutions to mitigate pollution effects through measures such as optimizing space utilization through public transportation systems like subways and strategically scheduling travel during holidays. These considerations are incorporated within the article's scope. Additionally, in order to address endogeneity concerns, the research conducts instrumental variable effectiveness tests from both temporal and spatial perspectives. The outcomes highlight the degradation of air quality and the increase in total traffic congestion in both the long and short term, while also indicating the presence of genuine methods to alleviate these issues. Consequently, effective collaborative efforts for prevention and control are imperative to combat environmental and traffic pollution. Moreover, optimizing sustainable urban development plans to enhance land utilization plays a pivotal role in minimizing the external costs associated with long-distance commuting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Xu
- Business School, Xiangtan University, Yuhu District, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, PR China
| | - Chuanwang Sun
- China Center for Energy Economics Research, School of Economics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
| | - Nian Liu
- Business School, Xiangtan University, Yuhu District, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, PR China
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Hoek G, Vienneau D, de Hoogh K. Does residential address-based exposure assessment for outdoor air pollution lead to bias in epidemiological studies? Environ Health 2024; 23:75. [PMID: 39289774 PMCID: PMC11406750 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-024-01111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies of long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution have consistently documented associations with morbidity and mortality. Air pollution exposure in these epidemiological studies is generally assessed at the residential address, because individual time-activity patterns are seldom known in large epidemiological studies. Ignoring time-activity patterns may result in bias in epidemiological studies. The aims of this paper are to assess the agreement between exposure assessed at the residential address and exposures estimated with time-activity integrated and the potential bias in epidemiological studies when exposure is estimated at the residential address. MAIN BODY We reviewed exposure studies that have compared residential and time-activity integrated exposures, with a focus on the correlation. We further discuss epidemiological studies that have compared health effect estimates between the residential and time-activity integrated exposure and studies that have indirectly estimated the potential bias in health effect estimates in epidemiological studies related to ignoring time-activity patterns. A large number of studies compared residential and time-activity integrated exposure, especially in Europe and North America, mostly focusing on differences in level. Eleven of these studies reported correlations, showing that the correlation between residential address-based and time-activity integrated long-term air pollution exposure was generally high to very high (R > 0.8). For individual subjects large differences were found between residential and time-activity integrated exposures. Consistent with the high correlation, five of six identified epidemiological studies found nearly identical health effects using residential and time-activity integrated exposure. Six additional studies in Europe and North America showed only small to moderate potential bias (9 to 30% potential underestimation) in estimated exposure response functions using residence-based exposures. Differences of average exposure level were generally small and in both directions. Exposure contrasts were smaller for time-activity integrated exposures in nearly all studies. The difference in exposure was not equally distributed across the population including between different socio-economic groups. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the bias in epidemiological studies related to assessing long-term exposure at the residential address only is likely small in populations comparable to those evaluated in the comparison studies. Further improvements in exposure assessment especially for large populations remain useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Danielle Vienneau
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Xu J, Saeedi M, Zalzal J, Zhang M, Ganji A, Mallinen K, Wang A, Lloyd M, Venuta A, Simon L, Weichenthal S, Hatzopoulou M. Exploring the triple burden of social disadvantage, mobility poverty, and exposure to traffic-related air pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170947. [PMID: 38367734 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the relationships between ultrafine particle (UFP) exposure, socioeconomic status (SES), and sustainable transportation accessibility in Toronto, Canada is crucial for promoting public health, addressing environmental justice, and ensuring transportation equity. We conducted a large-scale mobile measurement campaign and employed a gradient boost model to generate exposure surfaces using land use, built environment, and meteorological conditions. The Ontario Marginalization Index was used to quantify various indicators of social disadvantage for Toronto's neighborhoods. Our findings reveal that people in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas experience elevated UFP exposures. We highlight significant disparities in accessing sustainable transportation, particularly in areas with higher ethnic concentrations. When factoring in daily mobility, UFP exposure disparities in disadvantaged populations are further exacerbated. Furthermore, individuals who do not generate emissions themselves are consistently exposed to higher UFPs, with active transportation users experiencing the highest UFP exposures both at home and at activity locations. Finally, we proposed a novel index, the Community Prioritization Index (CPI), incorporating three indicators, including air quality, social disadvantage, and sustainable transportation. This index identifies neighborhoods experiencing a triple burden, often situated near major infrastructure hubs with high diesel truck activity and lacking greenspace, marking them as high-priority areas for policy action and targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshi Xu
- Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Milad Saeedi
- Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Jad Zalzal
- Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Mingqian Zhang
- Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Arman Ganji
- Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Keni Mallinen
- Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - An Wang
- Urban Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States.
| | - Marshall Lloyd
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Canada.
| | - Alessya Venuta
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Canada.
| | - Leora Simon
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Canada.
| | - Scott Weichenthal
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Canada.
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de Souza P, Anenberg S, Makarewicz C, Shirgaokar M, Duarte F, Ratti C, Durant JL, Kinney PL, Niemeier D. Quantifying Disparities in Air Pollution Exposures across the United States Using Home and Work Addresses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:280-290. [PMID: 38153403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
While human mobility plays a crucial role in determining ambient air pollution exposures and health risks, research to date has assessed risks on the basis of almost solely residential location. Here, we leveraged a database of ∼128-144 million workers in the United States and published ambient PM2.5 data between 2011 and 2018 to explore how incorporating information on both workplace and residential location changes our understanding of disparities in air pollution exposure. In general, we observed higher workplace exposures relative to home exposures, as well as increased exposures for nonwhite and less educated workers relative to the national average. Workplace exposure disparities were higher among racial and ethnic groups and job types than by income, education, age, and sex. Not considering workplace exposures can lead to systematic underestimations in disparities in exposure among these subpopulations. We also quantified the error in assigning workers home instead of a weighted home-and-work exposure. We observed that biases in associations between PM2.5 and health impacts by using home instead of home-and-work exposure were the highest among urban, younger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka de Souza
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80202, United States
- CU Population Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80302, United States
- Senseable City Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Susan Anenberg
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20037, United States
| | - Carrie Makarewicz
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80202, United States
| | - Manish Shirgaokar
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80202, United States
| | - Fabio Duarte
- Senseable City Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Carlo Ratti
- Senseable City Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John L Durant
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Patrick L Kinney
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Deb Niemeier
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Gouveia N, Slovic AD, Kanai CM, Soriano L. Air Pollution and Environmental Justice in Latin America: Where Are We and How Can We Move Forward? Curr Environ Health Rep 2022; 9:152-164. [PMID: 35146705 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-022-00341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Air pollution in Latin America is a major environmental threat, yet few studies have focused on aspects of environmental justice with regard to air pollution in the region. We examined the scientific literature and described whether and how this issue has been addressed, identify possible gaps in knowledge, and offer suggestions for future research to contribute to policies that seek greater equity concerning air pollution impacts in Latin America. RECENT FINDINGS There is a limited literature that has addressed issues of environmental justice or environmental health inequalities about air pollution in Latin America, with studies concentrated in Brazil, Mexico, and Chile. Studies that examined disparities in exposure to air pollution found a clear pattern of higher exposure in socially deprived areas. Studies that examined disparities in health impacts associated with air pollution have mixed results, but many found a clear modification of effect with those in the lower socioeconomic groups presenting greater effects. Despite Latin America's colonial and slavery history, no studies have considered ethnicity or minority populations. The literature shows that health risks (exposure and susceptibility) associated with air pollution are unevenly distributed among Latin American populations. Methodological approaches varied and can be improved in future studies, especially for exposure assessment to air pollution, as well as for assigning socioeconomic position to individuals. Using smaller geographic units and spatial regression techniques will allow a reduction in measurement error. Attempts should be made to include both individual and contextual socioeconomic indicators in the analysis. Better quality information will help understand these differential exposures and effects and provide inputs to policies to tackle these inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Gouveia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Anne Dorothée Slovic
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Sao Paulo School of Public Health, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, Sao Paulo, SP, 715, Brazil
| | - Claudio Makoto Kanai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Lucas Soriano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
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Li RF, Dong XY, Xie C, Zhao LJ. Long-term observations of the chemical composition, fluxes and sources of atmospheric wet deposition at an urban site in Xi'an, Northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:68. [PMID: 34994857 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric wet deposition (AWD) is closely related to air quality, and excessive deposition poses risks to ecological systems and human health. Seasonal and interannual variations in acidity, electric conductivity (EC), ionic composition, fluxes, sources, and atmospheric transport of AWD were analyzed at an urban site in Xi'an from 2016 to 2019. The annual volume-weighted mean (VWM) pH and EC values were 6.8 and 40.6 μS cm-1, respectively. NO3- (47%) was the most dominant anion, while Ca2+ (34%) was the most dominant cation. The analysis of fractional acidity (FA) and neutralization factors (NFs) showed that 96% of the acidity was neutralized by alkaline constituents, especially Ca2+ and NH4+. The annual AWD flux of total ions was 125.9 kg ha-1 year-1, and NO3-, NO2-, SO42- and NH4+ fluxes accounted for approximately 70%, indicating considerable sulfur (9.1 kg ha-1 year-1) and nitrogen (22.0 kg ha-1 year-1) deposition. Under dilution by precipitation, the EC and major ion concentrations were lower, while the pH and fluxes were higher, in summer and autumn, and the opposite results were observed in spring and winter. The source apportionment via by positive matrix factorization (PMF) revealed that the six sources of major ions were confirmed as follows: vehicular emissions (38.1%), agriculture (22.3%), fossil fuel combustion (13.8%), crust (12.9%), marine (9.6%), and biomass burning (3.3%). And on the basis of back trajectory analysis, the air masses of precipitation were primarily from the northwest in spring and winter, from the southeast in summer, and from various directions in autumn, and they transported different natural and anthropogenic pollutants along their paths, thereby affecting the chemical composition and fluxes of AWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Feng Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Xi-Ying Dong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
| | - Cong Xie
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Liang-Ju Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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