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Khoshakhlagh AH, Yazdanirad S, Ducatman A. Climatic conditions and concentrations of BTEX compounds in atmospheric media. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118553. [PMID: 38428562 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Climatic and meteorological conditions are among the factors affecting the ambient concentrations of BTEX compounds. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to interrogate the seasonal effect of climatic conditions on the concentrations of BTEX compounds. Three electronic bibliographic databases including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were systematically searched up to November 14, 2023. The search algorithm followed PRISMA guidance and consisted of three groupings of keywords and their possible combinations. For various climatic conditions, the overall mean and 95% confidence interval (CI) of effect size related to BTEX concentrations were calculated using a random-effect model. In total, 104 articles were included for evaluation in this review. BTEX ambient concentration was higher in winter (ranging from 36 out of 79 relevant studies for xylene to 52 out of 97 relevant studies for benzene) followed by summer and autumn. For humidity conditions, the highest exposure values for BTEX were detected for rainy weather (ranging from 3 out of 5 relevant studies for toluene and xylene to 4 out of 5 relevant studies for benzene and ethyl benzene) compared to dry conditions. The pooled concentration (μg/m3) of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene were computed as 2.61, 7.12, 2.21, and 3.61 in spring, 2.13, 7.53, 1.61, and 2.75 in summer, 3.04, 9.59, 3.14, and 5.50 in autumn, and 3.56, 8.71, 2.35, and 3.91 in winter, respectively. Moreover, the pooled concentrations (μg/m3) of BTEX were measured as 2.98, 7.22, 1.90, and 3.03 in dry weather and 3.15, 6.30, 2.14, and 3.86 in rainy or wet weather, respectively. In most seasons, the ambient concentrations of BTEX were higher in countries with low and middle incomes and in Middle Eastern countries and East/Southeast Asia compared to those in other regions (P < 0.001). The increasing concentrations of BTEX in winter and autumn followed by the summer season and during rainy/wet weather appear to be reasonably consistent despite variations in study methods, quality, or geography. Therefore, it is recommended that more serious control measures are considered for decreasing exposure to BTEX in these climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Saeid Yazdanirad
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Alan Ducatman
- School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Janjani H, Rastkari N, Yousefian F, Aghaei M, Yunesian M. Biomonitoring and health risk assessment of exposure to phthalate esters in waste management workers. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 180:76-84. [PMID: 38547758 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Humans are at risk of exposure to phthalates due to the widespread use of plasticized plastics, and one of the major concerns is occupational exposure. The present study investigated occupational exposure to phthalates at one of the greatest solid waste management sites in the second-largest country in the Middle East. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks were assessed by human biomonitoring (HBM). The concentration of phthalate esters was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the daily intake (DI) of phthalate was calculated based on the adjusted urinary creatinine concentrations. Moreover, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were assessed. Monte Carlo simulations were performed for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. The highest concentration recorded was 130.80 µg/g creatinine for mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) among the composting group, while the lowest concentration was 0.49 µg/g creatinine for Monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) among the office group. All estimates of daily intake were below the reference concentration, and differences between the DI at site sections were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The non-carcinogenic risk level was negligible. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) values corresponding to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure were 2.07E-04 among the composting group and 2.07E-04 among the processing group, posing a definite risk. The carcinogenic risk value among the office group was in a possible risk category with ELCR values of 9.75 E-05. The on-site workers of waste management sites can be highly exposed to phthalates, and their health risk is considerable. Appropriate measures and interventions should be considered to reduce occupational exposure to phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosna Janjani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yousefian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mina Aghaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Janjani H, Yunesian M, Yaghmaeian K, Aghaei M, Yousefian F, Alizadeh B, Fazlzadeh M. BTEX in indoor air of barbershops and beauty salons: Characterization, source apportionment and health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140518. [PMID: 37890789 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile organic compounds, mainly BTEX, are among the pollutants of concern in beauty salons and barbershops that threaten both staff personnel and clients' health. This study aimed to determine the concentration of BTEX in barbershops and beauty salons and assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks based on the actual risk coefficients. Also, possible sources of BTEX were determined. METHOD Samples were collected by passive sampling. Quantitative and qualitative measurements of BTEX compounds were performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MASS). Subsequently, the health risks were assessed according to the US Environmental Protection Agency. SPSS24 software and positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis were used for statistical analysis and source apportionment respectively. RESULTS Toluene is the most abundant compound in beauty salons, with a maximum concentration of 219.4 (μg/m3) in beauty salons. Results indicated that the mean ELCR value estimated for benzene regarding female staff exposure (1.04 × 10-5) was higher than that for men (4.05 × 10-6). Also, ELCR values of ethylbenzene for staff exposure were 2.08 × 10-6 and 3.8 × 10-6 for men and women, respectively, and possess possible carcinogenesis risks. CONCLUSION Use of solvents and cosmetic products, improper heating systems, and type of service are the sources that probably contribute to BTEX emissions in beauty salons. It is necessary to follow health guidelines and conduct continuous monitoring for their implementation, in addition to setting a mandated occupational regulation framework or air quality requirements, to improve the health conditions in beauty salons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosna Janjani
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Yaghmaeian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Aghaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yousefian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Bahram Alizadeh
- Students Research Committee, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Lung Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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Liu Y, Li S, Wang Q, Zheng X, Zhao Y, Lu W. Occupational health risks of VOCs emitted from the working face of municipal solid waste landfill: Temporal variation and influencing factors. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 160:173-181. [PMID: 36848761 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission on the working face of a large sanitary landfill in northern China was characterized in a one-year long sampling campaign. A total of 67 VOCs with average annual concentration of 2903.01 μg/m3 were detected. Ethanol was the dominant species of detected VOCs, accounting for 76.4-82.3% of the total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) concentration. VOCs emission showed seasonal variation as the highest concentration was detected in summer and lowest appeared in winter. Furthermore, 50 VOCs identified were non-carcinogenic chemicals and 21 of them were carcinogenic chemicals. Risk assessment showed that the average total non-carcinogenic risk value (HIT) was 4.95, which far exceeded the threshold value of 1; and the average total carcinogenic risk value (RiskT) was 8.45 × 10-5, close to the limit of 1 × 10-4. That means both the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of long-term exposure to these VOCs could not be ignored. Some of the oxygenated compounds (Acrolein, Ethyl acetate, etc.), halocarbons (1,1,2-Trichloroethane, 1,2-Dichloropropane, etc.) and aromatic compounds (Naphthalene, m + p-Xylene, etc.) consisted the main contributors to non-carcinogenic risks. Meanwhile, carcinogenic risks were mainly caused by halocarbons (cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene, FREON11, etc.) and aromatic compounds (Benzene, Ethylbenzene, etc.). In addition, statistical analysis revealed that the HIT values were related to the concentrations of risk aromatic compounds, halocarbons and hydrocarbons; RiskT values were only related to the concentrations of risk aromatic compounds and halocarbons. The research results provide an important theoretical basis for occupational risk management and VOCs emission prevention in landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Guodian Technology & Environment Group Corporation Limited, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiangyu Zheng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Zhang T, Kang W, Ge X, Lin Q, Chen Q, Yu Y, An T. Explication on distribution patterns of volatile organic compounds in petro-chemistry and oil refineries of China using a species-transport model and health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160707. [PMID: 36493815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from industrial emissions have attracted great attention due to their negative effects on human, but there is lack of deterministic air quality model for VOC emissions. In this study, airborne VOCs from a typical petrochemical and oil refinery region, Lanzhou, Gansu province of China, were on-site measured. The regional pollution patterns were investigated using a species transport model and the health risks were evaluated. The spatial distribution of VOCs showed that 87.5 % of the airborne VOCs were benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene having higher concentration (146 μg/m3) in the north direction oil refinery industrial areas. The concentrations of toluene and benzene were as high as 41.5 and 33.3 μg/m3 in the 4 km2 area away from the petrochemical emission source, respectively, and the concentration of o-/m + p-xylene was up to 79.7 μg/m3. Based on the measured concentration data, the numerical results showed that the accumulation of high concentration of VOC species by mass transfer in the region is related to the atmospheric diffusion driven by downward-moving air over the valley areas. Non-carcinogenic risk assessments showed that airborne benzene exposure had acceptable hazard quotient of 0.185 for adults, which was 1.8 times of children's (0.102), whereas it was found that a high carcinogenic risk (>10-4) from benzene in several sampling sites and diffuse distance become significant for carcinogenic risk. This study verified the effectiveness of VOC atmospheric diffusion model through a large number of on-site monitoring data, providing data support for model-based risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, PR China
| | - Wei Kang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiang Ge
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qiang Chen
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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Singh BP, Sohrab SS, Athar M, Alandijany TA, Kumari S, Nair A, Kumari S, Mehra K, Chowdhary K, Rahman S, Azhar EI. Substantial Changes in Selected Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Associations with Health Risk Assessments in Industrial Areas during the COVID-19 Pandemic. TOXICS 2023; 11:165. [PMID: 36851040 PMCID: PMC9963041 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, governments in many countries worldwide, including India, imposed several restriction measures, including lockdowns, to prevent the spread of the infection. COVID-19 lockdowns led to a reduction in gaseous and particulate pollutants in ambient air. In the present study, we investigated the substantial changes in selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) after the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic and associations with health risk assessments in industrial areas. VOC data from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2021 were collected from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) website, to identify percentage changes in VOC levels before, during, and after COVID-19. The mean TVOC levels at all monitoring stations were 47.22 ± 30.15, 37.19 ± 37.19, and 32.81 ± 32.81 µg/m3 for 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. As a result, the TVOC levels gradually declined in consecutive years due to the pandemic in India. The mean TVOC levels at all monitoring stations declined from 9 to 61% during the pandemic period as compared with the pre-pandemic period. In the current study, the T/B ratio values ranged from 2.16 (PG) to 26.38 (NL), which indicated that the major pollutant contributors were traffic and non-traffic sources during the pre-pandemic period. The present findings indicated that TVOC levels had positive but low correlations with SR, BP, RF, and WD, with correlation coefficients (r) of 0.034, 0.118, 0.012, and 0.007, respectively, whereas negative correlations were observed with AT and WS, with correlation coefficients (r) of -0.168 and -0.150, respectively. The lifetime cancer risk (LCR) value for benzene was reported to be higher in children, followed by females and males, for the pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic periods. A nationwide scale-up of this study's findings might be useful in formulating future air pollution reduction policies associated with a reduction in health risk factors. Furthermore, the present study provides baseline data for future studies on the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the air quality of a region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability (Institute of Eminence), University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Sayed Sartaj Sohrab
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamir A. Alandijany
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saumya Kumari
- Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Arathi Nair
- Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Sweety Kumari
- Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Kriti Mehra
- Department of Life Science, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Khyati Chowdhary
- Department of Life Science, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Shakilur Rahman
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Esam Ibraheem Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Chang CL, Chen HT, Chen CY, Chen EY, Lin KT, Jung CC. Gas-phase and PM 2.5-bound phthalates in nail salons: characteristics, exposure via inhalation, and influencing factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:6146-6158. [PMID: 35987852 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of, exposure to, and factors influencing gas-phase and PM2.5-bound phthalates (PAEs) in nail salons. Data on both indoor and outdoor gas-phase and PM2.5-bound PAEs, carbon dioxide (CO2), temperature, and relative humidity were collected in nail salons. We also used questionnaires to survey building characteristics and occupants' behaviors. The average total gas-phase and PM2.5-bound PAE concentrations indoors were higher than those outdoors by 6 and 3 times, respectively. Diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the predominant compounds among both the gas-phase and PM2.5-bound PAEs in indoor air. The volume of the salon's space or the difference of indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations (dCO2) was significantly associated with indoor PAE concentrations. The ratios of PM2.5-bound to gas-phase PAEs, especially high-molecular-weight PAEs, were positively associated with the dCO2 concentrations. Higher ratios of indoor to outdoor PM2.5-bound DiBP, DnBP, and DEHP concentrations were discovered when more clients visited each day. Building characteristics, ventilation conditions, and occupants' activities have influences on the gas-phase and particle-phase PAEs. The study identifies the characteristics of gas-phase and PM2.5-bound PAEs in nail salons and their influencing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Chang
- Department of Cosmetology and Health Care, Min-Hwei Junior College of Health Care Management, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Tzu Chen
- Department of Cosmetology and Health Care, Min-Hwei Junior College of Health Care Management, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Chen
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, School of Safety and Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Occupational Environment and Food Safety Research Center, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - En-Yu Chen
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung City, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Lin
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung City, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Cheng Jung
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung City, 40402, Taiwan.
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Badyda AJ, Rogula-Kozłowska W, Majewski G, Bralewska K, Widziewicz-Rzońca K, Piekarska B, Rogulski M, Bihałowicz JS. Inhalation risk to PAHs and BTEX during barbecuing: The role of fuel/food type and route of exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 440:129635. [PMID: 36027742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The manuscript presents an innovative and holistic approach to quantifying PAHs and BTEX emissions from the grilling process and indicates a novel driven-toxicity-based solution to recognize health effects related to BBQ emissions. The exposure scenario includes the type of grilling device, food type, and individual attitudes, but also a keen understanding of the broad health implications related to the gaseous/particulate PAHs emission, or age-related effects. The calculated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) associated with the exposure to PAH congeners and BTEX indicates an unacceptable level in the case of charcoal and briquette grilling with the highest values for professional cooks. The sum of 15 PAH concentrations in grilled foods was highest for meat grilling over charcoal briquettes - 382,020.39 ng/m3 and lowest for meat grilling on a gas grill - 1442.16 ng/m3. The emissions of BTEX from lump charcoal grilling were 130 times higher compared to the gaseous grill. In all considered scenarios lump-charcoal and charcoal briquettes grilling derive the ILCR above the 10-4, indicating negative effects of traditional grills on human health. The paper completes knowledge of wide-ranging health implications associated with BBQs, a topic that is almost completely unaddressed among the scientific community and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Jerzy Badyda
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro- and Environmental Engineering, 20 Nowowiejska St., PL00-653 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska
- The Main School of Fire Service, Safety Engineering Institute, 52/54 Słowackiego St., PL01-629, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Majewski
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 159 Nowoursynowska St., PL02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Bralewska
- The Main School of Fire Service, Safety Engineering Institute, 52/54 Słowackiego St., PL01-629, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Widziewicz-Rzońca
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Skłodowska-Curie St., PL41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Barbara Piekarska
- Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards, Allergology and Immunology, 1 Banacha St., PL00-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Rogulski
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro- and Environmental Engineering, 20 Nowowiejska St., PL00-653 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Stefan Bihałowicz
- The Main School of Fire Service, Safety Engineering Institute, 52/54 Słowackiego St., PL01-629, Warsaw, Poland
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9
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AbdolkhaniNezhad T, Monavari SM, Khorasani N, Robati M, Farsad F. Comparative analytical study of the results of environmental risk assessment of urban landfills approach: bowtie, network analysis techniques (ANP), TOPSIS (case study: Gilan Province). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:854. [PMID: 36205805 PMCID: PMC9540170 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Most landfill projects run in a dynamic and complex environment; therefore, uncertainty and risk are inherent. To improve the performance and reduce the damage caused by waste, risk study and its management have become necessary in implementing landfill location projects. As a result of the biodegradation of organic matter in waste, landfills produce various materials such as leachate, and gas. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct environmental risk assessments so that the destructing factors and their effects on the environment can be identified, and subsequently, control and management solutions offered. In the present study, the author has identified the most critical risks of construction phases and operation of landfills in Gilan province, using the Analytic Network Process (ANP), Delphi, and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) techniques. According to the results, the environmental sector represents the highest risk in the construction and operation phases. Therefore, solutions for reducing or eliminating adverse outcomes have been proposed according to the bowtie method. Solutions to reduce or eliminate the adverse effects of leachate leakage from the landfill floor that causes pollution and infiltration into groundwater: installation of a conventional control system. Routing of landfill gases by passing soil filters at the highest points of landfills using the bowtie method is recommended. The results showed that anthropogenic activities related to sanitary landfilling of waste have greatly affected Gilan province in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talieh AbdolkhaniNezhad
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Monavari
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nematollah Khorasani
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Robati
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Farsad
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Rouhani A, Azimzadeh H, Sotoudeh A, Ehdaei A. Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Archaeological Soils of Tappe Rivi Impacted by Ancient Anthropogenic Activity. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Liu Y, Liu Y, Yang H, Wang Q, Cheng F, Lu W, Wang J. Occupational health risk assessment of BTEX in municipal solid waste landfill based on external and internal exposure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 305:114348. [PMID: 34953222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) released from landfills have received increased attention because of their health risks. In this study, individual external and internal exposures of BTEX in a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill were simultaneously studied for the first time. Eight workers from the landfill (as the case group) and eight control subjects were enrolled in the study. In total, 88 air samples and 232 urine samples (194 samples from the case group and 38 samples from the control group) were obtained from 2018 to 2019. According to the results of external exposure monitoring, benzene was the predominant component of BTEX, and the exposure level was higher in winter than in other seasons. Carcinogenic (RiskT) and noncarcinogenic (HIT) risks were calculated based on a dose-response model. The RiskT (1.64 × 10-8-1.09 × 10-6) might exceeded the limit, whereas HIT (9.84 × 10-4-1.40 × 10-2) was within their thresholds. Benzene was the major contributor to both RiskT and HIT. Internal exposures were evaluated by measuring urinary metabolites of BTEX. Levels of urinary BTEX metabolites for case group were higher than those for control group. A remarkable increase in urinary metabolites was observed from the urine samples of the case group after their shift compared with those before their shift. t,t-MA, the metabolite of benzene, was found to exceed the biomonitoring guidance limits of both China and the United States of America. Landfills can be considered as a potential BTEX exposure source for landfill employees. Minimizing occupational exposures and appropriate personal protective equipment are needed in reducing BTEX exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Odor Pollution Control, Tianjin Academy of Ecoenvironmental Sciences, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huiyuan Yang
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Guodian Technology & Environment Group Corporation Limited, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jianbing Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
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Investigation of the Presence Volatile Organic Compounds (BTEX) in the Ambient Air and Biogases Produced by a Shiraz Landfill in Southern Iran. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14021040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The generation and emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) affects the environment and air quality, playing an important role in global warming, depletion of atmospheric ozone and emission of unpleasant odors, but also directly affect human health. This study investigated the health risks of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX) compounds and biogas released in and around the municipal landfill. Sampling of the VOCs was carried out by the 1501NIOSH method from 8 points over 5 months. The samples were analyzed for BTEX in the ambient air of the landfill, resulting in 0.03–18.09 ppm concentrations, while for biogases a 0.08–25.2 ppm range was found. Assessment of definite health and potential risks showed that the lifetime cancer risk (LCR) for benzene and hazard quotient (HQ) for the BTEX components in all studied sampling sites are higher than the acceptable standard. The high concentration of benzene measured in ambient air indicated that petroleum compounds containing benzene and its derivatives have the highest value in the category of BTEX compounds among all emissions. Therefore, high concentrations of volatile compounds derived from VOCs, especially benzene, should be reduced at the site with control engineering measures.
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Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Supported on Carbon Nitride as a Peroxymonosulfate Activator for the Efficient Degradation of Paraxylene. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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