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Hussen Ahmed H, Astatike H, Fekadu S, Mekonen S. Analyzing Factors Affecting Farmers' Safe Pesticide Handling Practices in Southwest of Ethiopia: Implications for Policy. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2024; 18:11786302241256495. [PMID: 38828043 PMCID: PMC11141214 DOI: 10.1177/11786302241256495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Pesticides play a crucial role in enhancing agricultural productivity by controlling pests. However, inadequate pesticide handling practices have a considerable adverse impact on human health. Nevertheless, there is limited knowledge regarding the extent of safe pesticide handling practices, particularly in low-income settings like Ethiopia. Hence, this study seeks to evaluate the implementation of safe pesticide handling practices and identify the factors associated with the status of the handling practices in low-income settings in Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was undertaken, involving 468 farmers randomly selected for participation. Data collection was carried out through structured questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. The analysis aimed to assess the proportion of safe pesticide handling practices (SPHP) and investigate the factors associated with SPHP was done using binary logistic regression. Explanatory variables with a P-value <0.25 were included in the final analysis. The factors were determined based on adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, P-value <.05. Model fit was evaluated using the Hosmer and Lemeshow tests. Results From the findings of our study, only 45.7% of farmers practiced SPHP, with factors such as education, experience, pesticide usage, and attitude toward safe practices influencing their practices. Farmers with education status primary and above were two times more likely to practice good handling of pesticides than those who didn't attend formal education. Farmers with a maximum of 5 years of experience in vegetable farming were 2.4 times more likely to exhibit good handling practices compared to their counterparts. Furthermore, farmers with favorable attitudes toward pesticide handling were 4.2 times more likely to engage in good pesticide handling practices than those with unfavorable attitudes. Therefore, the agricultural sectors, health sectors, and farmer associations should focus on these factors in order to mitigate the health risks associated with poor pesticide handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawi Hussen Ahmed
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Higemengist Astatike
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Samuel Fekadu
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Seblework Mekonen
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Water and Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Ahmad MF, Ahmad FA, Alsayegh AA, Zeyaullah M, AlShahrani AM, Muzammil K, Saati AA, Wahab S, Elbendary EY, Kambal N, Abdelrahman MH, Hussain S. Pesticides impacts on human health and the environment with their mechanisms of action and possible countermeasures. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29128. [PMID: 38623208 PMCID: PMC11016626 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are chemical constituents used to prevent or control pests, including insects, rodents, fungi, weeds, and other unwanted organisms. Despite their advantages in crop production and disease management, the use of pesticides poses significant hazards to the environment and public health. Pesticide elements have now perpetually entered our atmosphere and subsequently contaminated water, food, and soil, leading to health threats ranging from acute to chronic toxicities. Pesticides can cause acute toxicity if a high dose is inhaled, ingested, or comes into contact with the skin or eyes, while prolonged or recurrent exposure to pesticides leads to chronic toxicity. Pesticides produce different types of toxicity, for instance, neurotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and endocrine disruption. The toxicity of a pesticide formulation may depend on the specific active ingredient and the presence of synergistic or inert compounds that can enhance or modify its toxicity. Safety concerns are the need of the hour to control contemporary pesticide-induced health hazards. The effectiveness and implementation of the current legislature in providing ample protection for human health and the environment are key concerns. This review explored a comprehensive summary of pesticides regarding their updated impacts on human health and advanced safety concerns with legislation. Implementing regulations, proper training, and education can help mitigate the negative impacts of pesticide use and promote safer and more sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Faruque Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad
- Department of Basic and Applied Science, School of Engineering and Science, G.D Goenka University, Gururgram, Haryana, 122103, India
| | - Abdulrahman A. Alsayegh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Zeyaullah
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushayt Campus, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. AlShahrani
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushayt Campus, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khursheed Muzammil
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushayt Campus, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Ali Saati
- Department of Community Medicine & Pilgrims Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab Y. Elbendary
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahla Kambal
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H. Abdelrahman
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sohail Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Bhandari G, Chiaia-Hernández AC, Atreya K, Geissen V, Singh SP. Knowledge and practices of commercial banana farmers related to pesticide use in Chitwan district, Nepal; a cross-sectional study and meta-analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1490. [PMID: 37978088 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12093-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of farmers to pesticides due to inadequate safety measures is a concern in low-income countries in Africa and Asia. However, until now, there have been limited studies on the farmers' risk due to pesticide application to fruit crops. The knowledge of farmers' exposure related to pesticide use and their safety practices was studied among 100 banana farmers in three areas (Padampur, Jagatpur, and Thimura) of Chitwan district, Nepal. More than 75% of the farmers complained about problems related to insects. Most frequently used insecticides in the area were chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin. Ten percent (10%) of the applied pesticides were highly hazardous to humans, according to the World Health Organization hazard category, with skin rash being the most common acute symptom reported by 29% of the farmers. Banned organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides, such as endosulfan and triazophos, respectively, are still being used by farmers in the aforementioned areas. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed the lack of knowledge and safety practices among farmers leading to inadequate awareness related to the negative effects of pesticide use on human health and the environment. Therefore, government extension service can play a crucial role in improving banana farmers' knowledge of the toxic effects of pesticides as well as enforcing the Nepali language in the labeling of pesticide containers and packages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Bhandari
- Progressive Sustainable Developers Nepal (PSD-Nepal), Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Aurea C Chiaia-Hernández
- Institute of Geography & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kishor Atreya
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources Management, Institute of Forestry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Watershed Management and Environmental Science, Institute of Forestry (Pokhara Campus), Tribhuvan University, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sheelendra Pratap Singh
- Toxicokinetics laboratory, ASSIST Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
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Dabholkar S, Pirani S, Davis M, Khan M, Eddleston M. Suicides by pesticide ingestion in Pakistan and the impact of pesticide regulation. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:676. [PMID: 37041526 PMCID: PMC10088141 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suicide is a major public health problem in Pakistan, accounting to approximately 19,331 deaths every year. Many are due to consumption of acutely toxic pesticides; however, there is a lack of national suicide data, limiting knowledge and potential for intervention. In this paper, we aimed to review the literature on pesticide self-poisoning in Pakistan to identify the most problematic pesticides in relation to national pesticide regulations. METHODS Information on the currently registered and banned pesticides was obtained from Ministry of National Food Security and Research while data on pesticide import and use was extracted from FAOSTAT. We searched the following sources for articles and research papers on poisoning in Pakistan: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), Google Scholar, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA), Excerpta Medica (EMBASE), National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE (PUBMED), PS102YCHINFO and Pakmedinet.com using the search terms 'self-poisoning', 'deliberate self-harm', 'suicide', 'methods and means of suicide', 'organophosphate', 'wheat pill', 'aluminium phosphide', 'acute poisoning', OR 'pesticides', AND 'Pakistan'. RESULTS As of May 2021, 382 pesticide active ingredients (substances) were registered in Pakistan, of which five were WHO hazard class Ia (extremely hazardous) and 17 WHO hazard class Ib (highly hazardous). Twenty-six pesticides, four formulations, and seven non-registered pesticides had been banned, of which two were WHO class Ia and five Ib. We identified 106 hospital-level studies of poisoning conducted in Pakistan, of which 23 did not mention self-poisoning cases and one reported no suicidal poisoning cases. We found no community or forensic medicine studies. Of 52,323 poisoning cases identified in these papers, 24,546 [47%] were due to pesticides. The most commonly identified pesticide classes were organophosphorus (OP) insecticides (13,816 cases, 56%) and the fumigant aluminium phosphide (3 g 56% tablets, often termed 'wheat pills'; 686 cases, 2.7%). Few studies identified the particular pesticides involved or the resulting case fatality. CONCLUSION We found pesticide poisoning to be a major cause of poisoning in Pakistan, with OP insecticides and the fumigant aluminium phosphide the main pesticides identified. Withdrawal of Class I pesticides (as proposed to occur nationally in 2022) and high concentration aluminium phosphide tablets should rapidly reduce suicidal deaths by reducing the case fatality for low-intention poisoning cases. National cause of death data and forensic toxicology laboratory data identifying the pesticides responsible for deaths will be important to assess impacts of the proposed national ban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Dabholkar
- Centre For Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, QMRI E3.22a, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Shahina Pirani
- Department of Psychiatry, & Brain & Mind Institute, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mark Davis
- Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Murad Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, & Brain & Mind Institute, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Michael Eddleston
- Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Residue levels and risk assessment of pesticides in litchi and longan of China. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Boateng KO, Dankyi E, Amponsah IK, Awudzi GK, Amponsah E, Darko G. Knowledge, perception, and pesticide application practices among smallholder cocoa farmers in four Ghanaian cocoa-growing regions. Toxicol Rep 2022; 10:46-55. [PMID: 36583134 PMCID: PMC9792701 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in Ghana, especially in cocoa farming. However, the practice is suboptimal and unsupervised. Incorrect use of these chemicals can seriously harm human health, the environment, and economies that rely on these farmers' output. The study assessed cocoa farmers' pesticide knowledge, practices, and risk perception. Four hundred and four cocoa farmers were chosen randomly from 26 communities in four cocoa-growing regions of Ghana to answer questions about their risk knowledge, awareness, and practices, including personal protective equipment, storage and disposal of leftover pesticides, and used containers. The study revealed that 87% of the respondents belonged to cooperatives and certification groups. There was a significant positive relationship between group membership and benefits derived from inputs and training in pesticide use. About 70% of insecticides used were approved by the Ghana Cocoa Board, with neonicotinoids and pyrethroids being the most highly used insecticide classes in cocoa farms. Although farmers claimed adequate pesticide knowledge, this did not translate into practice, with the majority exhibiting improper pesticide storage, application, and disposal practices. Farmers appeared to know a lot but lacked the skills and attitude to put their knowledge to use. The improper practices appear to manifest in a variety of health symptoms experienced by farmers as a result of chemical exposure. The findings from this study suggest that cocoa farmers in Ghana require adequate practical training and support on pesticide use to reduce their associated health risks, protect the environment and ensure sustainable cocoa production in the world's second-largest cocoa bean exporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwame Osei Boateng
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
| | - Enock Dankyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac Kingsley Amponsah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
| | | | - Emmanuel Amponsah
- Department of Planning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
| | - Godfred Darko
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana,Corresponding author.
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Ren Z, Jiang H. Risk cognition, agricultural cooperatives training, and farmers' pesticide overuse: Evidence from Shandong Province, China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1032862. [PMID: 36478731 PMCID: PMC9720126 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1032862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pesticides are widely and excessively used in the world. Reducing pesticide overuse is an important measure to protect the environment and human health. Methods Based on the survey data of 518 farmers in Shandong Province, China, using the Logit model to empirically test the effect of risk cognition on farmers' pesticide overuse behavior and the moderating effect of cooperatives training on the effect of risk cognition on farmers' pesticide overuse behavior. Results and discussion We found that 21.24% of farmers overused pesticides. The three dimensions of risk cognition have significant negative effects on farmers' behavior of excessive pesticide use, among which the human health risk cognition has the largest impact (0.74), followed by food safety risk cognition (0.68) and ecological environment risk cognition (0.63). Cooperatives training has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between risk cognition and pesticide overuse behavior, that is, when risk cognition matches farmers participating in cooperatives training, the effect on reducing pesticide overuse is more significant. Years of education, planting scale and detection frequency of pesticide residues have significant effects on farmers' pesticide overuse. Conclusions The government should help farmers reduce pesticide overuse by improving risk cognition, developing agricultural cooperatives and perfecting guarantee conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Ren
- Business School, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Haonan Jiang
- Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Haonan Jiang
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Chittrakul J, Sapbamrer R, Hongsibsong S. Exposure to organophosphate insecticides, inappropriate personal protective equipment use, and cognitive performance among pesticide applicators. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1060284. [PMID: 36466523 PMCID: PMC9712794 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1060284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) among pesticide applicators may increase urinary organophosphate (OP) metabolite levels and subsequently increase risks of cognitive performance. Therefore, this study aims to (1) compare urinary OP metabolite levels and cognitive performance between pre-and post-pesticide application seasons; (2) PPE use and factors associated with PPE use linked to increased urinary OP metabolite levels during pesticide application; and (3) the association between urinary OP metabolite levels and cognitive performance. This longitudinal follow-up study on 79 pesticide applicators was carried out between October 2021 and January 2022. The applicators were interviewed, collected urine samples, and tested for cognitive performance in pre-and post-pesticide application seasons. The results found that the levels of urinary OP metabolites in post-application season were significantly higher than those in pre-application season (p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis found that increased total diethylphosphate (DEP) and total dialkylphosphate (DAP) levels were associated with not wearing gloves while mixing pesticides [beta (β) ± standard error (SE) = -43.74 ± 18.52, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = -80.84, -6.64 for total DEP and -50.84 ± 19.26, 95% CI = -89.41, -12.26 for total DAP] and also with not wearing a mask while spraying pesticides (β ± SE = -31.76 ± 12.24, 95% CI = -56.28, -7.24 for total DEP and -33.20 ± 12.63, 95% CI = -58.49, -7.92 for total DAP) after adjusting for covariates. The scores of Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Thai, Thai Mental State Examination, and Mini-Cognitive test in post-pesticide application were significantly lower than those in pre-pesticide application (p < 0.001). However, no association was found between urinary OP metabolite levels and cognitive decline. Our findings indicate that inappropriate PPE use during pesticide application was the major factor affecting urinary OP metabolite levels among pesticide applicators. Wearing gloves when mixing pesticides and a mask when spraying pesticides were key factors in reducing occupational exposure to OP. Exposure to OP at low levels and for short periods of exposure may not affect cognitive performance significantly. Therefore, long-term exposure and exposure to high levels of OP should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Chittrakul
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ratana Sapbamrer
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,*Correspondence: Ratana Sapbamrer ;
| | - Surat Hongsibsong
- School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Zhang X, Tian L, Sun Z, Wu Q, Shan X, Zhao Y, Chen R, Lu J. A molecule-imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensor based on self-accelerated Ru(bpy)32+@ZIF-7 for ultra-sensitive detection of procymidone. Food Chem 2022; 391:133235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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A Life Cycle Analysis to Optimally Manage Wasted Plastic Pesticide Containers. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Wasted Plastic Pesticide Containers (WPPC) represent the end-of-life cycle of used agrochemicals. Optimal treatment of these containers is necessary to protect both human health and the environment. In Europe, WPPC are typically rinsed after use and landfilled along with commingled Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). There seems to be no Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology in the international literature to compare the environmental impacts of the WPPC management methods. The goal of this work was to perform an LCA to quantify the environmental impacts of seven alternative scenarios to treat and dispose of Wasted Plastic Pesticide Containers and rank them according to their environmental footprints. Thirty-one WPPCs were sampled, triple-rinsed and an analysis of their residual active pesticide was performed. Those residuals amounts were included in the LCA when assembling the WPPC unit. The scenario in which WPPC are separately collected and recycled resulted in the lowest net environmental impacts. Scenario 5 (50% recycling and 50% incineration) and scenario 6 (50% recycling and 50% landfilling) were the next environmentally optimal technologies, while the landfilling scenario resulted in the highest environmental impacts. A sensitivity analysis was performed, using different impact assessment methods, different transportation distances and different types of landfills and incinerators. The residual pesticide amount did not alter the ranking of the management scenarios. Triple rinsing was found to render all wasted containers as non-hazardous wastes.
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Imran I, Ansari A, Saleem S, Azhar A, Zehra S. Insights of OPs and PYR cytotoxic potential Invitro and genotoxic impact on PON1 genetic variant among exposed workers in Pakistan. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9498. [PMID: 35680920 PMCID: PMC9184543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Different pesticide chemicals are used to enhance crop yield by protecting from pests. Organophosphate (OPs) and Pyrethroid (PYR) are used in fields of Sanghar, Sindh Pakistan. PON1 an antioxidant enzyme implicated in OPs detoxification may predispose by OPs chronic exposure. This study was conducted to evaluate the toxic potential of active pesticide chemicals at cellular and genetic levels. To examine toxic potential, locally consumed pesticide n = 2 and reference pesticide compounds organophosphate (OPs): Chloropyrifos, Malathion and Pyrethroid (PYR): Cyprmethrin, Cyhalothrin n = 4 were tested against NIH 3T3 cells using MTS assay. Local consumer pesticides demonstrated relevance for half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) 0.00035 mg/mL with selected compound. Malathion IC50 exhibited the highest cytotoxicity among four compounds at 0.0005 mg/mL. On genotoxicity analysis in exposed subjects n = 100 genotypes and alleles n = 200 exhibited significant differences in genotypic and allelic frequencies of pesticide exposed subjects and controls n = 150 (X2 = 22.9, p = 0.001). Screening of genotypes were performed by PCR- RFLP. Statistical assessment carried out using online software and tools. Results suggested that higher heterozygous genotype A/G (74%) may confer low PON1 metabolic activity towards pesticides in exposed subjects. Findings could be helpful to establish health plans by avoiding toxic chemicals that harming exposed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iffat Imran
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Asma Ansari
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Saima Saleem
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Abid Azhar
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sitwat Zehra
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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Karami R, Ahmadi N. Moderating role of locus of control over health belief model: a study of horticulturists' protective behavior. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-12. [PMID: 35261533 PMCID: PMC8891430 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02928-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The widespread prevalence of using chemical substances such as fertilizers and pesticides in garden threatens the health of horticulturists. This study aimed to investigate the underlying elements of protective behavior of horticulturists from psychological aspects. The health Belief Model is the theoretical basis of this study and moderating the role of locus of control is explored over the model. The target population of study was horticulturists of Zanjan County, Iran. A questionnaire was distributed among a random sample of 293, who were selected using multi stage stratified sampling. The study results revealed that all elements of the proposed theory significantly influence the protective behavior. Furthermore, the study results confirmed the moderating effects of locus of control on the path relation between perceived profit and cues to action with protective behavior. The suggestions to improve protective behavior for individual with internal and external locus of control are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Karami
- Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, P. O. Box 19395-4697 Iran
| | - Nasrin Ahmadi
- Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, P. O. Box 19395-4697 Iran
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Kuang L, Xu G, Tong Y, Li H, Zhang J, Shen Y, Cheng Y. Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Chinese Litchis. J Food Prot 2022; 85:98-103. [PMID: 34525192 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The presence of pesticide residues in fruit has been of extensive concern worldwide. Pesticide residues in 150 litchi samples collected in the People's Republic of China were measured, and the dietary exposure risks to consumers were evaluated. The litchi samples were screened by gas chromatography and ultraperformance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the possible presence of 57 pesticides. Seventeen pesticides were detected, and 70.7% of samples contained residues of one or more pesticides. The most frequently detected pesticide (36% of samples) was diflubenzuron. Carbofuran in one sample exceeded its maximum residue limit by 125%. In dietary exposure assessments, all concentrations below the limit of detection (LOD) were calculated as 0, 0.5 × the LOD, or at the LOD separately, and these assessments indicated that the chronic health risks from these dietary exposures were extremely low. For acute exposures, carbofuran was at 11.08% of the acute reference dose, and all other pesticides were <2% of the acute reference dose. The findings indicated that the presence of pesticide residues in litchis should not be considered a public health problem. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Kuang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng) and Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng) and Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Tong
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng) and Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifei Li
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng) and Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng) and Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, People's Republic of China
| | - Youming Shen
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng) and Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng) and Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, People's Republic of China
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Wadani ZH, Azam I, Irfan M, Fatmi Z. Pesticides Use and Impaired Lung Function Among Male Agricultural Farmers in Rural Sindh, Pakistan. Asia Pac J Public Health 2021; 34:230-235. [PMID: 34911377 DOI: 10.1177/10105395211065647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Use of pesticides implicated in decrement in lung function, manifested as restrictive or obstructive dysfunction or both. Using comparative cross-sectional study design, authors conducted the study to determine an association of pesticide use with impairment in lung function (restrictive/obstructive pattern of lung function) among agricultural farmers. The data were collected using modified American Thoracic Society Division of Lung Disease (ATS-DLD-78A) questionnaire and spirometer measurements. Using multinomial logistic regression, the risk of both restrictive and obstructive lung dysfunction was found to be almost twice among pesticides users with each increasing year of exposure to pesticides (1.92 and 1.95, respectively) after adjusting for other covariates. There is a need for reliable monitoring and reporting procedures along with appropriate environmental policies and regulations for handling of pesticides. Interventional studies are needed where farmers could be trained on the proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) to limit the exposure to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hyder Wadani
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Azam
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Fatmi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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