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Rostami MS, Khodaei MM, Benassi E. Surface modified of chitosan by TiO 2@MWCNT nanohybrid for the efficient removal of organic dyes and antibiotics. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133382. [PMID: 38914389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Considering the increase in the discharge of industrial effluents containing dyes and antibiotic resistance as a consequence of increasing the prescription and easy distribution of antibiotic drugs at the global level, designing efficient, biodegradable and non-toxic absorbents is necessary to reduce environmental harm effects. Herein, we present a series of novel eco-friendly ternary hybrid nanocomposite hydrogels CS/TiO2@MWCNT (CTM) composed of chitosan (CS), TiO2, and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) for removal of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) and common antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) in aqueous medium. The combination of MWCNT and TiO2 improves the physicochemical properties of CS hydrogel and increases the adsorption capacity toward pollutants in the presence of different loadings. CTM hydrogel showed a specific surface area of 236.45 m2 g-1 with a pore diameter of 7.89 nm. Adsorption mechanisms were investigated in detail using kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies of adsorption as well as various spectroscopic techniques. Adsorption of these pollutants by CTM nanocomposite hydrogel occurred using various interactions at different pHs, which showed the obvious dependence of CTM adsorption capacity on pH. Electrostatic attractions, complex formation, π-π stacking and hydrogen bonds played a key role in the adsorption process. The adsorption of MB, MO, and CIP was fitted with the Langmuir isotherm with maximum adsorption capacities of 531.91, 1763.6, and 1510.5 mg g-1, respectively. CTM had a minor decrease in adsorption strength and showed good structural stability even after 8 adsorptions-desorption cycles. The total cost of producing a 1 kg adsorbent was calculated to be $ 450, which helped us determine the economic feasibility of the adsorbent in large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Khodaei
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Razi University, 67149-67346 Kermanshah, Iran; Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center, Razi University, 67149-67346 Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Enrico Benassi
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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2
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Jiang R, Xiao M, Zhu HY, Zhao DX, Zang X, Fu YQ, Zhu JQ, Wang Q, Liu H. Sustainable chitosan-based materials as heterogeneous catalyst for application in wastewater treatment and water purification: An up-to-date review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133043. [PMID: 38857728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Water pollution is one of serious environmental issues due to the rapid development of industrial and agricultural sectors, and clean water resources have been receiving increasing attention. Recently, more and more studies have witnessed significant development of catalysts (metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal-organic frameworks, zero-valent metal, etc.) for wastewater treatment and water purification. Sustainable and clean catalysts immobilized into chitosan-based materials (Cat@CSbMs) are considered one of the most appealing subclasses of functional materials due to their high catalytic activity, high adsorption capacities, non-toxicity and relative stability. This review provides a summary of various upgrading renewable Cat@CSbMs (such as cocatalyst, photocatalyst, and Fenton-like reagent, etc.). As for engineering applications, further researches of Cat@CSbMs should focus on treating complex wastewater containing both heavy metals and organic pollutants, as well as developing continuous flow treatment methods for industrial wastewater using Cat@CSbMs. In conclusion, this review abridges the gap between different approaches for upgrading renewable and clean Cat@CSbMs and their future applications. This will contribute to the development of cleaner and sustainable Cat@CSbMs for wastewater treatment and water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Jiang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering Technology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, PR China; Taizhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Functional Materials Development and Application, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, PR China
| | - Mei Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering Technology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, PR China
| | - Hua-Yue Zhu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering Technology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, PR China; Taizhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Functional Materials Development and Application, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, PR China.
| | - Dan-Xia Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering Technology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, PR China
| | - Xiao Zang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering Technology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, PR China
| | - Yong-Qian Fu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, PR China; Taizhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Functional Materials Development and Application, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, PR China
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering Technology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR China.
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 1137 Alumni Avenue, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
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Jing L, Shi T, Chang Y, Meng X, He S, Xu H, Yang S, Liu J. Cellulose-based materials in environmental protection: A scientometric and visual analysis review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172576. [PMID: 38649055 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
As sustainable materials, cellulose-based materials have attracted significant attention in the field of environmental protection, resulting in the publication of numerous academic papers. However, there is a scarcity of literature that involving scientometric analysis within this specific domain. This review aims to address this gap and highlight recent research in this field by utilizing scientometric analysis and a historical review. As a result, 21 highly cited articles and 10 mostly productive journals were selected out. The scientometric analysis reveals that recent studies were objectively clustered into five interconnected main themes: extraction of cellulose from raw materials and its degradation, adsorption of pollutants using cellulose-based materials, cellulose-acetate-based membrane materials, nanocellulose-based materials, and other cellulose-based materials such as carboxymethyl cellulose and bacterial cellulose for environmental protection. Analyzing the distribution of author keywords and thoroughly examining relevant literature, the research focuses within these five themes were summarized. In the future, the development of eco-friendly and cost-effective methods for extracting and preparing cellulose and its derivatives, particularly nanocellulose-based materials, remains an enduring pursuit. Additionally, machine learning techniques holds promise for the advancement and application of cellulose-based materials. Furthermore, there is potential to expand the research and application scope of cellulose-based materials for environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liandong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Institute of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tianyu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Institute of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yulung Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Xingliang Meng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Shuai He
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Institute of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hang Xu
- School of Material Science & Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Shengtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Institute of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Institute of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Manojkumar U, Kaliannan D, Balasubramanian B, Kamyab H, Vasseghian Y, Chelliapan S, Senthilkumar P. A novel photocatalytic degradation of mixed dye through chemically synthesized ZnO/Fe 2O 3 nanocomposite. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:221. [PMID: 38849635 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02000-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
This study reported the synthesis and assessment of zinc oxide/iron oxide (ZnO/Fe2O3) nanocomposite as photocatalysts for the degradation of a mixture of methylene red and methylene blue dyes. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms that the crystallite of zinc oxide (ZnO) has a hexagonal wurtzite phase and iron oxide (Fe2O3) has a rhombohedral phase. Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrum confirms the presence of Zn-O vibration stretching at 428, 480 and 543 cm-1 stretching confirming Fe-O bond formation. Scanning Electron Microscope images exhibited a diverse size and shape of the nanocomposites. The ZnO-90%/Fe2O3-10% and ZnO-10%/Fe2O3-90% nanocomposites reveal good photocatalytic activity with reaction rate constants of 1.5 × 10-2 and 0.66 × 10-2; and 1.3 × 10-2 and 0.60 × 10-2 for methylene blue and methyl red dye respectively. The results revealed that the synthesized ZnO/Fe2O3 nanocomposite is the best catalyst for dye degradation and can be used for industrial applications in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utaiyachandran Manojkumar
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Energy and Environmental Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
| | - Durairaj Kaliannan
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Energy and Environmental Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
| | | | - Hesam Kamyab
- Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600 077, India.
- Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, UTE University, Calle Rumipamba S/N and Bourgeois, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
- University Centre for Research and Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan
- Department of Smart Engineering and Advanced Technology, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Palaninaicker Senthilkumar
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Energy and Environmental Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India.
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Hamad H, Samy M, Bailón-García E, Bezverkhyy I, Skompska M, Carrasco-Marín F, Pérez-Cadenas AF. Cellulose-based materials in tailoring a novel defective titanium‑carbon‑phosphorus hybrid composites for highly efficient photocatalytic activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132304. [PMID: 38744361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Until now, black titania has attracted much interest as a potential photocatalyst. In this contribution, we report the first demonstration of the effective strategy to fundamentally improve the photocatalytic performance using a novel sustainable defective titanium‑carbon-phosphorous (TCPH) hybrid nanocomposite. The prepared TCPH was used for photocatalytic degradation of the main organic pollutants, which is methyl orange (MO) dye. The physico-chemical properties of as-prepared samples were characterized by various techniques to observe the transformations after carbonization and the interaction between different composite phases. The existence of Ti+3 and oxygen vacancies at the surface, and a notable increase in surface area, are all demonstrated by TCPH, together with the distinct core-shell structure. These unique properties exhibit excellent photocatalytic performance due to the boosted charge transport and separation. The highest degradation efficiency of methyl orange (MO) was attained in the case of TCPH when compared with titanium-cellulose-phosphorous (TCeP) and titanium‑carbon-phosphorous (TCPN). Accordingly, the highest degradation efficiency was achieved by applying the optimal operational conditions of 1 g/L of TCPH catalyst, 10 mg/L of MO, pH of 7 and the temperature at 25 ± 3 °C after 3 min under LED lamp (365 nm) with light intensity 100 mW/cm2. The degradation mechanism was investigated, and the trapping tests showed the dominance of hydroxyl radicals in the degradation of MO. TCPH showed high stability under a long period of operation in five consecutive cycles, which renders the highly promising on an industrial scale. The fabrication of highly active defective titanium‑carbon-phosphorous opens new opportunities in various areas, including water splitting, and CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Hamad
- UGR-Carbon, Materiales Polifuncionales Basados en Carbono, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias - Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente Universidad de Granada (UEQ-UGR), 18071 Granada, Spain; Fabrication Technology Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Alexandria, Egypt; Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mahmoud Samy
- Department of Public Works Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Esther Bailón-García
- UGR-Carbon, Materiales Polifuncionales Basados en Carbono, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias - Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente Universidad de Granada (UEQ-UGR), 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Igor Bezverkhyy
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870-21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Magdalena Skompska
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Francisco Carrasco-Marín
- UGR-Carbon, Materiales Polifuncionales Basados en Carbono, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias - Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente Universidad de Granada (UEQ-UGR), 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Agustín F Pérez-Cadenas
- UGR-Carbon, Materiales Polifuncionales Basados en Carbono, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias - Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente Universidad de Granada (UEQ-UGR), 18071 Granada, Spain
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Ali F, Mehmood S, Ashraf A, Saleem A, Younas U, Ahmad A, Bhatti MP, Eldesoky GE, Aljuwayid AM, Habila MA, Bokhari A, Mubashir M, Chuah LF, Chong JWR, Show PL. Ag–Cu Embedded SDS Nanoparticles for Efficient Removal of Toxic Organic Dyes from Water Medium. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Ali
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Saira Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Aimon Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Umer Younas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Awais Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Universidad de Cordoba, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396, E14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Gaber E. Eldesoky
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Muteb Aljuwayid
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Habila
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Punjab 54000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lai Fatt Chuah
- Faculty of Maritime Studies, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Roy Chong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, India 602105
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7
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Photocatalytic Organic Contaminant Degradation of Green Synthesized ZrO2 NPs and Their Antibacterial Activities. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10030156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles is an efficient, simple, and chemical-free method of producing nanoparticles. The present work reports the synthesis of Murraya koenigii-mediated ZrO2 nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) and their applications as a photocatalyst and antibacterial agent. Capping and stabilization of metal oxide nanoparticles were achieved by using Murraya koenigii leaf extract. The optical, structural, and morphological valance of the ZrO2 NPs were characterized using UV-DRS, FTIR, XRD, and FESEM with EDX, TEM, and XPS. An XRD analysis determined that ZrO2 NPs have a monoclinic structure and a crystallite size of 24 nm. TEM and FESEM morphological images confirm the spherical nature of ZrO2 NPs, and their distributions on surfaces show lower agglomerations. ZrO2 NPs showed high optical absorbance in the UV region and a wide bandgap indicating surface oxygen vacancies and charge carriers. The presence of Zr and O elements and their O=Zr=O bonds was categorized using EDX and FTIR spectroscopy. The plant molecules’ interface, bonding, binding energy, and their existence on the surface of ZrO2 NPs were established from XPS analysis. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using ZrO2 NPs was examined under visible light irradiation. The 94% degradation of toxic MB dye was achieved within 20 min. The antibacterial inhibition of ZrO2 NPs was tested against S. aureus and E. coli pathogens. Applications of bio-synthesized ZrO2 NPs including organic substance removal, pathogenic inhibitor development, catalysis, optical, and biomedical development were explored.
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Gadore V, Mishra SR, Ahmaruzzaman M. Green and environmentally sustainable fabrication of SnS 2 quantum dots/chitosan nanocomposite for enhanced photocatalytic performance: Effect of process variables, and water matrices. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 444:130301. [PMID: 36403450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concerns over the availability of clean water and the quality of treated wastewater are significant problems that call for an appropriate solution to improve the water quality. The present work emphasized the synthesis of novel SnS2 quantum dots (QDs) deposited on chitosan via a facile green precipitation method involving neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract and investigating its photocatalytic performance for the degradation of Crystal violet (CV) dye under varying reaction parameters, other organic and inorganic salts and water matrices. The crystal structure, surface morphology, and elemental composition of the prepared SnS2 (QDs)/Ch composite were evaluated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence (PL) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) techniques. The average size of SnS2/Chitosan nanoparticles was calculated to be 8.8 nm using XRD, with the average diameter of SnS2 QDs to be 3.3 nm from TEM. UV-visible spectroscopy was used to investigate its optical properties. The direct band gap of SnS2/Chitosan estimated from Tauc's plot came to be 2.5 eV. The prepared novel SnS2/Ch composite showed outstanding photocatalytic activity for the degradation of CV through the Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP). The fabricated photocatalyst caused 98.60 ± 1.34 % degradation of CV within a short period of 70 min under optimum conditions. The photodegradation reaction followed pseudo-first-order rate kinetics with a rate constant of 0.0815 min-1. Furthermore, the photocatalyst showed high stability and was reusable for up to four cycles. The present work fulfils the aim of designing a novel, green, and efficient visible light-active nano-photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Gadore
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, 788010 Assam, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, 788010 Assam, India
| | - Md Ahmaruzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, 788010 Assam, India.
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Ilyas A, Rafiq K, Abid MZ, Rauf A, Hussain E. Growth of villi-microstructured bismuth vanadate (Vm-BiVO 4) for photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye. RSC Adv 2023; 13:2379-2391. [PMID: 36741159 PMCID: PMC9838550 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07070g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, villi-microstructured Au-loaded BiVO4 photocatalysts were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method. The as-synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, Raman, UV-Vis-DRS, PL, SEM and EDX techniques. The presence of metallic Au on the surface of Vm-BiVO4 support boosts the photocatalytic performance to degrade toxic crystal violet dye. The enhanced activities were attributed to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Au which efficiently broadens the visible light response. SPR increases the electron population in Vm-BiVO4 and forms a Schottky barrier at the interface between Au and Vm-BiVO4 which enhances the separation efficiency of photoinduced charges. Various factors affecting photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet (CV) were studied to find optimum conditions. In addition, a radical trapping study indicates that ˙O2 - is the main active species in the degradation process of cationic CV dye. All photocatalytic degradation reactions were monitored by UV-Vis spectrophotometry (PerkinElmer/λ-365).
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfa Ilyas
- Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Materials Laboratory 52S, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur63100Pakistan+92-302-6500254
| | - Khezina Rafiq
- Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Materials Laboratory 52S, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur63100Pakistan+92-302-6500254
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan Abid
- Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Materials Laboratory 52S, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur63100Pakistan+92-302-6500254
| | - Abdul Rauf
- Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Materials Laboratory 52S, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur63100Pakistan+92-302-6500254
| | - Ejaz Hussain
- Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Materials Laboratory 52S, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur63100Pakistan+92-302-6500254
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Jamaleddin Peighambardoust S, Camilla Boffito D, Foroutan R, Ramavandi B. Sono-photocatalytic activity of sea sediment@400/ZnO catalyst to remove cationic dyes from wastewater. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet on titanium dioxide/graphene aerogel doped sulfur. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pt-Chitosan-TiO2 for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution via Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer Mechanism under Visible Light. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154673. [PMID: 35897848 PMCID: PMC9330878 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pt-chitosan-TiO2 charge transfer (CT) complex was synthesized via the sol-gel and impregnation method. The synthesized photocatalysts were thoroughly characterized, and their photocatalytic activity were evaluated toward H2 production through water reduction under visible-light irradiation. The effect of the preparation conditions of the photocatalysts (the degree of deacetylation of chitosan, addition amount of chitosan, and calcination temperature) on the photocatalytic activity was discussed. The optimal Pt-10%DD75-T200 showed a H2 generation rate of 280.4 μmol within 3 h. The remarkable visible-light photocatalytic activity of Pt-chitosan-TiO2 was due to the CT complex formation between chitosan and TiO2, which extended the visible-light absorption and induced the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT). The photocatalytic mechanism of Pt-chitosan-TiO2 was also investigated. This paper outlines a new and facile pathway for designing novel visible-light-driven photocatalysts that are based on TiO2 modified by polysaccharide biomass wastes that are widely found in nature.
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Imran M, Murtaza B, Ansar S, Shah NS, Haq Khan ZU, Ali S, Boczkaj G, Hafeez F, Ali S, Rizwan M. Potential of nanocomposites of zero valent copper and magnetite with Eleocharis dulcis biochar for packed column and batch scale removal of Congo red dye. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 305:119291. [PMID: 35427680 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The current study is the first attempt to prepare nanocomposites of Eleocharis dulcis biochar (EDB) with nano zero-valent Copper (nZVCu/EDB) and magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs/EDB) for batch and column scale sequestration of Congo Red dye (CR) from synthetic and natural water. The adsorbents were characterized with advanced analytical techniques. The impact of EDB, MNPs/EDB and nZVCu/EDB dosage (1-4 g/L), pH (4-10), initial concentration of CR (20-500 mg/L), interaction time (180 min) and material type to remove CR from water was examined at ambient temperature. The CR removal followed sequence of nZVCu/EDB > MNPs/EDB > EDB (84.9-98% > 77-95% > 69.5-93%) at dosage 2 g/L when CR concentration was increased from 20 to 500 mg/L. The MNPs/EDB and nZVCu/EDB showed 10.9% and 20.1% higher CR removal than EDB. The adsorption capacity of nZVCu/EDB, MNPs/EDB and EDB was 212, 193 and 174 mg/g, respectively. Freundlich model proved more suitable for sorption experiments while pseudo 2nd order kinetic model well explained the adsorption kinetics. Fixed bed column scale results revealed excellent retention of CR (99%) even at 500 mg/L till 2 h when packed column was filled with 3.0 g nZVCu/EDB, MNPs/EDB and EDB. These results revealed that nanocomposites with biochar can be applied efficiently for the decontamination of CR contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari-Campus, 61100, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Behzad Murtaza
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari-Campus, 61100, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Sabah Ansar
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor Samad Shah
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari-Campus, 61100, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ul Haq Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari-Campus, 61100, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ali
- Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; EkoTech Center, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Farhan Hafeez
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Tobe Camp, Abbottabad Campus, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan; Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
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14
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Yaseen M, Farooq S, Khan A, Shah N, Shah LA, Bibi S, Khan IU, Ahmad S.
CuO‐SiO
2
based nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterization, photocatalytic, antileishmanial, and antioxidant studies. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yaseen
- Department of Chemistry Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan
| | - Saima Farooq
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences University of Nizwa Nizwa Oman
| | - Abbas Khan
- Department of Chemistry Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan
| | - Nasrullah Shah
- Department of Chemistry Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan
| | - Luqman Ali Shah
- National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry University of Peshawar Peshawar Pakistan
| | - Shaista Bibi
- Department of Chemistry Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan
| | - Imdad Ullah Khan
- Department of Biotechnology Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Zoology Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan
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15
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Pompeu LD, Muraro PCL, Chuy G, Vizzotto BS, Pavoski G, Espinosa DCR, da Silva Fernandes L, da Silva WL. Adsorption for rhodamine b dye and biological activity of nano-porous chitosan from shrimp shells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:49858-49869. [PMID: 35220543 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present work aims to evaluate the removal capacity of Rhodamine B dye (RhB) using nano-porous chitosan (NC) from shrimp shells. NC was characterized by XRD, SEM-EDS, N2 porosimetry, zeta potential (ZP), FTIR, DLS, and zero charge point (pHZCP). Compound central rotational design (CCRD) was used to determine the ideal condition and antimicrobial activity was evaluated against different strains. NC showed characteristic of semi-crystalline material with negative charge surface (around - 21.13 mV), and SBET = 1.12 m2 g-1, Vp = 0.0064 cm3 g-1, Dp = 32.09 nm and pHZCP ≈ 7.98. Kinetic adsorption showed the pseudo first-order model had the best fit, with adsorption capacity (q1) between 3.78 and 64.43 mg g-1 and pseudo first-order kinetic constant (k1) between 0.066 and 0.052 min-1. Sips model best described the equilibrium data, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 505.131 mg g-1. Antimicrobial activity was observed at 0.25 mg mL-1 for different strains. Therefore, NC has potential application in the removal of the dye, combining sustainable development associated with nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenise Deon Pompeu
- Nanoscience Graduate Program, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Chuy
- Nanoscience Graduate Program, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Giovani Pavoski
- Polytechnical School of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Photocatalytic Efficiency of Titanium Dioxide for Dyes and Heavy Metals Removal from Wastewater. BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING & CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.17.2.13948.430-450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The hazardous toxicity of dye materials, even in low concentrations, harms ecological systems. It releases a large number of contaminants into the water, resulting as waste water. Dyes prevent the process of photosynthesis by obstructing light passage, lowers the oxygen levels dissolved in the water. Also, a good number of the dyes and heavy metals are carcinogenic and mutagenic to human beings. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a promising technology for removing organic, inorganic, and microbial pollutants from water and wastewater. It is preferable to other conventional wastewater treatment approaches due to its benefit, such as low cost, environmental friendliness, ability to proceed at ambient temperature and pressure conditions, and to completely degrade pollutants into environmentally safe products with suitable measures. The titanium oxide (TiO2) is one of the most promising material that has gained enormous importance in the field of energy and environmental applications. The unique physicochemical properties of TiO2 make it one of the best candidates among existing photocatalysts. This review provides an overview of strategies employed to augment its catalytic performance as well as the impact of different operational parameters on the removal proficiency of various organic and inorganic pollutants in water and wastewater treatment. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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17
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Hasnan NSN, Mohamed MA, Anuar NA, Abdul Sukur MF, Mohd Yusoff SF, Wan Mokhtar WNA, Mohd Hir ZA, Mohd Shohaimi NA, Ahmad Rafaie H. Emerging polymeric-based material with photocatalytic functionality for sustainable technologies. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Green synthesized CeO2 nanowires immobilized with alginate-ascorbic acid biopolymer for advance oxidative degradation of crystal violet. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Wang X, Li X, Wang X, Zhao M, Chen W, Wu H, Jia J. Immobilization of bismuth oxychloride on cellulose nanocrystal for sunlight-driven superior photosensitized degradation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:398-408. [PMID: 35245571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Semiconductor photocatalysis is considered to be an important green technology for sewage treatment. However, most of the pollutant degradation studies used simulated sunlight in a laboratory, which has great energy cost with limited applications in industry. Herein, cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) with rich hydroxyl groups and high specific surface area are used as the matrix to construct composites with BiOCl, which improves the dispersibility with an increased number of oxygen vacancies on BiOCl. The obtained composite photocatalyst, i.e., BiOCl/CNC, showed an excellent performance with good recyclability. Within 30 min, 99% of RhB (20 mg/L) was degraded under simulated visible light and 94% under natural sunlight. The reaction system maintains excellent catalytic performance after being scaled up by 10×. Compared with reported BiOCl-based composites in literature, BiOCl/CNC had excellent photocatalytic activity for the RhB degradation with good recyclability. Subsequently, by identifying the active species, a reasonable photocatalytic mechanism was proposed for RhB degradation. This work developed an economical and effective visible light sensitive photocatalyst for the treatment of organic dyes in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China; Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, PR China
| | - Xueting Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Man Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
| | - Haishun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
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20
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Liao J, Huang H. Preparation, Characterization and Gelation of a Fungal Nano Chitin Derived from Hericium erinaceus Residue. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:474. [PMID: 35160463 PMCID: PMC8838266 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano chitin is a promising biocompatible material with wide applications. In this work, a fungal-derived nano chitin was prepared from Hericium erinaceus residue via mineral/protein purification and subsequent TEMPO-mediated oxidation. The structure, dispersity, and gelation ability of the prepared fungal nano chitin were studied. The results showed that the average length and width of the prepared fungal nano chitin were 336.6 nm and 6.4 nm, respectively, and the aspect ratio exceeded 50:1. The nano chitin retained the basic structure of chitin, while the crystallization index was improved. In addition, the dispersity of the nano chitin in aqueous media was evaluated by the effective diameter, and the polydispersion index was mainly affected by pH and ionic strength. Under acetic acid "gas phase coagulation", the prepared nano chitin dispersions with mass concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8% were converted into gels by enhanced hydrogen bond crosslinking between nano chitins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China;
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Huihua Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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21
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The Synthesis of Magnetic Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for the Removal of Reactive Orange 12 Dye. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9417542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the nanofabrication of magnetic calcium ferrite (CaFe2O4) with nitrogen-doped graphene oxide (N-GO) via facile ultrasonication method to produce CaFe2O4/N-GO nanocomposite for the potential removal of reactive orange 12 (RO12) dye from aqueous solution. The successful construction of the nanocomposite was confirmed using different characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The magnetic properties were studied using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) indicating ferromagnetic behavior of the synthesized materials that facilitate their separation using an external magnetic field after adsorption treatment. The addition of N-GO to CaFe2O4 nanoparticles enhanced the BET surface area from 24 to 52.93 m2/g as resulted from the N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm. The adsorption of the synthesized nanomaterials is controlled by several parameters (initial concentration of dye, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and pH), and the RO12 dye removal on the surface of CaFe2O4 nanoparticles and CaFe2O4/N-GO nanocomposite was reached through the chemisorption process as indicated from the kinetic study. The adsorption isotherm study indicated that the adsorption process of RO12 dye was best described through the Langmuir isotherm approving the monolayer adsorption. According to the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity for RO12 was 250 and 333.33 mg/g for CaFe2O4 nanoparticles and CaFe2O4/N-GO nanocomposite, respectively. The adsorption capacity offered by CaFe2O4/N-GO nanocomposite was higher than reported in the literature for adsorbent materials. Additionally, the regeneration study indicated that CaFe2O4/N-GO nanocomposite is reusable and cost-effective adsorbent. Therefore, the nanofabricated CaFe2O4/N-GO hybrid material is a promising adsorbent for water treatment.
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22
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Mushtaq S, Bi S, Zhang F, Naseer MM. Fully unsaturated all-carbon bifluorenylidene-based polymeric frameworks: synthesis and efficient photocatalysis. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02405e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated porous polymers with fully unsaturated all-carbon frameworks possess strong visible light-absorbing abilities, enabling efficient photodegradation of dye pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Mushtaq
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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