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Monroy-Licht A, Carranza-Lopez L, De la Parra-Guerra AC, Acevedo-Barrios R. Unlocking the potential of Eichhornia crassipes for wastewater treatment: phytoremediation of aquatic pollutants, a strategy for advancing Sustainable Development Goal-06 clean water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:43561-43582. [PMID: 38918295 PMCID: PMC11252183 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The 2030 Agenda, established in 2015, contains seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aimed at addressing global challenges. SDG-06, focused on clean water, drives the increase in basic sanitation coverage, the management of wastewater discharges, and water quality. Wastewater treatment could contribute to achieving 11 of the 17 SDGs. For this purpose, phytoremediation is a low-cost and adaptable alternative to the reduction and control of aquatic pollutants. The objective of this study is to highlight the role of macrophytes in the removal and degradation of these compounds, focusing on Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, commonly known as water hyacinth. The reported values indicate that this plant has a removal capacity of over 70% for metals such as copper, aluminum, lead, mercury, cadmium, and metalloids such as arsenic. Additionally, it significantly improves water quality parameters such as turbidity, suspended solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, and color. It also reduces the presence of phosphates, and nitrogen compounds to values below 50%. It also plays a significant role in the removal of organic contaminants such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and dyes. This study describes several valuable by-products from the biomass of the water hyacinth, including animal and fish feed, energy generation (such as briquettes), ethanol, biogas, and composting. According to the analysis carried out, E. crassipes has a great capacity for phytoremediation, which makes it a viable solution for wastewater management, with great potential for water ecosystem restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Monroy-Licht
- Chemistry and Biology Group, Chemistry and Biology Department, Universidad del Norte, 081007, Barranquilla, Colombia.
| | - Liliana Carranza-Lopez
- Medicine and Biotechnology Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Universidad Libre Sectional Barranquilla, Bacteriology Program, 080016, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Ana C De la Parra-Guerra
- Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, Universidad de La Costa, 080002, Barranquilla, Colombia
- Colombian Caribbean Biodiversity Research Group, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Atlántico, 081001, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Rosa Acevedo-Barrios
- Grupo de Investigación de Estudios Químicos y Biológicos, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, 130010, Cartagena, Colombia
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Balamanikandan V, Shalini R, Arisekar U, Shakila RJ, Padmavathy P, Sivaraman B, Devanesan S, Sundhar S, AlSalhi MS, Mythili R, Kim W. Bioaccumulation and health risk assessment of trace elements in Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from selected inland water bodies. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:187. [PMID: 38696018 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01909-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/17/2024]
Abstract
The presence of toxic trace elements (TEs) has resulted in a worldwide deterioration in freshwater ecosystem quality. This study aimed to analyze the distribution of TEs, including chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb), in water, sediment, and organs of Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) collected from selected inland water bodies in Tamil Nadu, India. The water samples exhibited a range of concentrations for TEs: Cr varied from 0.014 to 5.193 µg/L, Ni ranged from 0.283 to 11.133 µg/L, As ranged from 0.503 to 1.519 µg/L, Cd from 0.001 to 0.616 µg/L, and Pb ranged from non-detectable (ND) to 6.103 µg/L. The concentrations of TEs in sediment were found to vary within the following ranges: 5.259 to 32.621 mg/kg for Cr, 1.932 to 30.487 mg/kg for Ni, 0.129 to 0.563 mg/kg for As, 0.003 to 0.011 mg/kg for Cd, ND to 0.003 mg/kg for Hg, and 0.404 to 1.575 mg/kg for Pb. The study found that the accumulation pattern of TE in fishes across all selected areas was liver > bone > gill > muscle. The organs had TE concentrations of Cr (ND-0.769 mg/kg), Ni (ND-1.053 mg/kg), As (0.002-0.080 mg/kg), Pb (ND-0.411 mg/kg), and Hg (ND-0.067 mg/kg), which was below the maximum residual limit prescribed by EC and FSSAI. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of TEs exhibited a greater magnitude in comparison with the biota-sediment accumulation factor due to the higher concentration of TEs in fish and lower level in water. The assessment of both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks suggests that the consumption of Tilapia from the study region does not pose any significant risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Balamanikandan
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr.J.Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, 628 008, India
| | - Rajendran Shalini
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr.J.Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, 628 008, India.
| | - Ulaganathan Arisekar
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr.J.Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, 628 008, India.
| | - Robinson Jeya Shakila
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr.J.Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, 628 008, India
| | - Pandurangan Padmavathy
- Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr.J.Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, 628 008, India
| | - Balasubramanian Sivaraman
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr.J.Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, 628 008, India
| | - Sandhanasamy Devanesan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shanmugam Sundhar
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr.J.Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, 628 008, India
| | - Mohamad S AlSalhi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Mythili
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600 077, India
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Arisekar U, Shakila RJ, Shalini R, Sivaraman B, Karthy A, Al-Ansari MM, Dahmash Al-Dahmash N, Mythili R, Kim W, Ramkumar S, Kalidass B, Sangma SN. Diffusion of organochlorine (OCPs) and cypermethrin pesticides from rohu (Labeo rohita) internal organs to edible tissues during ice storage: a threat to human health. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:126. [PMID: 38483641 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The migration of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and cypermethrin residues from internal organs to edible tissues of ice-held Labeo rohita (rohu) was investigated in this study. The liver (246 µg/kg) had the highest level of ∑OCP residues, followed by the gills (226 µg/kg), intestine (167 µg/kg), and muscle tissue (54 µg/kg). The predominant OCPs in the liver and gut were endosulfan (53-66 µg/kg), endrin (45-53 µg/kg), and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT; 26-35 µg/kg). The ∑OCP residues in muscle increased to 152 µg/kg when the entire rohu was stored in ice, but they decreased to 129 µg/kg in gill tissues. On days 5 and 9, the total OCPs in the liver increased to 317 µg/kg and 933 µg/kg, respectively. Beyond day 5 of storage, total internal organ disintegration had led to an abnormal increase in OCP residues of liver-like mass. Despite a threefold increase in overall OCP residues by day 9, accumulation of benzene hexachloride (BHC) and heptachlor was sixfold, endrin and DDT were fourfold, aldrin was threefold, and endosulfan and cypermethrin were both twofold. Endosulfan, DDT, endrin, and heptachlor were similarly lost in the gills at a rate of 40%, while aldrin and BHC were also lost at 60 and 30%, respectively. The accumulation of OCP residues in tissues has been attributed to particular types of fatty acid derivatives. The study concluded that while pesticide diffusion to edible tissues can occur during ice storage, the levels observed were well below the allowable limit for endosulfan, endrin, and DDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulaganathan Arisekar
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, 628008, India.
| | - Robinson Jeya Shakila
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, 628008, India
| | - Rajendran Shalini
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, 628008, India.
| | - Balasubramanian Sivaraman
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, 628008, India
| | - Arjunan Karthy
- Department of Fishing Technology and Fisheries Engineering, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, 628008, India
| | - Mysoon M Al-Ansari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora Dahmash Al-Dahmash
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Mythili
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sugumar Ramkumar
- ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India
| | | | - Shannon N Sangma
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand, 825405, India
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Arisekar U, Shalini R, Jeya Shakila R, Abuthagir Iburahim S, Anantharaja K, Bharathi Rathinam R, Sundhar S. Selenium and mercury concentration, Se/Hg molar ratio and risk-benefit assessment of marine fish consumption: Human health risks and protective role of Se against Hg toxicity. Food Res Int 2024; 180:114086. [PMID: 38395583 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the concentrations of Se and Hg in marine fish along the Gulf of Mannar (southeast coast of India) and to assess related risks and risk-based consumption limits for children, pregnant women, and adults. Se concentrations in pelagic and benthic fish ranged from 0.278 to 0.470 mg/kg and 0.203 to 0.294 mg/kg, respectively, whereas Hg concentrations ranged from 0.028 to 0.106 mg/kg and 0.026 to 0.097 mg/kg, respectively. Se and Hg contents in demersal fish (Nemipterus japonicus) were 0.282 and 0.039 mg/kg, respectively. The lowest and highest Hg concentrations in pelagic fish were found in Scomberomorus commersoni and Euthynnus affinis whereas the lowest and highest Se concentrations in benthic fish were found in Scarus ghobban and Siganus javus. Se concentrations in marine fishes were found in the following order: pelagic > demersal > benthic whereas Hg concentrations were found in the following order: pelagic > benthic > demersal. The presence of Se in fish was positively correlated with trophic level (TL) and size whereas that of Hg was weakly correlated with TL and habitat and negatively correlated with size. Se risk-benefit analysis, the AI/RDI (actual intake/recommended daily intake) ratio was > 100 % and the AI/UL (upper limit) ratio was < 100 %, indicating that all fish have sufficient levels of Se to meet daily requirements without exceeding the UL. Hg level was below the maximum residual limit (MRL) of 0.5 mg/kg for most fish but it was 1 mg/kg in E. affinis and Lethrinus lentjan. The target hazard quotient (THQ < 1) and hazard index (HI < 1) imply that the consumption of fish poses no noncarcinogenic health risks. However, all examined fish had a mean Se/Hg molar ratio > 1, indicating that human intake of fishwas rather safe relative to Hg content. Health benefit indexes (Se-HBV and HBVse) with high positive values in all fish supported the protective effect of Se against Hg toxicity, suggesting the overall safety of fish consumption. The high Se/Hg ratio in fish could be attributed to the replacement of Se bound to Hg, thereby suppressing Hg toxicity and maintaining normal selenoprotein synthesis. This insight is useful for a better understanding of food safety analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulaganathan Arisekar
- Fisheries College and Research Institute (FC&RI), Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Rajendran Shalini
- Fisheries College and Research Institute (FC&RI), Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Robinson Jeya Shakila
- Fisheries College and Research Institute (FC&RI), Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kanagaraja Anantharaja
- Regional Research Centre of ICAR - Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bengaluru 560 089, Karnataka, India
| | - R Bharathi Rathinam
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400 061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shanmugam Sundhar
- Fisheries College and Research Institute (FC&RI), Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
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Arisekar U, Shalini R, Shakila RJ, Sundhar S, Afrin Banu AM, Iburahim SA, Umamaheshwari T. Trace metals in commercial seafood products (canned, pickled and smoked): Comparison, exposure and health risk assessment. Food Res Int 2024; 178:113969. [PMID: 38309917 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.113969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
This study used inductively coupled plasma and mass spectrometry, followed by microwave digestion, to assess the concentration of six trace metals (Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in three canned products (tuna in oil [TIO], sardine in oil [SIO], and mackerel in oil [MIO]), two pickled products (prawn pickle [PP] and fish pickle [FP]), and one smoked product (masmin) collected from Tuticorin market, southern India. Trace metal (TM) levels in canned, pickled, and smoked fish varied from 0.01 to 1.48, 0.009 to 0.94, and 0.08 to 4.13 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration of TMs in the seafood was observed in the following order: As > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cd > Hg. Regarding their accumulation in the seafood products, masmin showed the highest levels followed by SIO, MIO, TIO, FP, and PP. The results revealed that smoked products showed higher TM concentrations, followed by canned and pickled products. The level of TMs in seafood products was below the maximum residue limit set by the European Commission (EC/1881/2006) and the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). Risk assessment for consumer health implied that the evaluated target hazard quotient (THQ < 1), hazard index (HI < 1), and target cancer risk (TCR < 1.E-04) values did not exceed their guideline values and did not cause non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health impacts through seafood product consumption. The pollution index (Pi) values of TMs in seafood products ranged from 0.01 to 0.7, with As and Cd showing the lowest and highest values, which were below 0.7, indicating their safety for consumption. The metal pollution index (MPI) for TMs in seafood ranged from 9.E-05 to 0.007, with the lowest and highest values associated with PP and TIO products. The MPI value for seafood products was below 1, signifying low TMs accumulation, suggesting the safety of seafood for consumption. The maximum seafood meal consumption limit (CRmm) was calculated, showing that adults can safely consume > 16 meals/month without chronic or acute toxicity. The results of this study suggest that the accumulation of TMs in the analyzed seafood product was below the health guidelines and pollution index values, making it suitable for smooth domestic and international export as well as safe consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulaganathan Arisekar
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute (FC&RI), Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Rajendran Shalini
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute (FC&RI), Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Robinson Jeya Shakila
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute (FC&RI), Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugam Sundhar
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute (FC&RI), Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abdul Mujeeb Afrin Banu
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute (FC&RI), Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Thiravidalingam Umamaheshwari
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute (FC&RI), Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
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Luo F, Zhang F, Zhang W, Huang Q, Tang X. Distribution, Ecological Risk, and Source Identification of Heavy Metal(loid)s in Sediments of a Headwater of Beijiang River Affected by Mining in Southern China. TOXICS 2024; 12:117. [PMID: 38393212 PMCID: PMC10892579 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the contents of eight heavy metal(loid)s (As, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Sb and Tl) in 50 sediment samples from a headwater of Beijiang River were studied to understand their pollution, ecological risk and potential sources. Evaluation indexes including sediment quality guidelines (SDGs), enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), risk assessment code (RAC) and bioavailable metal index (BMI) were used to evaluate the heavy metal(loid)s pollution and ecological risk in the sediments. Pearson's correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to identify the sources of heavy metal(loid)s. The results showed that the average concentration of heavy metal(loid)s obviously exceeded the background values, except Cr. Metal(loid)s speciation analysis indicated that Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were dominated by non-residual fractions, which presented higher bioavailability. The S content in sediments could significantly influence the geochemical fractions of heavy metal(loid)s. As was expected, it had the most adverse biological effect to local aquatic organism, followed by Pb. The EF results demonstrated that As was the most enriched, while Cr showed no enrichment in the sediments. The assessment of Igeo suggested that Cd and As were the most serious threats to the river system, while Cr showed almost no contamination in the sediments. Heavy metal(loid)s in sediments in the mining- and smelting-affected area showed higher bioavailability. According to the results of the above research, the mining activities caused heavier heavy metal(loid)s pollution in the river sediment. Three potential sources of heavy metal(loid)s in sediment were distinguished based on the Pearson's correlation analysis and PCA, of which Cd, Pb, As, Zn, Sb and Cu were mainly derived from mining activities, Cr was mainly derived from natural sources, Tl was mainly derived from smelting activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Luo
- Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS/Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR&GZAR/International Research Center on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO, Guilin 541004, China; (F.L.); (Q.H.)
- Guangxi Karst Resources and Environment Research Center of Engineering Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Pingguo Guangxi, Karst Ecosystem, National Observation and Research Station, Pingguo 531406, China
| | - Fawang Zhang
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Regional Geological Survey of Guangxi, Guilin 541003, China;
| | - Qibo Huang
- Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS/Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR&GZAR/International Research Center on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO, Guilin 541004, China; (F.L.); (Q.H.)
- Guangxi Karst Resources and Environment Research Center of Engineering Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Pingguo Guangxi, Karst Ecosystem, National Observation and Research Station, Pingguo 531406, China
| | - Xing Tang
- Hunan Geological Testing Institute, Changsha 410007, China;
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Arisekar U, Shalini R, Sundhar S, R Sangma S, Bharathi Rathinam R, Albeshr MF, Alrefaei AF, Chanikya Naidu B, Kanagaraja A, M D S, J SP. De-novo exposure assessment of heavy metals in commercially important fresh and dried seafood: Safe for human consumption. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116672. [PMID: 37453502 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metals (HMs) in seafood are alarming due to their biomagnification in the food chain. The concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, and Ni in both fresh and dried fish were quantified, and the potential exposure and safe intake levels for human consumption were assessed by the European Commission (EC) and the Food Safety Standard Authority of India (FSSAI). HMs concentrations ranged from 0.003 mg/kg (Cr) to 2.08 mg/kg for (As) and 0.007 mg/kg (Hg) to 2.76 mg/kg (As). Cd, Hg, and Pb levels in fresh and dried fish were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by the EC and FSSAI, which were 0.1 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, and 0.3 mg/kg, respectively. Cr and As concentrations were also below the MRLs of 12 mg/kg and 76 mg/kg for aquatic products specified by FSSAI. The concentration of HMs in fresh and dried fish was found in the order of As > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd > Hg and As > Cd > Cr > Ni > Pb > Hg, while the fresh and dried fishes contained HMs in the following order: E. areolatus > S. longiceps > L.lentjen > S. barracuda > E. affinis > S. javus and DA > DS > DR > DB > DSF. The metal pollution index (MPI) validates seafood is HMs free, while the single (Pi) and Nemerow integrated pollution index (Pnw) indicate that concentrations of Cd and As in fresh and dried fish have exceeded the threshold value. The target hazard quotient (THQ<1), hazard index (HI < 1), and target cancer risk (TCR<10-4) indicate that there are no non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks through the consumption of seafood and seafood products collected from the Tuticorin coast and marketed at the domestic and international levels. The preliminary findings emphasize the importance of formulating domestic legislation/government initiatives to promote seafood and its consumption. The attainment of this objective shall be facilitated by examining the levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in seafood and evaluating its potential risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulaganathan Arisekar
- Fisheries College and Research Institute (FC&RI), Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Rajendran Shalini
- Fisheries College and Research Institute (FC&RI), Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Shanmugam Sundhar
- Fisheries College and Research Institute (FC&RI), Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shannon R Sangma
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Hazaribagh, 825405, Jharkhand, India
| | | | - Mohammed F Albeshr
- Department of Zoology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O.Box.2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei
- Department of Zoology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O.Box.2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Anantharaja Kanagaraja
- Regional Research Centre of ICAR - Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bengaluru, 560089, Karnataka, India
| | - Sahana M D
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saranya Packialakshmi J
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University (KHU), 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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Kumar Reddy CP, Manikandavelu D, Arisekar U, Albeshr MF, Alrefaei AF, Ahilan B, Keerthana M, Packialakshmi JS. Toxicological effect of endocrine disrupting heavy metal (Pb) on Mekong silurid Pangasius catfish, Pangasius hypophthalmus. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116033. [PMID: 37142082 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the effects of lead nitrate exposure on the enzymatical, haematological, and histological changes in the gill, liver, and kidney of Pangasius hypophthalmus. The fish were divided into six groups and treated with different Pb concentrations. The LC50 value of Pb was 55.57 mg/L at 96 h for P. hypophthalmus, and sublethal toxicity was assessed for 45 days at 1/5th (11.47 mg/L) and 1/10th (5.57 mg/L) of LC50 concentration. Enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, alkaline phosphate (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content increased significantly during sublethal toxicity of Pb. The reduction of HCT and PCV indicates an anemic condition due to the toxicity of Pb. Differential leucocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes and their % values significantly decreased, indicating Pb exposure. The main histological changes observed in the gills were the destruction of secondary lamellae, the fusion of adjacent gill lamellae, primary lamellae hypertrophy, and severe hyperplasia, while in kidney exposed to Pb showed melanomacrophages, increased periglomerular, peritubular space, vacuolation, shrunken glomerulus, destruction of tubular epithelium, and hypertrophy of distal convoluted segment. The liver showed severe necrosis and rupture of hepatic cells, hyper trepheoid bile duct, shifting of nuclei, and vascular hemorrhage, while in the brain, binucleus, mesoglea cells, vacuole, and ruptured nucleus were observed. In conclusion, P. hypophthalmus, which has been exposed to Pb has developed a number of toxicity markers. Consequently, prolonged exposure to higher Pb concentrations may be harmful to fish health. The findings strongly suggest that the lead had a detrimental impact on the P. hypophthalmus population, as well as on the water quality and non-target aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Manikandavelu
- Dr. M.G. R. Fisheies College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Ponneri, 601 204, India
| | - Ulaganathan Arisekar
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mohammed F Albeshr
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - B Ahilan
- Dr. M.G. R. Fisheies College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Ponneri, 601 204, India
| | - M Keerthana
- Department of Fisheries and Fishermen Welfare, Thoothukudi, 628 001, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - J Saranya Packialakshmi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University (KHU), 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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Arisekar U, Shakila RJ, Shalini R, Jeyasekaran G, Padmavathy P, Hari MS, Sudhan C. Accumulation potential of heavy metals at different growth stages of Pacific white leg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei farmed along the Southeast coast of Peninsular India: A report on ecotoxicology and human health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113105. [PMID: 35351458 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the heavy metal concentration in water, sediment, and shrimp at different growth stages of culture and subsequently evaluated the ecotoxicological and human health risk status. Total trace element concentration in the water, sediment and shrimp ranged from not detected (ND) (Hg) to 91.05 (Fe) μg/L, 0.01 (Hg) to 19, 246.33 (Fe) mg/kg, and ND (Hg) to 13.98 (Fe) mg/kg, respectively. Toxic metals such as, Cd, Hg, and Pb in shrimps ranged from ND to 2.11 mg/kg, ND to 0.158 mg/kg, ND to 0.088 mg/kg, and ND to 0.469 mg/kg, respectively. Toxic heavy metals at all the growth stages of shrimps (days of culture (DOC)-01 to DOC-90) were found below the maximum residual limit (MRL) of 0.5 mg/kg set by the European Commission (EC). Similarly, Cu, Zn, and As concentrations in shrimp were also far below the MRLs of 30 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 76 mg/kg set by the World Health Organization and Food Safety and Standard Authority of India, respectively. The concentration of heavy metals increased from DOC-01 to DOC-90 and was positively correlated with the length and weight of the shrimps (p < 0.05). The risk assessment was estimated for both Indians and Americans and found no carcinogenic (lifetime cancer risk (LCR) < 10-4) and non-carcinogenic (THQ and TTHQ<1) health risks through consumption of shrimp cultured in this region. The hazard quotient (HQdermal < 1), hazard index (HI < 1), and LCR (<10-4) values of the heavy metals indicated that the dermal absorption might not be a concern for the local fishermen and marine fish/shrimp farmworkers. Water and sediment quality indices were applied to assess the surface water and sediment quality, and their results were found nil to low levels of heavy metal contamination at all the sampling sites. All heavy metals studied in sediments were < effect range low (ERL) and < threshold effect level (TEL), indicating no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms. Therefore, regular monitoring of the shrimp aquaculture system throughout the crop will provide evidence of heavy metals bioaccumulation in shrimps. This research will provide baseline data to help farmers establish the optimal aquaculture practices and regulatory authorities to formulate legislation and strategies to reduce heavy metal biomagnification in shrimps from farm to fork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulaganathan Arisekar
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management Fisheries College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Robinson Jeya Shakila
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management Fisheries College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Rajendran Shalini
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management Fisheries College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Geevaretnam Jeyasekaran
- Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Nagapattinam, 611002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pandurangan Padmavathy
- Department of Aquatic Environment and Management Fisheries College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesan Sri Hari
- School of Fisheries, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odhisa, 761 211, India
| | - Chandran Sudhan
- Department of Fisheries Biology and Resources Management Fisheries College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
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Arisekar U, Shakila RJ, Shalini R, Jeyasekaran G, Padmavathy P. Effect of household culinary processes on organochlorine pesticide residues (OCPs) in the seafood (Penaeus vannamei) and its associated human health risk assessment: Our vision and future scope. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134075. [PMID: 35218780 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Food safety is crucial in today's competitive trading market, as it directly affects human health and promotes seafood exports. The effects of thermal processing (boiling, frying, grilling, and microwave cooking) on pesticide residues (PR) in P. vannamei were assessed. The PR in raw and processed shrimp ranged from 0.007 to 0.703 μg/kg for uncooked/raw, not detected (ND) to 0.917 μg/kg for boiled, ND to 0.506 μg/kg for fried, ND to 0.573 μg/kg for grilled and ND to 0.514 μg/kg for microwave cooked shrimps. The Endrin, endosulfan sulfate, and heptachlor were predominant PR found in the raw and processed shrimp. The PR content in raw and cooked shrimps were below the maximum residue limits (MRL) set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (2021) and the European Commission (86/363/1986 and 57/2007). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of PR from raw and processed shrimps were below the ADI prescribed by CAC. The hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard ratio (HR) values were <1, indicating no non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic health implications through shrimp consumption. The estimated maximum allowable shrimp consumption rate (CRlim) suggests an adult can eat >100 shrimp meals/month, which is over the USEPA's (2000)recommendation of >16 meals/month without health issues. The Effect of thermal processing was detected in the following order: boiling < grilling < frying < microwave cooking. The processing factor (PF < 0.7), paired t-test (t < 0.05), Tukey post hoc (p < 0.05) test, Bray-Curtis similarity index, and matrix plot exhibited that all the four thermal processing methods have a considerable impact on pesticides in the processed shrimps. But frying (59.4%) and microwave cooking (60.3%) reduced PR far beyond boiling (48.8%) and grilling (51.3%). Hence, we recommend frying and microwave processing are better methods for minimizing PR in seafood than boiling or grilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulaganathan Arisekar
- Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Robinson Jeya Shakila
- Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Rajendran Shalini
- Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Geevaretnam Jeyasekaran
- Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Nagapattinam, 611002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pandurangan Padmavathy
- Department of Aquatic Environment and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
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Arisekar U, Shakila RJ, Shalini R, Jeyasekaran G, Keerthana M, Arumugam N, Almansour AI, Perumal K. Distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals using geochemical normalization factors in the aquatic sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133708. [PMID: 35093419 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thamirabharani river acquires a noticeable quantity of sewage and agriculture waste from local inhabitants. The distribution of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the Thamirabharani river was analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma- Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to study the ecological risks. The heavy metal concentrations in the sediments ranged from 0.098 ± 0.03(Cd) to 159.181 ± 13.36 mg kg-1 (Fe). The Cd, Zn, Ni, Fe, and Mn concentrations in the sediments were above the US Environmental Protection Agency-Sediment Quality Guidelines. The fact that Cd, Co, and Cu concentrations at sites 4 and 5 exceeded the background values (BGVs) of 0.2, 13, and 32 mg kg-1 suggests anthropogenic activity, notably in the downstream of the river. The sediment contaminated with Cd is more evident, particularly in the estuarine region. The potential ecological risk index (150<PERI≤300) and ecological risk co-efficient (40 < Er < 80) revealed moderate ecological risk at the estuarine region (S5). There was a moderate level of pollution in the downstream region (S4 and S5) based on a geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), and the moderate degree of contamination (mCd) values. According to the geochemical normalization factors, the downstream region (sites 4 and 5) was moderately polluted than the upstream region (S1 and S2), which may affect the estuarine/marine ecosystem. This information may facilitate the relevant regulatory authorities to implement the requisite stringent monitoring program in the aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulaganathan Arisekar
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Robinson Jeya Shakila
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Rajendren Shalini
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - Natarajan Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman I Almansour
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karthikeyan Perumal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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