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Palanisamy S, Naidu BC, Venkatesh S, Porayil L, Balange AK, Nayak BB, Shaju S, Xavier M. Microplastic contamination in salt-cured fish and commercial sea salts: an emerging food safety threat in relation to UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33215-y. [PMID: 38613750 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) contamination in seafood, particularly processed varieties like dried and salt-cured fish, poses a significant threat to human health. This study investigated MP levels in 22 salt-cured fish species and commercial sea salts along the Indian east coast. Results showed substantially higher MP concentrations compared to global averages, with fragments and fibres (< 250 µm) composing 70% of identified MPs, primarily PVC and PS polymers (> 55%). Station 2 exhibited high pollution levels, with salt-cured fish averaging 54.06 ± 14.48 MP items/g and salt containing 23.53 ± 4.2 MP items/g, indicating a high hazard risk index. A modest correlation was observed between MP abundance, morphotypes, polymer composition in the salt, and their impact on fish products. Given the critical link between food safety, security, and public health, further research is imperative to mitigate MP contamination, aligning with UN Sustainable Development Goals (Goal 2, Goal 3, Goal 14, and Goal 15) for enhanced food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguna Palanisamy
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bejawada Chanikya Naidu
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandhiya Venkatesh
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Layana Porayil
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amjad Khansaheb Balange
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Binaya Bhusan Nayak
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sudheesan Shaju
- Department of Chemical Oceanography, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India
| | - Martin Xavier
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India.
- Present Address: Quality Assurance and Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri P.O., Kochi, 682029, Kerala, India.
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Arisekar U, Shalini R, Sundhar S, R Sangma S, Bharathi Rathinam R, Albeshr MF, Alrefaei AF, Chanikya Naidu B, Kanagaraja A, M D S, J SP. De-novo exposure assessment of heavy metals in commercially important fresh and dried seafood: Safe for human consumption. Environ Res 2023; 235:116672. [PMID: 37453502 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metals (HMs) in seafood are alarming due to their biomagnification in the food chain. The concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, and Ni in both fresh and dried fish were quantified, and the potential exposure and safe intake levels for human consumption were assessed by the European Commission (EC) and the Food Safety Standard Authority of India (FSSAI). HMs concentrations ranged from 0.003 mg/kg (Cr) to 2.08 mg/kg for (As) and 0.007 mg/kg (Hg) to 2.76 mg/kg (As). Cd, Hg, and Pb levels in fresh and dried fish were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by the EC and FSSAI, which were 0.1 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, and 0.3 mg/kg, respectively. Cr and As concentrations were also below the MRLs of 12 mg/kg and 76 mg/kg for aquatic products specified by FSSAI. The concentration of HMs in fresh and dried fish was found in the order of As > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd > Hg and As > Cd > Cr > Ni > Pb > Hg, while the fresh and dried fishes contained HMs in the following order: E. areolatus > S. longiceps > L.lentjen > S. barracuda > E. affinis > S. javus and DA > DS > DR > DB > DSF. The metal pollution index (MPI) validates seafood is HMs free, while the single (Pi) and Nemerow integrated pollution index (Pnw) indicate that concentrations of Cd and As in fresh and dried fish have exceeded the threshold value. The target hazard quotient (THQ<1), hazard index (HI < 1), and target cancer risk (TCR<10-4) indicate that there are no non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks through the consumption of seafood and seafood products collected from the Tuticorin coast and marketed at the domestic and international levels. The preliminary findings emphasize the importance of formulating domestic legislation/government initiatives to promote seafood and its consumption. The attainment of this objective shall be facilitated by examining the levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in seafood and evaluating its potential risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulaganathan Arisekar
- Fisheries College and Research Institute (FC&RI), Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Rajendran Shalini
- Fisheries College and Research Institute (FC&RI), Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Shanmugam Sundhar
- Fisheries College and Research Institute (FC&RI), Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shannon R Sangma
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Hazaribagh, 825405, Jharkhand, India
| | | | - Mohammed F Albeshr
- Department of Zoology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O.Box.2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei
- Department of Zoology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O.Box.2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Anantharaja Kanagaraja
- Regional Research Centre of ICAR - Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bengaluru, 560089, Karnataka, India
| | - Sahana M D
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saranya Packialakshmi J
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University (KHU), 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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M D S, Balange AK, Layana P, Naidu BC. Harnessing value and sustainability: Fish waste valorization and the production of valuable byproducts. Adv Food Nutr Res 2023; 107:175-192. [PMID: 37898539 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The valorization of by-products, that are residual materials resulting from commercial product manufacturing, holds significant potential in various industries such as food, agrochemical, medical, and pharmaceutical sectors. This chapter explores the utilization of fish waste as a means to achieve sustainability in fish resources and enhance the production of profitable products. By developing cost-effective technologies, the abundant global supply of fish by-products can be transformed into low-cost sources of proteins and functional hydrolysates. This alternative approach in the food industry utilizes fish and seafood waste to generate valuable compounds with nutritional and functional properties, surpassing those found in traditional mammal products. Despite being commonly discarded, fish heads, viscera, skin, tails, blood, and seafood shells contain a wealth ofminerals, lipids, amino acids, polysaccharides, and proteins suitable for human health applications. This chapter presents an exploration of the various products and bioactive compounds that can be derived from seafood waste, contributing to a more sustainable and value-driven future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana M D
- Department of Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amjad K Balange
- Department of Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
| | - P Layana
- Department of Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bejawada Chanikya Naidu
- Department of Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Rukmangada R, Naidu BC, Nayak BB, Balange A, Chouksey MK, Xavier KAM. Microplastic contamination in salted and sun dried fish and implications for food security - A study on the effect of location, style and constituents of dried fish on microplastics load. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 191:114909. [PMID: 37086549 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microplastics in 21 different species of marine dried fish products from four locations in India is reported in this study. All samples have microplastics, and majority of the MPs were found to be fragments (56 %) and are of <100 μm size (47 %). Eviscerated fish found to have significantly higher MPs than whole fish. Micro FTIR spectroscopy was used to recognize the polymer of identified MPs, which included polypropylene (21 %), low density polyethylene (17.5 %), polystyrene (15.5 %), and others. Anguilla bengalensis from station 1 had the greatest concentration of microplastics (99 ± 18.91 MPs/g) among all the samples. High value of microplastics polymer induced risk index (H) of different stations, suggesting a significant level of threat to consumer safety. Additional research is required to determine the potential effects on human health caused by consuming dried fish that contains variety of microplastics and their associated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Rukmangada
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Binaya Bhusan Nayak
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amjad Balange
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - K A Martin Xavier
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India.
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Naidu BC, Xavier KAM, Shukla SP, Jaiswar AK, Nayak BB. Microplastics in the foreshore coastal waters, sediment, and coastal fauna of a highly populated megacity - A study on the effect of anthropogenic discharge on clams. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 185:114262. [PMID: 36283152 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the microplastics (MPs) abundance, characteristics and their variations across three popular beaches of highly populated and largest megacity of India were documented using clams as an indicator species. The abundance of MPs in clams was 77.39 MPs items/g in soft tissue parts and 198.82 items/individual, while in coastal waters and sediments the abundance was 537.5 ± 95 items/L and 10,568.3 ± 3053.3 items/kg respectively. The observed higher microplastic diversity integrated (MDII) indicates numerous sources contributing to microplastics pollution and higher microplastic index (MPI) indicates greater bioavailability of MPs to clams. The bulk of the microplastics recovered from clams (55.78 %), coastal sediments (52.27 %) and coastal sea waters (54 %) belong to the <100 μm size range, and were identified as LDPE and polypropylene, polyamide and polystyrene. This investigation tried to validate the potential trophic transfer concerns associated with clam intake to both human health and marine ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bejawada Chanikya Naidu
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - K A Martin Xavier
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Satya Prakash Shukla
- Aquatic Environmental Management Department, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Jaiswar
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Binaya Bhusan Nayak
- Fisheries Resource Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India
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Mallik A, Xavier KAM, Naidu BC, Nayak BB. Ecotoxicological and physiological risks of microplastics on fish and their possible mitigation measures. Sci Total Environ 2021; 779:146433. [PMID: 33743469 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are widely distributed and extensively found within marine ecosystems, and approximately 8 million tons of plastics are being dumped into the sea annually. Once reached the marine environment, plastics tend to get fragmented into smaller particles through photo-degradation, mechanical and biological processes. These MPs have raised concerns globally due to their potential toxic impacts on a wide variety of aquatic fauna and humans. Ingested microplastics can cause severe health implications in fishes, including reduced feeding intensity, improper gill functioning, immuno-suppression, and compromised reproducibility. Several studies were also conducted to scrutinize MPs trophic transfer through the food chain from primary producers to top predators and their bioaccumulation. This paper briefly summarizes all the possible sources, routes, bioavailability, trophic transfer, and consequences of microplastics in fishes. The review article also intended to highlight various mitigation strategies like implementing Four R's concept (refuse, reduce, reuse, and recycle), integrated strategies, ban on single-use plastics, use bioplastics, and create behavioural changes with public awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Mallik
- Fishery Resource Harvest and Postharvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - K A Martin Xavier
- Fishery Resource Harvest and Postharvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Bejawada Chanikya Naidu
- Fishery Resource Harvest and Postharvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Binaya Bhusan Nayak
- Fishery Resource Harvest and Postharvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India
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