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Belova L, Roggeman M, Ouden FD, Cleys P, Ait Bamai Y, Yin S, Zhao L, Bombeke J, Peters J, Berghmans P, Gys C, van Nuijs ALN, Poma G, Covaci A. Identification, semi-quantification and risk assessment of contaminants of emerging concern in Flemish indoor dust through high-resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123475. [PMID: 38331241 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Indoor dust can contribute substantially to human exposure to known and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Novel compounds with high structural variability and different homologues are frequently discovered through screening of the indoor environment, implying that constant monitoring is required. The present study aimed at the identification and semi-quantification of CECs in 46 indoor dust samples collected in Belgium by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. Samples were analyzed applying a targeted and suspect screening approach; the latter based on a suspect list containing >4000 CECs. This allowed the detection of a total of 55 CECs, 34 and 21 of which were identified with confidence level (CL) 1/2 or CL 3, respectively. Besides numerous known contaminants such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) or tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) which were reported with detection frequencies (DFs) > 90%, several novel CECs were annotated. These included phthalates with differing side chains, such as decyl nonyl and decyl undecyl phthalate detected with DFs >80% and identified through the observation of characteristic neutral losses. Additionally, two novel organophosphate flame retardants not previously described in indoor dust, i.e. didecyl butoxyethoxyethyl phosphate (DDeBEEP) and bis(butoxyethyl) butyl phosphate (BBEBP), were identified. The implementation of a dedicated workflow provided semi-quantitative concentrations for a set of suspects. Such data obtained for novel phthalates were in the same order of magnitude as the concentrations observed for legacy phthalates indicating their high relevance for human exposure. From the semi-quantitative data, estimated daily intakes and resulting hazard quotients (HQs) were calculated to estimate the exposure and potential health effects. Neither of the obtained HQ values exceeded the risk threshold, indicating no expected adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Belova
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Paulien Cleys
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Environmental and Health Sciences (CEHS), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Jasper Bombeke
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Peters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Patrick Berghmans
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Celine Gys
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Musatadi M, Baciero-Hernández I, Prieto A, Olivares M, Etxebarria N, Zuloaga O. Development and evaluation of a comprehensive workflow for suspect screening of exposome-related xenobiotics and phase II metabolites in diverse human biofluids. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141221. [PMID: 38224745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Suspect and non-target screening (SNTS) methods are being promoted in order to decode the human exposome since a wide chemical space can be analysed in a diversity of human biofluids. However, SNTS approaches in the exposomics field are infra-studied in comparison to environmental or food monitoring studies. In this work, a comprehensive suspect screening workflow was developed to annotate exposome-related xenobiotics and phase II metabolites in diverse human biofluids. Precisely, human urine, breast milk, saliva and ovarian follicular fluid were employed as samples and analysed by means of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS). To automate the workflow, the "peak rating" parameter implemented in Compound Discoverer 3.3.2 was optimized to avoid time-consuming manual revision of chromatographic peaks. In addition, the presence of endogenous molecules that might interfere with the annotation of xenobiotics was carefully studied as the employment of inclusion and exclusion suspect lists. To evaluate the workflow, limits of identification (LOIs) and type I and II errors (i.e., false positives and negatives, respectively) were calculated in both standard solutions and spiked biofluids using 161 xenobiotics and 22 metabolites. For 80.3 % of the suspects, LOIs below 15 ng/mL were achieved. In terms of type I errors, only two cases were identified in standards and spiked samples. Regarding type II errors, the 7.7 % errors accounted in standards increased to 17.4 % in real samples. Lastly, the use of an inclusion list for endogens was favoured since it avoided 18.7 % of potential type I errors, while the exclusion list caused 7.2 % of type II errors despite making the annotation workflow less time-consuming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Musatadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Inés Baciero-Hernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Maitane Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
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Lu Y, Chow MK, Sun J, Tao D, Jin Q, Ren Y, Wang WX, He Y. Identification of Transformation Products of Organic UV Filters by Photooxidation and Their Differential Estrogenicity Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17110-17122. [PMID: 37851929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) are extensively released into aquatic environments, where they undergo complex phototransformation. However, there is little knowledge regarding their transformation products (TPs) and associated endocrine disruption potentials. In the present study, we characterized the chemical and toxicological profiles of TPs for two common OUVFs, oxybenzone (BP3) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), by photooxidation under environmentally relevant conditions. It is hypothesized that TPs of the tested OUVFs will show varied estrogenicity at different reaction times. High-resolution liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) identified 17 TPs of 7 m/z for BP-3 and 13 TPs of 8 m/z for EHMC at confidence levels ≤2. Five novel TPs of 2 m/z were reported for the first time with structure-diagnostic MS/MS spectra. Estrogenicity assessment using the MCF-7-luc cell line showed discrepant estrogenic activities exhibited by OUVF-TPs over time. Specifically, BP3-TPs exhibited significantly greater estrogenicity than the parent at several reaction times, whereas EHMC-TPs displayed fluctuating estrogenicity with a declining trend. Correlation analysis coupled with molecular docking simulations further suggested several TPs of BP3 as potential endocrine disruptive compounds. These findings underscore the necessity of considering mixtures during chemical testing and risk assessment and highlight the potentially greater risks associated with post-transformation cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Lu
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man Kwan Chow
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiaji Sun
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Danyang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qianqian Jin
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yuhe He
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Musatadi M, Andrés-Maguregi A, De Angelis F, Prieto A, Anakabe E, Olivares M, Etxebarria N, Zuloaga O. The role of sample preparation in suspect and non-target screening for exposome analysis using human urine. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139690. [PMID: 37541438 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of suspect and non-target screening (SNTS) for the characterization of the chemical exposome employing human biofluids is gaining attention. Among the biofluids, urine is one of the preferred matrices since organic xenobiotics are excreted through it after metabolization. However, achieving a consensus between selectivity (i.e. preserving as many compounds as possible) and sensitivity (i.e. minimizing matrix effects by removing interferences) at the sample preparation step is challenging. Within this context, several sample preparation approaches, including solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), salt-assisted LLE (SALLE) and dilute-and-shoot (DS) were tested to screen not only exogenous compounds in human urine but also their phase II metabolites using liquid-chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). Additionally, enzymatic hydrolysis of phase II metabolites was evaluated. Under optimal conditions, SPE resulted in the best sample preparation approach in terms of the number of detected xenobiotics and metabolites since 97.1% of the total annotated suspects were present in samples extracted by SPE. In LLE and SALLE, pure ethyl acetate turned out to be the best extractant but fewer suspects than with SPE (80.7%) were screened. Lastly, only 52.5% of the suspects were annotated in the DS approach, showing that it could only be used to detect compounds at high concentration levels. Using pure standards, the presence of diverse xenobiotics such as parabens, industrial chemicals (benzophenone-3, caprolactam and mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate) and chemicals related to daily habits (caffeine, cotinine or triclosan) was confirmed. Regarding enzymatic hydrolysis, only 10 parent compounds of the 44 glucuronides were successfully annotated in the hydrolysed samples. Therefore, the screening of metabolites in non-hydrolysed samples through SNTS is the most suitable approach for exposome characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Musatadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Asier Andrés-Maguregi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Francesca De Angelis
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Eneritz Anakabe
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Maitane Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
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Bowen TJ, Southam AD, Hall AR, Weber RJM, Lloyd GR, Macdonald R, Wilson A, Pointon A, Viant MR. Simultaneously discovering the fate and biochemical effects of pharmaceuticals through untargeted metabolomics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4653. [PMID: 37537184 PMCID: PMC10400635 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics is an established approach in toxicology for characterising endogenous metabolic responses to xenobiotic exposure. Detecting the xenobiotic and its biotransformation products as part of the metabolomics analysis provides an opportunity to simultaneously gain deep insights into its fate and metabolism, and to associate the internal relative dose directly with endogenous metabolic responses. This integration of untargeted exposure and response measurements into a single assay has yet to be fully demonstrated. Here we assemble a workflow to discover and analyse pharmaceutical-related measurements from routine untargeted UHPLC-MS metabolomics datasets, derived from in vivo (rat plasma and cardiac tissue, and human plasma) and in vitro (human cardiomyocytes) studies that were principally designed to investigate endogenous metabolic responses to drug exposure. Our findings clearly demonstrate how untargeted metabolomics can discover extensive biotransformation maps, temporally-changing relative systemic exposure, and direct associations of endogenous biochemical responses to the internal dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara J Bowen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew D Southam
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew R Hall
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ralf J M Weber
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gavin R Lloyd
- Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ruth Macdonald
- Animal Sciences and Technology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amanda Wilson
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amy Pointon
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark R Viant
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Belova L, Poma G, Roggeman M, Jeong Y, Kim DH, Berghmans P, Peters J, Salamova A, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A. Identification and characterization of quaternary ammonium compounds in Flemish indoor dust by ion-mobility high-resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 177:108021. [PMID: 37307605 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are a class of surfactants commonly used in disinfecting and cleaning products. Their use has substantially increased during the COVID-19 pandemic leading to increasing human exposure. QACs have been associated with hypersensitivity reactions and an increased risk of asthma. This study introduces the first identification, characterization and semi-quantification of QACs in European indoor dust using ion-mobility high-resolution mass spectrometry (IM-HRMS), including the acquisition of collision cross section values (DTCCSN2) for targeted and suspect QACs. A total of 46 indoor dust samples collected in Belgium were analyzed using target and suspect screening. Targeted QACs (n = 21) were detected with detection frequencies ranging between 4.2 and 100 %, while 15 QACs showed detection frequencies > 90 %. Semi-quantified concentrations of individual QACs showed a maximum of 32.23 µg/g with a median ∑QAC concentration of 13.05 µg/g and allowed the calculation of Estimated Daily Intakes for adults and toddlers. Most abundant QACs matched the patterns reported in indoor dust collected in the United States. Suspect screening allowed the identification of 17 additional QACs. A dialkyl dimethyl ammonium compound with mixed chain lengths (C16:C18) was characterized as a major QAC homologue with a maximum semi-quantified concentration of 24.90 µg/g. The high detection frequencies and structural variabilities observed call for more European studies on potential human exposure to these compounds. For all targeted QACs, drift tube IM-HRMS derived collision cross section values (DTCCSN2) are reported. Reference DTCCSN2 values allowed the characterization of CCS-m/z trendlines for each of the targeted QAC classes. Experimental CCS-m/z ratios of suspect QACs were compared with the CCS-m/z trendlines. The alignment between the two datasets served as an additional confirmation of the assigned suspect QACs. The use of the 4bit multiplexing acquisition mode with consecutive high-resolution demultiplexing confirmed the presence of isomers for two of the suspect QACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Belova
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Yunsun Jeong
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Division for Environmental Health, Korea Environment Institute (KEI), Sicheong-daero 370, Sejong 30147, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Berghmans
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Jan Peters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Amina Salamova
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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