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Tian Y, Dong X, Deng C, Fan Y, Yang D, Chen R, Chai W. Preparation and characterization of high-ash coal slime-based soil amendment as well as investigations of its adsorption performance and mechanisms towards heavy metals in soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142295. [PMID: 38729445 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, high-ash coal slime-based mineral soil amendment (MSA) was prepared via the hydrothermal method using high-ash coal slime as raw material, supplemented with activator calcium oxide and additive KOH solution. After hydrothermal treatment at 230 °C for 5 h, the original crystalline phase (quartz and kaolinite) of the high-ash slime was completely transformed into hydrotalcite zeolite, tobermorite, and silicate of potassium aluminosilicate, which has the largest specific surface area. The adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ was adherent to the kinetic equation of secondary adsorption and Freundlich models, and the removal of Pb2+ and Cd2+ reached up to 362.58 mg g-1 and 64.67 mg g-1. The successive releases of SiO2 and CaO from MSA conformed to the Elovich equation, whereas the releases of SiO2 in Cd-containing environments and CaO in Pb- and Cd-containing environments more closely conformed to the power function; the releases of K2O all conformed to the first-order kinetic equation. The presence of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in the environment promotes the release of potassium and calcium elements with MSA's ion-exchange ability, and attenuates the release of silicon elements. Combining Pb2+ and Cd2+ with silicon resulted in the intolerant precipitation of 3PbO·2SiO2 and Cd2SiO4. The mineral precipitation mechanism is the most important mechanism of MSA in immobilizing heavy metals, accounting for 72.7%-80.5% of the total adsorption. Further contaminated soil immobilization experiments also showed that the application of MSA significantly reduced the bioavailability of soil heavy metals. When the MSA addition amount was 1.6%, the residual state increased by 63.58%. In conclusion, preparing MSA may effectively utilize coal-based solid waste with high added value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Tian
- Department of Mineral Processing Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Ecological Mining, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xianshu Dong
- Department of Mineral Processing Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Ecological Mining, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Chunsheng Deng
- College of Safety and Emergency Management Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Key Lab of In-situ Modification of Deposit Properties for Improving Mining, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Yuping Fan
- Department of Mineral Processing Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Key Lab of In-situ Modification of Deposit Properties for Improving Mining, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; State Center for Research and Development of Oil Shale Exploitation, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruxia Chen
- Department of Mineral Processing Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Wenjing Chai
- Department of Mineral Processing Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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Yuan X, Liu B, Yang A, Zhang P, Li W, Su Y. In Situ Self-Growth of a ZnO Nanorod Array on Nonwoven Fabrics for Empowering Superhydrophobic and Antibacterial Features. Molecules 2024; 29:2916. [PMID: 38930981 PMCID: PMC11206326 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
ZnO nanorod nonwoven fabrics (ZNRN) were developed through hydrothermal synthesis to facilitate the prevention of the transmission of respiratory pathogens. The superhydrophobicity and antibacterial properties of ZNRN were improved through the response surface methodology. The synthesized material exhibited significant water repellency, indicated by a water contact angle of 163.9°, and thus demonstrated antibacterial rates of 91.8% for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and 79.75% for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). This indicated that E. coli with thinner peptidoglycan may be more easily killed than S. aureus. This study identified significant effects of synthesis conditions on the antibacterial effectiveness, with comprehensive multivariate analyses elucidating the underlying correlations. In addition, the ZnO nanorod structure of ZNRN was characterized through SEM and XRD analyses. It endows the properties of superhydrophobicity (thus preventing bacteria from adhering to the ZNRN surface) and antibacterial capacity (thus damaging cells through the puncturing of these nanorods). Consequently, the alignment of two such features is desired to help support the development of personal protective equipment, which assists in avoiding the spread of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Binghui Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Aili Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Wenjie Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Yueyu Su
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
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Zhang J, Yang K, He X, Zhao X, Wei Z, He S. Research status of comprehensive utilization of coal-based solid waste (CSW) and key technologies of filling mining in China: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171855. [PMID: 38522538 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Coal-based solid waste (CSW) is the solid waste generated in the process of coal mining, washing and pyrolysis, which is an important industrial solid waste. The comprehensive utilization of CSW is a key link in the process of clean and efficient utilization of coal, and the use of CSW for coal mine filling mining is an important means of "harmless, resourceful and large-scale" utilization. In order to study the research status of comprehensive utilization of CSW and key technologies of filling mining in China, this paper combs and analyzes the current situation of comprehensive utilization of CSW from three parts, namely, physical and chemical properties of CSW, Industry-related policies, and ways and means of comprehensive utilization. It is found that coal mine filling mining is a green disposal method with relatively reliable technical means, low supervision cost and large-scale disposal of CSW in the comprehensive utilization of CSW in China. Furthermore, an analysis was conducted on the current research status of key technologies in the CSW filling and mining process, including the integration of "mining, selection and filling", adsorption and complexation passivation of heavy metals in CSW, the preparation of CSW collaborative filling materials, and monitoring and control of the whole filling process, etc. Based on the above analysis and research, it was pointed out that there were some problems, namely: (1) large output of CSW and low level of comprehensive utilization; (2) high investment and high cost of CSW filling and mining; and (3) imperfect CSW waste filling mining theory and technology. In response to these issues, prospects have been made from the aspects of policy incentive mechanisms, collaborative utilization of CSW with multi-industry links, and the theory and technology of CSW filling mining. This study provided reference and inspiration for the comprehensive utilization of CSW in the world, and provides guidance for the large-scale promotion and application of CSW filling mining methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Safe and Effective Coal, Mining Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, Anhui, China; School of Mining Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, Anhui, China.
| | - Ke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Safe and Effective Coal, Mining Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, Anhui, China; Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230031, China; School of Mining Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, Anhui, China.
| | - Xiang He
- Key Laboratory of Safe and Effective Coal, Mining Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, Anhui, China; School of Mining Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, Anhui, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Safe and Effective Coal, Mining Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, Anhui, China; School of Mining Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Shuxin He
- Key Laboratory of Safe and Effective Coal, Mining Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, Anhui, China; School of Mining Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, Anhui, China
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Shi P, Zhang J, Yan H, Zhou N, Zhu G, Zhao Y, Chen P. Mechanical properties evaluation of waste gangue-based cemented backfill materials based on an improved response surface model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:3076-3089. [PMID: 38079042 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31368-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Traditional mining methods damage the cultivated land and produce gangue waste that often contaminates the environment. Yet, these problems can be mitigated by transforming the waste into gangue-based cemented backfill material (GCBM), whose mechanical properties are crucial for surface protection. Therefore, in this study, an intelligent model based on laboratory tests was developed to evaluate the GCBM's mechanical properties. The strength tests and polynomial response surface model (PRSM) were used to analyze the non-linear correlation between the influencing factors and the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). Meanwhile, the importance of multidimensional factors was analyzed by the mean impact value, revealing that concentration and gangue proportion are the most sensitive factors. In addition, an intelligent response surface model (IRSM) based on support vector regression model was constructed by enhancing an optimization algorithm with chaotic mapping and adaptive methods. The performance of the traditional PRSM and the novel IRSM was compared, and the IRSM was validated. The IRSM can predict UCS more efficiently and effectively than the traditional PRSM under high-dimensional factors, with R2 of 0.96 and MBE of 0.05. This indicated that the IRSM has the potential to promote coal mine waste reduction and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peitao Shi
- School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Jixiong Zhang
- School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Hao Yan
- School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
| | - Nan Zhou
- School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Gaolei Zhu
- School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Erdos Yutai Huasheng Resource Recycling Technology Co, Ordos, 017010, China
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Chen D, Li R, Nan F, Li H, Huang P, Zhan W. Co-adsorption mechanisms of As(V) and Cd(II) by three-dimensional flower-like Mg/Al/Fe-CLDH synthesized by "memory effect". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:103044-103061. [PMID: 37676456 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the different physical and chemical properties such as surface charge and ion morphology between As(V) and Cd(II), it is challenging to remove As(V) and Cd(II), especially at low concentrations. This study constructed a novel three-dimension nanocomposite adsorbent Mg/Al/Fe-CLDH (CFMA) by "hydrothermal + calcination method". And different initial concentration ratios (Cd: As=1: 2, 1: 1, 2: 1) were used to investigate the removal performance of CFMA for Cd(II) and As(V). When the concentration ratio Cd: As=1: 2, the residual concentrations of As(V) and Cd(II) were 8.7 μg/L and 4.2 μg/L, respectively, which met the drinking water standard; In the co-adsorption system, As(V) and Cd(II) influence each other's adsorption behavior due to the anionic bridge and shielding effect of As(V) on Cd(II), As(V) gradually changed from monolayer adsorption to multi-layer adsorption dominant, while Cd(II) gradually changed from multi-layer adsorption to monolayer adsorption dominant. In this paper, the structure-activity relationship between material structure and synchronous removal of arsenic and cadmium was clarified, and the mechanism of synchronous removal was revealed, which provided technical guidance for synchronous removal of As(V) and Cd(II) from non-ferrous metal smelting wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Pollution Control of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ruiyue Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Pollution Control of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fangming Nan
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Pollution Control of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Pollution Control of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ping Huang
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Pollution Control of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wei Zhan
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Pollution Control of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Ziejewska C, Grela A, Mierzwiński D, Hebda M. Influence of Waste Glass Addition on the Fire Resistance, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6011. [PMID: 37687704 PMCID: PMC10488462 DOI: 10.3390/ma16176011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, humanity has to face the problem of constantly increasing amounts of waste, which cause not only environmental pollution but also poses a critical danger to human health. Moreover, the growth of landfill sites involves high costs of establishment, development, and maintenance. Glass is one of the materials whose recycling ratio is still insufficient. Therefore, in the presented work, the influence of the particle size and share of waste glass on the consistency, morphology, specific surface area, water absorption, setting time, and mechanical properties of geopolymers was determined. Furthermore, for the first time, the fire resistance and final setting time of such geopolymer composites were presented in a wide range. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the geopolymer containing 20% unsorted waste glass obtained a final setting time that was 44% less than the sample not containing waste glass, 51.5 MPa of compressive strength (135.2% higher than the reference sample), and 13.5 MPa of residual compressive strength after the fire resistance test (164.7% more than the reference sample). Furthermore, it was found that the final setting time and the total pore volume closely depended on the additive's share and particle size. In addition, the use of waste glass characterized by larger particle sizes led to higher strength and lower mass loss after exposure to high temperatures compared to the composite containing smaller ones. The results presented in this work allow not only for reducing the costs and negative impact on the environment associated with landfilling but also for developing a simple, low-cost method of producing a modern geopolymer composite with beneficial properties for the construction industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Ziejewska
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (C.Z.); (D.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Grela
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Mierzwiński
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (C.Z.); (D.M.)
| | - Marek Hebda
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (C.Z.); (D.M.)
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Yanto DHY, Chempaka RM, Nurhayat OD, Argo BD, Watanabe T, Wibisono Y, Hung YT. Optimization of dye-contaminated wastewater treatment by fungal Mycelial-light expanded clay aggregate composite. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116207. [PMID: 37244498 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Dye-contaminated wastewaters from the printing batik industry are hazardous if discharged into the environment without any treatment. Finding an optimization and reusability assessment of a new fungal-material composite for dye-contaminated wastewater treatment is important for efficiency. The study purposes to optimize fungal mycelia Trametes hirsuta EDN 082 - light expanded clay aggregate (myco-LECA) composite for real priting batik dye wastewater treatment by using Response Surface Methodology with Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD). The factors included myco-LECA weight (2-6 g), wastewater volume (20-80 mL), and glucose concentration (0-10%) were applied for 144 h of incubation time. The result showed that the optimum condition was achieved at 5.1 g myco-LECA, at 20 mL wastewater, and at 9.1% glucose, respectively. In this condition, the decolorization values with an incubation time of 144 h were 90, 93, and 95%, at wavelengths 570, 620, and 670 nm, respectively. A reusability assessment was conducted for 19 cycles and the result showed that decolorization effectiveness was still above 96%. GCMS analysis showed the degradation of most compounds in the wastewater and the degradation products of the wastewater demonstrated detoxification against Vigna radiata and Artemia salina. The study suggests that myco-LECA composite has a good performance and therefore is a promising method for the treatment of printing batik wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dede Heri Yuli Yanto
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN). Cibinong 16911, Indonesia.
| | - Rayi Mishellia Chempaka
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145 Indonesia.
| | - Oktan Dwi Nurhayat
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN). Cibinong 16911, Indonesia.
| | - Bambang Dwi Argo
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145 Indonesia.
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Yusuf Wibisono
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145 Indonesia; MILI Institute for Water Research, Kawasan Industri Jababeka, Bekasi 17530, Indonesia.
| | - Yung-Tse Hung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA.
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Aouan B, Alehyen S, Fadil M, El Alouani M, Saufi H, El Herradi EH, El Makhoukhi F, Taibi M. Development and optimization of geopolymer adsorbent for water treatment: Application of mixture design approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117853. [PMID: 37015145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The current paper refers to the study of a new approach to optimizing the adsorptive properties of geopolymers by varying the aluminosilicate precursors from kaolin (K), metakaolin (MK), and coal fly ash (CFA) as internal synthesis factors. The simplex-augmented-centroid mixture design was applied to identify the optimal formulation from the three aluminosilicate precursors to develop a geopolymer (GP) with a distinctive structure that positively affects its dye adsorption efficiency. The variously formulated GP samples were tested for the removal of both methylene blue (MB-dye) and crystal violet dye (CV-dye) from an aqueous solution. The mathematical-statistical analysis of the experimental readings suggested that the generated special cubic models were significant, and thus the chosen approach was adequate for determining the optimum blending proportion. The optimization tools indicated that the optimal mixture from the three aluminosilicate precursors for developing a GP with high adsorption efficiency was 58% MK, 42% K, and 0% CFA. The optimized geopolymer (GPO) was synthesized and then analyzed using a variety of physicochemical techniques, which revealed the presence of an amorphous N-A-S-H gel-rich porous structure as an influencing property on the geopolymer's organic dye adsorption efficiency. The dependence of the adsorption mechanism of both MB-dye and CV-dye by GPO on the adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial dye concentration, temperature, and solution pH was evaluated. The isothermic and kinetic experimental readings for MB and CV-dyes adsorption by GPO were well fitted to the pseudo-second-order and Freundlich models, with an exothermic, favorable, and spontaneous adsorption reaction thermodynamically. The experimental studies in the lab scale on GPO produce comparable results. From these results, it has been concluded that the accuracy and feasibility of the mixture design simulation succeeded in optimizing and developing a geopolymeric sorbent material with great potential as an excellent economical agent for removing cationic dyes from aqueous media. This point represents an added value compared to traditional non-optimized geopolymer absorbents. Besides, this geopolymer material represents a significant application possibility for water treatment and remediation of hazardous dye pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badr Aouan
- Mohammed V University in Rabat, Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (LPCMIO), Ecole Normale Supérieure (E.N.S), Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Saliha Alehyen
- Mohammed V University in Rabat, Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (LPCMIO), Ecole Normale Supérieure (E.N.S), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mouhcine Fadil
- Mohammed V University in Rabat, Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (LPCMIO), Ecole Normale Supérieure (E.N.S), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Marouane El Alouani
- Mohammed V University in Rabat, Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (LPCMIO), Ecole Normale Supérieure (E.N.S), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hamid Saufi
- Mohammed V University in Rabat, Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (LPCMIO), Ecole Normale Supérieure (E.N.S), Rabat, Morocco
| | - El Hassania El Herradi
- Mohammed V University in Rabat, Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (LPCMIO), Ecole Normale Supérieure (E.N.S), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fadoua El Makhoukhi
- Centre National pour La Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST-UATRS), Rabat, Morocco
| | - M'hamed Taibi
- Mohammed V University in Rabat, Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (LPCMIO), Ecole Normale Supérieure (E.N.S), Rabat, Morocco
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