1
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Yu T, Hu T, Na K, Zhang L, Lu S, Guo X. Glutamine-derived peptides: Current progress and future directions. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13386. [PMID: 38847753 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Glutamine, the most abundant amino acid in the body, plays a critical role in preserving immune function, nitrogen balance, intestinal integrity, and resistance to infection. However, its limited solubility and instability present challenges for its use a functional nutrient. Consequently, there is a preference for utilizing glutamine-derived peptides as an alternative to achieve enhanced functionality. This article aims to review the applications of glutamine monomers in clinical, sports, and enteral nutrition. It compares the functional effectiveness of monomers and glutamine-derived peptides and provides a comprehensive assessment of glutamine-derived peptides in terms of their classification, preparation, mechanism of absorption, and biological activity. Furthermore, this study explores the potential integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-based peptidomics and synthetic biology in the de novo design and large-scale production of these peptides. The findings reveal that glutamine-derived peptides possess significant structure-related bioactivities, with the smaller molecular weight fraction serving as the primary active ingredient. These peptides possess the ability to promote intestinal homeostasis, exert hypotensive and hypoglycemic effects, and display antioxidant properties. However, our understanding of the structure-function relationships of glutamine-derived peptides remains largely exploratory at current stage. The combination of AI based peptidomics and synthetic biology presents an opportunity to explore the untapped resources of glutamine-derived peptides as functional food ingredients. Additionally, the utilization and bioavailability of these peptides can be enhanced through the use of delivery systems in vivo. This review serves as a valuable reference for future investigations of and developments in the discovery, functional validation, and biomanufacturing of glutamine-derived peptides in food science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfei Yu
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan City, China
| | - Tianshuo Hu
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan City, China
| | - Kai Na
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan City, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan City, China
| | - Shuang Lu
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan City, China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan City, China
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2
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He W, Huang X, Kelimu A, Li W, Cui C. Streamlined Efficient Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of γ-[Glutamyl] (n≥1)-tryptophan Peptides by Glutaminase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Molecules 2023; 28:4944. [PMID: 37446606 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a group of naturally occurring peptides in various foods, γ-glutamyl peptides possess a unique Kokumi taste and health benefits. However, few studies have focused on the functionality of γ-glutamyl peptides. In this study, the γ-[glutamyl] (n=1, 2, 3)-tryptophan peptides were synthesized from a solution of glutamine (Gln) and tryptophan (Trp) employing L-glutaminase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Four different γ-glutamyl peptides were identified from the reaction mixture by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Under optimal conditions of pH 10, 37 °C, 3 h, 0.1 mol/L Gln: 0.1 mol/L Trp = 1:3, and glutaminase at 0.1% (m/v), the yields of γ-l-glutamyl-l-tryptophan (γ-EW), γ-l-glutamyl-γ-l-glutamyl-l-tryptophan (γ-EEW) and γ-l-glutamyl-γ-l-glutamyl-γ-l-glutamyl-l-tryptophan (γ-EEEW) were 51.02%, 26.12% and 1.91% respectively. The antioxidant properties of the reaction mixture and the two peptides (γ-EW, γ-EEW) identified from the reaction media were further compared. Results showed that γ-EW exhibited the highest DPPH•, ABTS•+ and O2•--scavenging activity (EC50 = 0.2999 mg/mL, 67.6597 μg/mL and 5.99 mg/mL, respectively) and reducing power (EC50 = 4.61 mg/mL), while γ-EEW demonstrated the highest iron-chelating activity (76.22%). Thus, the synthesized mixture may be used as a potential source of antioxidant peptides for food and nutraceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiang He
- Infinitus (China) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaoling Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Abulimiti Kelimu
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Nongda East Road 311, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Infinitus (China) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chun Cui
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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3
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Robescu M, Annunziata F, Somma V, Calvio C, Morelli CF, Speranza G, Tamborini L, Ubiali D, Pinto A, Bavaro T. From Batch to Continuous Flow Bioprocessing: Use of an Immobilized γ-Glutamyl Transferase from B. subtilis for the Synthesis of Biologically Active Peptide Derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13692-13699. [PMID: 36149987 PMCID: PMC9614966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl-peptides are frequently endowed with biological activities. In this work, "kokumi peptides" such as γ-glutamyl-methionine (1) and γ-glutamyl-(S)-allyl-cysteine (2), as well as the neuroprotective γ-glutamyl-taurine (3) and the antioxidant ophthalmic acid (4), were synthesized through an enzymatic transpeptidation reaction catalyzed by the γ-glutamyl transferase from Bacillus subtilis (BsGGT) using glutamine as the γ-glutamyl donor. BsGGT was covalently immobilized on glyoxyl-agarose resulting in high protein immobilization yield and activity recovery (>95%). Compounds 1-4 were obtained in moderate yields (19-40%, 5-10 g/L) with a variable purity depending on the presence of the main byproduct (γ-glutamyl-glutamine, 0-16%). To achieve process intensification and better control of side reactions, the synthesis of 2 was moved from batch to continuous flow. The specific productivity was 1.5 times higher than that in batch synthesis (13.7 μmol/min*g), but it was not accompanied by a paralleled improvement of the impurity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina
S. Robescu
- Department
of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Francesca Annunziata
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, Milano 20122, Italy
| | - Valeria Somma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Milano, via Golgi 19, Milano 20122, Italy
| | - Cinzia Calvio
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Carlo F. Morelli
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Milano, via Golgi 19, Milano 20122, Italy
| | - Giovanna Speranza
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Milano, via Golgi 19, Milano 20122, Italy
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, Milano 20122, Italy
| | - Daniela Ubiali
- Department
of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department
of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milano, via Celoria 2, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Department
of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
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4
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Nishikawa A, Senba H, Kimura Y, Yokota S, Doi M, Takenaka S. Isolation and characterization of a salt-tolerant γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from xerophilic Aspergillus sydowii. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:253. [PMID: 36060894 PMCID: PMC9433638 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Xerophilic Aspergillus molds isolated from halo-alkaliphilic and dry environments are attractive genetic resources for obtaining salt- and osmo-adaptive enzymes. A. sydowii MA0196 secreted the largest amount of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) during solid-state fermentation at a low initial water activity (a w = 0.85). Gel filtration analysis revealed that the molecular mass of the purified native enzyme (MA0196 GGT) was 120 kDa. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that MA0196 GGT consists of two subunits with molecular masses of 56.4 and 33 kDa, indicating production from a proenzyme via autoproteolysis. Deglycosylation of the subunits by N-glycosidase F yielded 40.9 and 19.6 kDa species. MA0196 GGT retained transpeptidase and hydrolysis activities and their catalytic efficiency (k cat/K m) under high salt and low water activity. The enzyme displayed broad substrate specificity toward γ-glutamyl acceptors such as amino acids and the imidazole dipeptides, carnosine and anserine. Carnosine and L-glutamine were converted into γ-glutamyl-β-alanyl-L-histidine by MA0196 GGT with a 32.9% yield in the presence of 2% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that MA0196 GGT forms a distinct lineage from A. oryzae and A. sojae GGTs. These excellent properties indicate that MA0196 GGT can be used in salted fermentation and for producing bioactive peptides. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03259-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arisa Nishikawa
- Division of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Hironori Senba
- Division of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 Japan
- Gen Res Lab, Ozeki Corp, 4-9 Imazu, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8227 Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kimura
- Division of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Satoko Yokota
- Marutomo Co., Ltd, 1696 Kominato, Iyo, Ehime 799-3192 Japan
| | - Mikiharu Doi
- Marutomo Co., Ltd, 1696 Kominato, Iyo, Ehime 799-3192 Japan
| | - Shinji Takenaka
- Division of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 Japan
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5
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Fabrication of chitosan-coated magnetite nanobiocatalyst with Bacillus atrophaeus γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and its application to the synthesis of a bioactive peptide SCV-07. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Somma V, Calvio C, Rabuffetti M, Rama E, Speranza G, Morelli CF. An overall framework for the E. coli γ-glutamyltransferase-catalyzed transpeptidation reactions. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105217. [PMID: 34364051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl derivatives of proteinogenic or modified amino acids raise considerable interest as flavor enhancers or biologically active compounds. However, their supply, on a large scale and at reasonable costs, remains challenging. Enzymatic synthesis has been recognized as a possible affordable alternative with respect to both isolation procedures from natural sources, burdened by low-yield and by the requirement of massive amount of starting material, and chemical synthesis, inconvenient because of the need of protection/deprotection steps. The E. coli γ-glutamyltransferase (Ec-GGT) has already been proposed as a biocatalyst for the synthesis of various γ-glutamyl derivatives. However, enzymatic syntheses using this enzyme usually provide the desired products in limited yield. Hydrolysis and autotranspeptidation of the donor substrate have been identified as the side reactions affecting the final yield of the catalytic process. In addition, experimental conditions need to be specifically adjusted for each acceptor substrate. Substrate specificity and the fine characterization of the activities exerted by the enzyme over time has so far escaped rationalization. In this work, reactions catalyzed by Ec-GGT between the γ-glutamyl donor glutamine and several representative acceptor amino acids have been finely analyzed with the identification of single reaction products over time. This approach allowed to rationalize the effect of donor/acceptor molar ratio on the outcome of the transpeptidation reaction and on the distribution of the different byproducts, inferring a general scheme for Ec-GGT-catalyzed reactions. The propensity to react of the different acceptor substrates is in agreement with recent findings obtained using model substrates and further supported by x-ray crystallography and will contribute to characterize the still elusive acceptor binding site of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Somma
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Calvio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Marco Rabuffetti
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Erlinda Rama
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Speranza
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Carlo F Morelli
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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7
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Saini M, Kalra S, Kaushik JK, Gupta R. Functional characterization of the extra sequence in the large subunit of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from Bacillus atrophaeus: Role in autoprocessing and activity. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Saini M, Kashyap A, Bindal S, Saini K, Gupta R. Bacterial Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, an Emerging Biocatalyst: Insights Into Structure-Function Relationship and Its Biotechnological Applications. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:641251. [PMID: 33897647 PMCID: PMC8062742 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.641251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) enzyme is ubiquitously present in all life forms and plays a variety of roles in diverse organisms. Higher eukaryotes mainly utilize GGT for glutathione degradation, and mammalian GGTs have implications in many physiological disorders also. GGTs from unicellular prokaryotes serve different physiological functions in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In the present review, the physiological significance of bacterial GGTs has been discussed categorizing GGTs from Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli as glutathione degraders and from pathogenic species like Helicobacter pylori as virulence factors. Gram-positive bacilli, however, are considered separately as poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) degraders. The structure-function relationship of the GGT is also discussed mainly focusing on the crystallization of bacterial GGTs along with functional characterization of conserved regions by site-directed mutagenesis that unravels molecular aspects of autoprocessing and catalysis. Only a few crystal structures have been deciphered so far. Further, different reports on heterologous expression of bacterial GGTs in E. coli and Bacillus subtilis as hosts have been presented in a table pointing toward the lack of fermentation studies for large-scale production. Physicochemical properties of bacterial GGTs have also been described, followed by a detailed discussion on various applications of bacterial GGTs in different biotechnological sectors. This review emphasizes the potential of bacterial GGTs as an industrial biocatalyst relevant to the current switch toward green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rani Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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9
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Yang J, Huang Y, Dong H, Huang G, Yu L, Bai W, Zeng X. The application of L-glutaminase for the synthesis of the immunomodulatory γ-D-glutamyl-L-tryptophan and the kokumi-imparting γ-D-glutamyl peptides. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:5841-5849. [PMID: 33282236 PMCID: PMC7684622 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaminase of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has been used to synthesize the immunomodulatory γ-D-glutamyl-L-tryptophan (γ-D-Glu-L-Trp) and the kokumi-active γ-D-glutamyl peptides. The optimum yield of γ-D-Glu-L-Trp was 55.76 mM in corresponding to a minimum yield of by-product (γ-D-Glu-γ-D-Glu-L-Trp) in the presence of 75 mM D-Gln and 100 mM L-Trp. The glutaminase has a low Km values for the donors (D-Gln and L-Gln:5.53 and 0.98 mM), but high ones for the acceptors (L-Trp, L-Phe, L-Met, L-Val and γ-[D-Glu]( n =1,2,3)-L-Val/L-Phe/L-Met, ranging from 32.51 to 193.05 mM). The highest Km value appearing when n = 2 (γ-[D-Glu]( n =0,1,2)-L-Val/L-Phe/L-Met) suggested the rising difficulty for synthesis when the number of donor increases in the reaction mixtures. The γ-[D-Glu]( n =1,2,3)-L-Val/L-Phe/L-Met at 5 mM can impart the blank chicken broth an enhancing monthfulness, thickness, and umaminess taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- College of Food Science and TechnologyZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
- Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering InnovationsZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
| | - Yuran Huang
- College of Food Science and TechnologyZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
| | - Hao Dong
- College of Food Science and TechnologyZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
- Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering InnovationsZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
| | - Guiying Huang
- College of Food Science and TechnologyZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
| | - Limei Yu
- College of Food Science and TechnologyZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
- Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering InnovationsZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
| | - Weidong Bai
- College of Food Science and TechnologyZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
- Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering InnovationsZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaofang Zeng
- College of Food Science and TechnologyZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
- Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering InnovationsZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
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10
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Pan X, Yu J, Du Q, Zeng S, Liu J, Jiao Q, Zhang H. Efficient synthesis of γ-glutamyl compounds by co-expression of γ-glutamylmethylamide synthetase and polyphosphate kinase in engineered Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 47:573-583. [PMID: 32885332 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02305-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl compounds have unveiled their importance as active substances or precursors of pharmaceuticals. In this research, an approach for enzymatic synthesis of γ-glutamyl compounds was developed using γ-glutamylmethylamide synthetase (GMAS) from Methylovorus mays and polyphosphate kinase (PPK) from Corynebacterium glutamicum. GMAS and PPK were co-recombined in pETDuet-1 plasmid and co-expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3), and the enzymatic properties of GMAS and PPK were investigated, respectively. Under the catalysis of the co-expression system, L-theanine was synthesized with 89.8% conversion when the substrate molar ratio of sodium glutamate and ethylamine (1:1.4) and only 2 mM ATP were used. A total of 14 γ-glutamyl compounds were synthesized by this one-pot method and purified by cation exchange resin and isoelectric point crystallization with a yield range from 22.3 to 72.7%. This study provided an efficient approach for the synthesis of γ-glutamyl compounds by GMAS and PPK co-expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinhai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinglin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuiyun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qingcai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongjuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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11
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Rodríguez JPG, Bernardi DI, Gubiani JR, Magalhães de Oliveira J, Morais-Urano RP, Bertonha AF, Bandeira KF, Bulla JIQ, Sette LD, Ferreira AG, Batista JM, Silva TDS, Santos RAD, Martins CHG, Lira SP, Cunha MGD, Trivella DBB, Grazzia N, Gomes NES, Gadelha F, Miguel DC, Cauz ACG, Brocchi M, Berlinck RGS. Water-Soluble Glutamic Acid Derivatives Produced in Culture by Penicillium solitum IS1-A from King George Island, Maritime Antarctica. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:55-65. [PMID: 31895573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new method of screening was developed to generate 770 organic and water-soluble fractions from extracts of nine species of marine sponges, from the growth media of 18 species of marine-derived fungi, and from the growth media of 13 species of endophytic fungi. The screening results indicated that water-soluble fractions displayed significant bioactivity in cytotoxic, antibiotic, anti-Leishmania, anti-Trypanosoma cruzi, and inhibition of proteasome assays. Purification of water-soluble fractions from the growth medium of Penicillium solitum IS1-A provided the new glutamic acid derivatives solitumine A (1), solitumine B (2), and solitumidines A-D (3-6). The structures of compounds 1-6 have been established by analysis of spectroscopic data, chemical derivatizations, and vibrational circular dichroism calculations. Although no biological activity could be observed for compounds 1-6, the new structures reported for 1-6 indicate that the investigation of water-soluble natural products represents a relevant strategy in finding new secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie P G Rodríguez
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos , Universidade de São Paulo , CP 780, CEP 13560-970 , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| | - Darlon I Bernardi
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos , Universidade de São Paulo , CP 780, CEP 13560-970 , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| | - Juliana R Gubiani
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos , Universidade de São Paulo , CP 780, CEP 13560-970 , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| | | | - Raquel P Morais-Urano
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos , Universidade de São Paulo , CP 780, CEP 13560-970 , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| | - Ariane F Bertonha
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos , Universidade de São Paulo , CP 780, CEP 13560-970 , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| | - Karin F Bandeira
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos , Universidade de São Paulo , CP 780, CEP 13560-970 , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| | - Jairo I Q Bulla
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos , Universidade de São Paulo , CP 780, CEP 13560-970 , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| | - Lara D Sette
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências , Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" , Campus Rio Claro, Avenida 24-A , 1515 , Rio Claro , SP , Brazil
| | - Antonio G Ferreira
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , 13565-905 , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| | - João M Batista
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , 12231-280 , São José dos Campos , SP , Brazil
| | - Thayná de Souza Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciência e Tecnologia , Universidade de Franca , Avenida Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201. Pq. Universitário , 14404-600 , Franca , SP , Brazil
| | - Raquel Alves Dos Santos
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciência e Tecnologia , Universidade de Franca , Avenida Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201. Pq. Universitário , 14404-600 , Franca , SP , Brazil
| | - Carlos H G Martins
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciência e Tecnologia , Universidade de Franca , Avenida Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201. Pq. Universitário , 14404-600 , Franca , SP , Brazil
| | - Simone P Lira
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz , Universidade de São Paulo , Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, CP 9, Agronomia, CEP 13418-900 , Piracicaba , SP , Brazil
| | - Marcos G da Cunha
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Material, Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro , 10000, Pólo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas , 13083-970 Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Daniela B B Trivella
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Material, Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro , 10000, Pólo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas , 13083-970 Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Nathalia Grazzia
- Instituto de Biologia , Universidade Estadual de Campinas , CEP 13083-862 , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Natália E S Gomes
- Instituto de Biologia , Universidade Estadual de Campinas , CEP 13083-862 , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gadelha
- Instituto de Biologia , Universidade Estadual de Campinas , CEP 13083-862 , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Danilo C Miguel
- Instituto de Biologia , Universidade Estadual de Campinas , CEP 13083-862 , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina G Cauz
- Instituto de Biologia , Universidade Estadual de Campinas , CEP 13083-862 , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Instituto de Biologia , Universidade Estadual de Campinas , CEP 13083-862 , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos , Universidade de São Paulo , CP 780, CEP 13560-970 , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
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Sun J, Chang M, Li H, Zhang Z, Chen Q, Chen Y, Yao Y, Pan A, Shi C, Wang C, Zhao J, Wan X. Endophytic Bacteria as Contributors to Theanine Production in Camellia sinensis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10685-10693. [PMID: 31479251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Theanine is the most abundant non-protein amino acid in Camellia sinensis, but it is not known how a tea plant accumulates such high levels of theanine. The endophyte isolated from in vitro grown plantlets of C. sinensis cultivars was identified as Luteibacter spp., showing strong biocatalytic activity for converting both glutamine and ethylamine to theanine. Theanine was secreted outside of the bacteria. The endophyte isolated from in vitro plantlets of Camellia oleifera cultivar was identified as Bacillus safensis and did not convert glutamine and ethylamine to theanine. Enzymatic assays in vitro indicated that γ-glutamyltranspeptidases rCsEGGTs from the endophyte Luteibacter strains converted glutamine and ethylamine to theanine at higher rates than rCsGGTs from C. sinensis. This is the first report on theanine biosynthesis by an endophyte from C. sinensis, which provides a new pathway to explore the mechanism of theanine biosynthesis in C. sinensis and the interactions between an endophyte and tea plants.
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Gamma glutamyl peptides: The food source, enzymatic synthesis, kokumi-active and the potential functional properties – A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Zhang F, Mulati N, Wang Y, Li Y, Gong S, Karthik L, Sun W, Li Z. Biosynthesis in vitro of bacillamide intermediate-heterocyclic AlaCysthiazole by heterologous expression of nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). J Biotechnol 2019; 292:5-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Massone M, Calvio C, Rabuffetti M, Speranza G, Morelli CF. Effect of the inserted active-site-covering lid loop on the catalytic activity of a mutant B. subtilis γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT). RSC Adv 2019; 9:34699-34709. [PMID: 35530678 PMCID: PMC9073855 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05941e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Glutamylpeptides are compounds derived from the acylation of an amino acid or a short peptide by the γ-carboxyl carbon of the side chain of glutamic acid. Due to their altered chemico-physical and organoleptic properties, they may be interesting substitutes or precursors of parent compounds used in pharmaceutical, dietetic and cosmetic formulations. Some of them are naturally occurring flavor enhancers or are endowed with biological activities. Enzymatic approaches to the synthesis of γ-glutamyl derivatives based on the use of γ-glutamyltransferases (GGTs, EC 2.3.2.2) have been proposed, which should be able to alleviate the problems connected with the troublesome and low-yielding extraction from natural sources or the non-economical chemical synthesis, which requires protection/deprotection steps. With the aim of overcoming the current limitations in the use of GGTs as biocatalysts, a mutant GGT was investigated. The mutant GGT was obtained by inserting the active-site-covering lid loop of the E. coli GGT onto the structure of B. subtilis GGT. With respect to the wild-type enzyme, the mutant showed a more demanding substrate specificity and a low hydrolase activity. These results represent an attempt to correlate the structural features of a GGT to its different activities. However, the ability of the mutant enzyme to catalyze the subsequent addition of several γ-glutamyl units, inherited by the parent B. subtilis GGT, still represents a limitation to its full application as a biocatalyst for preparative purposes. A mutant γ-glutamyltransferase with improve transpeptidase activity was obtained by inserting the active site-covering lid loop on an enzyme naturally lacking it.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Massone
- Department of Chemistry
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Cinzia Calvio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology
- Università degli Studi di Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | - Marco Rabuffetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Giovanna Speranza
- Department of Chemistry
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (INSTM)
| | - Carlo F. Morelli
- Department of Chemistry
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
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High level extracellular production of recombinant γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from Bacillus licheniformis in Escherichia coli fed-batch culture. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 116:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Calvio C, Romagnuolo F, Vulcano F, Speranza G, Morelli CF. Evidences on the role of the lid loop of γ-glutamyltransferases (GGT) in substrate selection. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 114:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Yang J, Sun-Waterhouse D, Xie J, Wang L, Chen HZ, Cui C, Zhao M. Comparison of kokumi γ -[Glu] (n>1) -Val and γ -[Glu] (n>1) -Met synthesized through transpeptidation catalyzed by glutaminase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Food Chem 2018; 247:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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