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Hu G, Hong X, Zhu M, Lei L, Han Z, Meng Y, Yang J. Improving the Quality of Wheat Flour Bread by a Thermophilic Xylanase with Ultra Activity and Stability Reconstructed by Ancestral Sequence and Computational-Aided Analysis. Molecules 2024; 29:1895. [PMID: 38675714 PMCID: PMC11054572 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Xylanase is an essential component used to hydrolyze the xylan in wheat flour to enhance the quality of bread. Presently, cold-activated xylanase is popularly utilized to aid in the development of dough. In this study, ancestral sequence reconstruction and molecular docking of xylanase and wheat xylan were used to enhance the activity and stability of a thermophilic xylanase. The results indicated that the ancestral enzyme TmxN3 exhibited significantly improved activity and thermal stability. The Vmax increased by 2.7 times, and the catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km) increased by 1.7 times in comparison to TmxB. After being incubated at 100 °C for 120 min, it still retained 87.3% of its activity, and the half-life in 100 °C was 330 min, while the wild type xylanase was only 55 min. This resulted in an improved shelf life of bread, while adding TmxN3 considerably enhanced its quality with excellent volume and reduced hardness, chewiness, and gumminess. The results showed that the hardness was reduced by 55.2%, the chewiness was reduced by 40.11%, and the gumminess was reduced by 53.52%. To facilitate its industrial application, we further optimized the production conditions in a 5L bioreactor, and the xylanase activity reached 1.52 × 106 U/mL culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshuai Hu
- Pilot Base of Food Microbial Resources Utilization of Hubei Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (G.H.); (M.Z.)
| | - Xizhi Hong
- Pilot Base of Food Microbial Resources Utilization of Hubei Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (G.H.); (M.Z.)
| | - Meixin Zhu
- Pilot Base of Food Microbial Resources Utilization of Hubei Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (G.H.); (M.Z.)
| | - Lei Lei
- Pilot Base of Food Microbial Resources Utilization of Hubei Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (G.H.); (M.Z.)
| | - Zhenggang Han
- Pilot Base of Food Microbial Resources Utilization of Hubei Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (G.H.); (M.Z.)
| | - Yong Meng
- Mianyang Habio Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Mianyang 621000, China;
| | - Jiangke Yang
- Pilot Base of Food Microbial Resources Utilization of Hubei Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (G.H.); (M.Z.)
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Dong CD, Tsai ML, Nargotra P, Kour B, Chen CW, Sun PP, Sharma V. Bioprocess development for the production of xylooligosaccharide prebiotics from agro-industrial lignocellulosic waste. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18316. [PMID: 37519746 PMCID: PMC10372396 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of sustainable biorefineries and bioeconomy has been the mandate of most of the governments with major focus on restricting the climate change concerns and finding new strategies to maintain the global food supply chain. Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are short-chain oligomers which due to their excellent prebiotic potential in the nutraceutical sector has attracted intense research focus in the recent years. The agro-industrial crop and food waste can be utilized for the production of XOS which are derived from hemicellulose fraction (xylan) of the lignocellulosic materials. The extraction of xylan, is traditionally achieved by acidic and alkaline pretreatments which, however, have limited industrial applications. The inclusion of cutting-edge and environmentally beneficial pretreatment methods and technologies such as deep eutectic solvents and green catalysts are preferred. Moreover, the extraction of xylans from biomass using combinatorial pretreatment approaches may help in economizing the whole bioprocess. The current review outlines the factors involved in the xylan extraction and depolymerization processes from different lignocellulosic biomass and the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis for XOS production. The different types of oligosaccharides and their prebiotic potential for the growth of healthy gut bacteria have also been explained. The introduction of modern molecular technologies has also made it possible to identify enzymes and microorganisms with the desired characteristics for usage in XOS industrial production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Parushi Nargotra
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | | | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Pei Sun
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, India
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3
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Nezhad NG, Rahman RNZRA, Normi YM, Oslan SN, Shariff FM, Leow TC. Recent advances in simultaneous thermostability-activity improvement of industrial enzymes through structure modification. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 232:123440. [PMID: 36708895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Engineered thermostable microbial enzymes are widely employed to catalyze chemical reactions in numerous industrial sectors. Although high thermostability is a prerequisite of industrial applications, enzyme activity is usually sacrificed during thermostability improvement. Therefore, it is vital to select the common and compatible strategies between thermostability and activity improvement to reduce mutants̕ libraries and screening time. Three functional protein engineering approaches, including directed evolution, rational design, and semi-rational design, are employed to manipulate protein structure on a genetic basis. From a structural standpoint, integrative strategies such as increasing substrate affinity; introducing electrostatic interaction; removing steric hindrance; increasing flexibility of the active site; N- and C-terminal engineering; and increasing intramolecular and intermolecular hydrophobic interactions are well-known to improve simultaneous activity and thermostability. The current review aims to analyze relevant strategies to improve thermostability and activity simultaneously to circumvent the thermostability and activity trade-off of industrial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Ghahremani Nezhad
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd Rahman
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M Normi
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nurbaya Oslan
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fairolniza Mohd Shariff
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Thean Chor Leow
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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4
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Tyagi JL, Sharma M, Gulati K, Kairamkonda M, Kumar D, Poluri KM. Engineering of a T7 Bacteriophage Endolysin Variant with Enhanced Amidase Activity. Biochemistry 2023; 62:330-344. [PMID: 35060722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic use of bacteriophage-encoded endolysins as enzybiotics has increased significantly in recent years due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Phage endolysins lyse the bacteria by targeting their cell wall. Various engineering strategies are commonly used to modulate or enhance the utility of therapeutic enzymes. This study employed a structure-guided mutagenesis approach to engineer a T7 bacteriophage endolysin (T7L) with enhanced amidase activity and lysis potency via replacement of a noncatalytic gating residue (His 37). Two H37 variants (H37A and H37K) were designed and characterized comprehensively using integrated biophysical and biochemical techniques to provide mechanistic insights into their structure-stability-dynamics-activity paradigms. Among the studied proteins, cell lysis data suggested that the obtained H37A variant exhibits amidase activity (∼35%) enhanced compared to that of wild-type T7 endolysin (T7L-WT). In contrast to this, the H37K variant is highly unstable, prone to aggregation, and less active. Comparison of the structure and dynamics of the H37A variant to those of T7L-WT evidenced that the alteration at the site of H37 resulted in long-range structural perturbations, attenuated the conformational heterogeneity, and quenched the microsecond to millisecond time scale motions. Stability analysis confirmed the altered stability of H37A compared to that of its WT counterpart. All of the obtained results established that the H37A variant enhances the lysis activity by regulating the stability-activity trade-off. This study provided deeper atomic level insights into the structure-function relationships of endolysin proteins, thus aiding researchers in the rational design of engineered endolysins with enhanced therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Lakshmi Tyagi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Meenakshi Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Khushboo Gulati
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Manikyaprabhu Kairamkonda
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.,Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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5
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Wang X, Qin X, Tong L, Zheng J, Dong T, Wang X, Wang Y, Huang H, Yao B, Zhang H, Luo H. Improving the catalytic activity of a detergent-compatible serine protease by rational design. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:947-960. [PMID: 36636777 PMCID: PMC10128134 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases are among the most important biological additives in various industries such as detergents, leather, animal feed and food. A serine protease gene, Fgapt4, from Fusarium graminearum 2697 was identified, cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The optimal pH and temperature of FgAPT4 were 8.5 and 40°C, respectively. The relative activity was >30% even at 10°C. It had a wide range of pH stability (4.0-12.0) and detergent compatibility. To improve the catalytic activity, a strategy combining molecular docking and evolutionary analysis was adopted. Twelve amino acid residue sites and three loops (A, B and C) were selected as potential hot spots that might play critical roles in the enzyme's functional properties. Twenty-eight mutants targeting changes in individual sites or loops were designed, and mutations with good performance were combined. The best mutant was FgAPT4-M3 (Q70N/D142S/A143S/loop C). The specific activity and catalytic efficiency of FgAPT4-M3 increased by 1.6 (1008.5 vs. 385.9 U/mg) and 2.2-fold (3565.1 vs. 1106.3/s/mM), respectively. Computational analyses showed that the greater flexibility of the substrate pocket may be responsible for the increased catalytic activity. In addition, its application in detergents indicated that FgAPT4-M3 has great potential in washing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lige Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Honglian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Benatti ALT, Polizeli MDLTDM. Lignocellulolytic Biocatalysts: The Main Players Involved in Multiple Biotechnological Processes for Biomass Valorization. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010162. [PMID: 36677454 PMCID: PMC9864444 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human population growth, industrialization, and globalization have caused several pressures on the planet's natural resources, culminating in the severe climate and environmental crisis which we are facing. Aiming to remedy and mitigate the impact of human activities on the environment, the use of lignocellulolytic enzymes for biofuel production, food, bioremediation, and other various industries, is presented as a more sustainable alternative. These enzymes are characterized as a group of enzymes capable of breaking down lignocellulosic biomass into its different monomer units, making it accessible for bioconversion into various products and applications in the most diverse industries. Among all the organisms that produce lignocellulolytic enzymes, microorganisms are seen as the primary sources for obtaining them. Therefore, this review proposes to discuss the fundamental aspects of the enzymes forming lignocellulolytic systems and the main microorganisms used to obtain them. In addition, different possible industrial applications for these enzymes will be discussed, as well as information about their production modes and considerations about recent advances and future perspectives in research in pursuit of expanding lignocellulolytic enzyme uses at an industrial scale.
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7
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Liu P, Guo J, Miao L, Liu H. Enhancing the secretion of a feruloyl esterase in Bacillus subtilis by signal peptide screening and rational design. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 200:106165. [PMID: 36038098 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterase is a subclass of α/β hydrolase, which could release ferulic acid from biomass residues for use as an efficient additive in food or pharmaceutical industries. In the present study, a feruloyl esterase with broad substrate specificity was characterised and secreted by Bacillus subtilis WB600. After codon usage optimisation and signal peptide library screening, the secretion amount of feruloyl esterase was enhanced by up to 10.2-fold in comparison with the base strain. The site-specific amino acid substitutions that facilitate protein folding further improved the secretion by about 1.5-fold. The purified rationally designed enzyme exhibited maximal activity against methyl ferulate at pH 6.5 and 65 °C. In the solid-state fermentation, the genetically engineered B. subtilis released about 37% of the total alkali-extractable ferulic acid in maize bran. This study provides a promising candidate for ferulic acid production and demonstrates that the secretion of a heterologous enzyme from B. subtilis can be cumulatively improved by changes in protein sequence features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulin Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Jingxiao Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Lihong Miao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Hanyan Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
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Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang Z, Yang J, Turunen O, Xiong H. High-temperature behavior of hyperthermostable Thermotoga maritima xylanase XYN10B after designed and evolved mutations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2017-2027. [PMID: 35171339 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A hyperthermostable xylanase XYN10B from Thermotoga maritima (PDB code 1VBR, GenBank accession number KR078269) was subjected to site-directed and error-prone PCR mutagenesis. From the selected five mutants, the two site-directed mutants (F806H and F806V) showed a 3.3-3.5-fold improved enzyme half-life at 100 °C. The mutant XYNA generated by error-prone PCR showed slightly improved stability at 100 °C and a lower Km. In XYNB and XYNC, the additional mutations over XYNA decreased the thermostability and temperature optimum, while elevating the Km. In XYNC, two large side-chains were introduced into the protein's interior. Micro-differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the melting temperature (Tm) dropped in XYNB and XYNC from 104.9 °C to 93.7 °C and 78.6 °C, respectively. The detrimental mutations showed that extremely thermostable enzymes can tolerate quite radical mutations in the protein's interior and still retain high thermostability. The analysis of mutations (F806H and F806V) in a hydrophobic area lining the substrate-binding region indicated that active site hydrophobicity is important for high activity at extreme temperatures. Although polar His at 806 provided higher stability, the hydrophobic Phe at 806 provided higher activity than His. This study generates an understanding of how extreme thermostability and high activity are formed in GH10 xylanases. KEY POINTS: • Characterization and molecular dynamics simulations of TmXYN10B and its mutants • Explanation of structural stability of GH10 xylanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430048, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Life Science, South-central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhongqiang Zhang
- College of Life Science, South-central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiangke Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430048, China
| | - Ossi Turunen
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Hairong Xiong
- College of Life Science, South-central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Gufe C, Ngenyoung A, Rattanarojpong T, Khunrae P. Investigation into the effects of CbXyn10C and Xyn11A on xylooligosaccharide profiles produced from sugarcane bagasse and rice straw and their impact on probiotic growth. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126319. [PMID: 34775054 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This comparative study investigated the effects of CbXyn10C and Xyn11A on xylooligosaccharide profiles produced from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and rice straw (RS) and their impact on probiotic growth. Generally, CbXyn10C produced more xylose and a higher total phenolic content than Xyn11A. Interestingly, XOS obtained from SCB with CbXyn10C contained significantly more gallic acid than that produced by Xn11A. All selected probiotics thrived in RS-derived XOS, regardless of the enzyme used. However, probiotics grew differently on SCB-derived XOS depending on the enzyme used. All probiotics thrived in Xyn11A-derived XOS from SCB. Only Lactobacillus plantarum thrived on CbXyn10C-derived XOS, while the other two were inhibited. Gallic acid in CbXyn10C-derived XOS from SCB has been linked to probiotic retardation, and gallic acid-enriched broth has been found to inhibit Bifidobacterium longum and Bacillus subtilis, but not L. plantarum. Consequently, the selection of enzymes and plant biomass is crucial for XOS properties and prebiotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudious Gufe
- Department of Microbiology, Science Laboratory Building, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Thailand
| | - Apichet Ngenyoung
- Department of Microbiology, Science Laboratory Building, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Thailand
| | - Triwit Rattanarojpong
- Department of Microbiology, Science Laboratory Building, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Thailand
| | - Pongsak Khunrae
- Department of Microbiology, Science Laboratory Building, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Thailand.
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Ajeje SB, Hu Y, Song G, Peter SB, Afful RG, Sun F, Asadollahi MA, Amiri H, Abdulkhani A, Sun H. Thermostable Cellulases / Xylanases From Thermophilic and Hyperthermophilic Microorganisms: Current Perspective. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:794304. [PMID: 34976981 PMCID: PMC8715034 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.794304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioconversion of lignocellulose into monosaccharides is critical for ensuring the continual manufacturing of biofuels and value-added bioproducts. Enzymatic degradation, which has a high yield, low energy consumption, and enhanced selectivity, could be the most efficient and environmentally friendly technique for converting complex lignocellulose polymers to fermentable monosaccharides, and it is expected to make cellulases and xylanases the most demanded industrial enzymes. The widespread nature of thermophilic microorganisms allows them to proliferate on a variety of substrates and release substantial quantities of cellulases and xylanases, which makes them a great source of thermostable enzymes. The most significant breakthrough of lignocellulolytic enzymes lies in lignocellulose-deconstruction by enzymatic depolymerization of holocellulose into simple monosaccharides. However, commercially valuable thermostable cellulases and xylanases are challenging to produce in high enough quantities. Thus, the present review aims at giving an overview of the most recent thermostable cellulases and xylanases isolated from thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microbes. The emphasis is on recent advancements in manufacturing these enzymes in other mesophilic host and enhancement of catalytic activity as well as thermostability of thermophilic cellulases and xylanases, using genetic engineering as a promising and efficient technology for its economic production. Additionally, the biotechnological applications of thermostable cellulases and xylanases of thermophiles were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaila Boyi Ajeje
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guojie Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Sunday Bulus Peter
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Richmond Godwin Afful
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fubao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Mohammad Ali Asadollahi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Amiri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Abdulkhani
- Department of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
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You S, Zha Z, Li J, Zhang W, Bai Z, Hu Y, Wang X, Chen Y, Chen Z, Wang J, Luo H. Improvement of XYL10C_∆N catalytic performance through loop engineering for lignocellulosic biomass utilization in feed and fuel industries. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:195. [PMID: 34598723 PMCID: PMC8487158 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylanase, an important accessory enzyme that acts in synergy with cellulase, is widely used to degrade lignocellulosic biomass. Thermostable enzymes with good catalytic activity at lower temperatures have great potential for future applications in the feed and fuel industries, which have distinct demands; however, the potential of the enzymes is yet to be researched. RESULTS In this study, a structure-based semi-rational design strategy was applied to enhance the low-temperature catalytic performance of Bispora sp. MEY-1 XYL10C_∆N wild-type (WT). Screening and comparisons were performed for the WT and mutant strains. Compared to the WT, the mutant M53S/F54L/N207G exhibited higher specific activity (2.9-fold; 2090 vs. 710 U/mg) and catalytic efficiency (2.8-fold; 1530 vs. 550 mL/s mg) at 40 °C, and also showed higher thermostability (the melting temperature and temperature of 50% activity loss after 30 min treatment increased by 7.7 °C and 3.5 °C, respectively). Compared with the cellulase-only treatment, combined treatment with M53S/F54L/N207G and cellulase increased the reducing sugar contents from corn stalk, wheat bran, and corn cob by 1.6-, 1.2-, and 1.4-folds, with 1.9, 1.2, and 1.6 as the highest degrees of synergy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study provides useful insights into the underlying mechanism and methods of xylanase modification for industrial utilization. We identified loop2 as a key functional area affecting the low-temperature catalytic efficiency of GH10 xylanase. The thermostable mutant M53S/F54L/N207G was selected for the highest low-temperature catalytic efficiency and reducing sugar yield in synergy with cellulase in the degradation of different types of lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai You
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziqian Zha
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Bai
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanghao Hu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongli Chen
- Xinyuan Cocoon Silk Group Co., Ltd., Nantong, 226600 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
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12
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Wang L, Cao K, Pedroso MM, Wu B, Gao Z, He B, Schenk G. Sequence- and structure-guided improvement of the catalytic performance of a GH11 family xylanase from Bacillus subtilis. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101262. [PMID: 34600889 PMCID: PMC8546418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanases produce xylooligosaccharides from xylan and have thus attracted increasing attention for their usefulness in industrial applications. Previously, we demonstrated that the GH11 xylanase XynLC9 from Bacillus subtilis formed xylobiose and xylotriose as the major products with negligible production of xylose when digesting corncob-extracted xylan. Here, we aimed to improve the catalytic performance of XynLC9 via protein engineering. Based on the sequence and structural comparisons of XynLC9 with the xylanases Xyn2 from Trichoderma reesei and Xyn11A from Thermobifida fusca, we identified the N-terminal residues 5-YWQN-8 in XynLC9 as engineering hotspots and subjected this sequence to site saturation and iterative mutagenesis. The mutants W6F/Q7H and N8Y possessed a 2.6- and 1.8-fold higher catalytic activity than XynLC9, respectively, and both mutants were also more thermostable. Kinetic measurements suggested that W6F/Q7H and N8Y had lower substrate affinity, but a higher turnover rate (kcat), which resulted in increased catalytic efficiency than WT XynLC9. Furthermore, the W6F/Q7H mutant displayed a 160% increase in the yield of xylooligosaccharides from corncob-extracted xylan. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the W6F/Q7H and N8Y mutations led to an enlarged volume and surface area of the active site cleft, which provided more space for substrate entry and product release and thus accelerated the catalytic activity of the enzyme. The molecular evolution approach adopted in this study provides the design of a library of sequences that captures functional diversity in a limited number of protein variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kun Cao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Marcelo Monteiro Pedroso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bin Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhen Gao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Bingfang He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Gufe C, Sutthibutpong T, Muhammad A, Ngenyoung A, Rattanarojpong T, Khunrae P. Role of F124 in the inhibition of Bacillus firmus K-1 Xyn11A by monomeric aromatic phenolic compounds. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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