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Zheng L, Zhou R, Jiang B, Chen J, Hu M, Zhang T. Permeabilized whole cells containing co-expressed cyclomaltodextrinase and maltooligosyltrehalose synthase facilitate the synthesis of nonreducing maltoheptaose (N-G7) from β-cyclodextrin. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7061-7069. [PMID: 37337412 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maltodextrin is an important bulk ingredient in food and other industries; however, drawbacks such as uneven polymerization and high reducibility limit its utilization. Nonreducing maltoheptaose (N-G7) is a good substitute for maltodextrin owing to its single degree of polymerization and its nonreducing properties. In this study, in vitro cell factory biotransformation of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to N-G7 is demonstrated using coexpressed cyclomaltodextrinase (CDase, EC 3.2.1.54) and maltooligosyltrehalose synthase (MTSase, EC 5.4.99.15). However, the cell membrane prevents β-CD from entering the cell owing to its large diameter. RESULTS The amylase-deficient permeabilized host ΔycjM-ΔmalS-ΔlpxM is utilized for the coexpression of recombinant CDase and MTSase. Deletion of lpxM effectively allows the entry of β-cyclodextrin into the cell, despite its large diameter, without requiring any relevant cell membrane permeability-promoting reagent. This results in a 28.44% increase in the efficiency of β-CD entry into the cell, thus enabling intracellular N-G7 synthesis without the extracellular secretion of recombinant CDase and MTSase. After reacting for 5.5 h, the highest purity of N-G7 (65.50%) is obtained. However, hydrolysis decreases the purity of N-G7 to 49.30%, thus resulting in a conversion rate of 40.16% for N-G7 when the reaction lasts 6 h. Precise control of reaction time is crucial for obtaining high-purity N-G7. CONCLUSION Whole-cell catalysis avoids cell fragmentation and facilitates the creation of an eco-friendly, energy-efficient biotransformation system; thus, it is a promising approach for N-G7 synthesis. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ruiqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Miaomiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Liu Y, Wu Y, Ji H, Li X, Jin Z, Svensson B, Bai Y. Cost-effective and controllable synthesis of isomalto/malto-polysaccharides from β-cyclodextrin by combined action of cyclodextrinase and 4,6-α-glucanotransferase GtfB. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 310:120716. [PMID: 36925243 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Isomalto/malto-polysaccharides (IMMPs) derived from malto-oligosaccharides such as maltoheptaose (G7) are elongated non-branched gluco-oligosaccharides produced by 4,6-α-glucanotransferase (GtfB). However, G7 is expensive and cumbersome to produce commercially. In this study, a cost-effective enzymatic process for IMMPs synthesis is developed that utilizes the combined action of cyclodextrinase from Palaeococcus pacificus (PpCD) and GtfB-ΔN from Limosilactobacillus reuteri 121 to convert β-cyclodextrin into IMMPs with a maximum yield (16.19 %, w/w). The purified IMMPs synthesized by simultaneous or sequential treatments, designated as IMMP-Sim and IMMP-Seq, possess relatively high contents of α-(1 → 6) glucosidic linkages. By controlling the release of G7 and smaller malto-oligosaccharides by PpCD, IMMP-Seq was obtained of DP varying from 12.9 to 29.5. Enzymatic fingerprinting revealed different linkage-type distribution of α-(1 → 6) linked segments with α-(1 → 4) segments embedded at the reducing end and middle part. The proportion of α-(1 → 6) segments containing the non-reducing end was 56.76 % for IMMP-Sim but 28.98 % for IMMP-Seq. Addition of G3 or G4 as specific acceptors resulted in IMMPs exhibiting low polydispersity. This procedure can be applied as a novel bioprocess that does not require costy high-purity malto-oligosaccharides and with control of the average DP of IMMPs by adjusting the substrate composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Starch Related Enzyme at Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yazhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Starch Related Enzyme at Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Hangyan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Starch Related Enzyme at Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Starch Related Enzyme at Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Starch Related Enzyme at Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Birte Svensson
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Starch Related Enzyme at Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yuxiang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Starch Related Enzyme at Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Yip YS, Manas NHA, Jaafar NR, Rahman RA, Puspaningsih NNT, Illias RM. Combined cross-linked enzyme aggregates of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase and maltogenic amylase from Bacillus lehensis G1 for maltooligosaccharides synthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124675. [PMID: 37127056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Maltooligosaccharides (MOS) are functional oligosaccharides that can be synthesized through enzymatic cascade reaction between cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) and maltogenic amylase (Mag1) from Bacillus lehensis G1. To address the problems of low operational stability and non-reusability of free enzymes, both enzymes were co-immobilized as combined cross-linked enzyme aggregates (Combi-CLEAs-CM) with incorporation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Tween 80 (Combi-CLEAs-CM-add). Combi-CLEAs-CM and Combi-CLEAs-CM-add showed activity recoveries of 54.12 % and 69.44 %, respectively after optimization. Combi-CLEAs-CM-add showed higher thermal stability at higher temperatures (40 °C) with longer half-life (46.20 min) as compared to those of free enzymes (36.67 min) and Combi-CLEAs-CM (41.51 min). Both combi-CLEAs also exhibited higher pH stability over pH 5 to pH 9, and displayed excellent reusability with >50 % of initial activity retained after four cycles. The reduction in Km value of about 22.80 % and 1.76-fold increase in starch hydrolysis in comparison to Combi-CLEAs-CM attested the improvement of enzyme-substrate interaction by Tween 80 and pores formation by BSA in Combi-CLEAs-CM-add. The improved product specificity of Combi-CLEAs-CM-add also produced the highest yield of MOS (492 mg/g) after 3 h. Therefore, Combi-CLEAs-CM-add with ease of preparation, excellent reusability and high operational stability is believed to be highly efficacious biocatalyst for MOS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Seng Yip
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hasmaliana Abdul Manas
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nardiah Rizwana Jaafar
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Roshanida A Rahman
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ni Nyoman Tri Puspaningsih
- Laboratory of Proteomics, University-CoE Research Center for Bio-Molecule Engineering, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C-UNAIR, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Rosli Md Illias
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
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d'Orchymont F, Holland JP. A rotaxane-based platform for tailoring the pharmacokinetics of cancer-targeted radiotracers. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12713-12725. [PMID: 36519052 PMCID: PMC9645377 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03928a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a cornerstone of molecular diagnostic imaging and targeted radioimmunotherapy in nuclear medicine, but one of the major challenges in the field is to identify ways of reducing the radiation burden to patients. We reasoned that a rotaxane-based platform featuring a non-covalent mechanical bond between the radionuclide complex and the biologically active mAb could offer new ways of controlling the biophysical properties of cancer-specific radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET). Herein, we present the photoradiosynthesis and characterisation of [89Zr]ZrFe-[4]rotaxane-azepin-onartuzumab ([89Zr]ZrFe-2), a unique rotaxane-antibody conjugate for PET imaging and quantification of the human hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-MET). Multiple component self-assembly reactions were combined with simultaneous 89Zr-radiolabelling and light-induced bioconjugation methods to give [89Zr]ZrFe-2 in 15 ± 1% (n = 3) decay-corrected radiochemical yield, with >90% radiochemical purity, and molar activities suitable for PET imaging studies (>6.1 MBq mg-1 of protein). Cellular assays confirmed the specificity of [89Zr]ZrFe-2 binding to the c-MET receptor. Temporal PET imaging in athymic nude mice bearing subcutaneous MKN-45 gastric adenocarcinoma xenografts demonstrated specific binding of [89Zr]ZrFe-2 toward c-MET in vivo, where tumour uptake reached 9.8 ± 1.3 %ID g-1 (72 h, n = 5) in a normal group and was reduced by ∼56% in a control (blocking) group. Head-to-head comparison of the biodistribution and excretion profile of [89Zr]ZrFe-2versus two control compounds, alongside characterisation of two potential metabolites, showed that the rotaxane-radiotracer has an improved clearance profile with higher tumour-to-tissue contrast ratios and reduced radiation exposure to critical (dose-limiting) organs including liver, spleen, and kidneys. Collectively, the experimental results suggested that non-covalent mechanical bonds between the radionuclide and mAb can be used to fine-tune the pharmacokinetic profile of supramolecular radiopharmaceuticals in ways that are simply not accessible when using traditional covalent design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustine d'Orchymont
- University of Zurich, Department of Chemistry Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland https://www.hollandlab.org https://twitter.com/HollandLab +41-44-63-53990 +41-44-63-53990
| | - Jason P Holland
- University of Zurich, Department of Chemistry Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland https://www.hollandlab.org https://twitter.com/HollandLab +41-44-63-53990 +41-44-63-53990
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Ji H, Liu J, McClements DJ, Bai Y, Li Z, Chen L, Qiu C, Zhan X, Jin Z. Malto-oligosaccharides as critical functional ingredient: a review of their properties, preparation, and versatile applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3674-3686. [PMID: 36260087 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2134291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Malto-oligosaccharides (MOS) are α-1,4 glycosidic linked linear oligosaccharides of glucose, which have a diverse range of functional applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and other industries. They can be used to modify the physicochemical properties of foods thereby improving their quality attributes, or they can be included as prebiotics to improve their nutritional attributes. The degree of polymerization of MOS can be controlled by using specific enzymes, which means their functionality can be tuned for specific applications. In this article, we review the chemical structure, physicochemical properties, preparation, and functional applications of MOS in the food, health care, and other industries. Besides, we offer an overview for this saccharide from the perspective of prospect functional ingredient, which we feel lacks in the current literature. MOS could be expected to provide a novel promising substitute for functional oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jialin Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yuxiang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhitao Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaobei Zhan
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
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Abdalla M, Jiang B, Dai Y, Chen J, Hassanin HAM, Zhang T. Permeabilized whole-cell biocatalyst containing co-expressed two enzymes facilitates the synthesis of maltoheptaose (G7) from starch. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 159:110057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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The Biological Fate of Pharmaceutical Excipient β-Cyclodextrin: Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution, Excretion, and Metabolism of β-Cyclodextrin in Rats. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031138. [PMID: 35164401 PMCID: PMC8839615 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
β-cyclodextrin has a unique annular hollow ultrastructure that allows encapsulation of various poorly water-soluble drugs in the resulting cavity, thereby increasing drug stability. As a bioactive molecule, the metabolism of β-cyclodextrin is mainly completed by the flora in the colon, which can interact with API. In this study, understanding the in vivo fate of β-cyclodextrin, a LC-MS/MS method was developed to facilitate simultaneous quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical excipient β-cyclodextrin and API dextromethorphan hydrobromide. The established method had been effectively used to study the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, excretion, and metabolism of β-cyclodextrin after oral administration in rats. Results showed that β-cyclodextrin was almost wholly removed from rat plasma within 36 h, and high concentrations of β-cyclodextrin distributed hastily to organs with increased blood flow velocities such as the spleen, liver, and kidney after administration. The excretion of intact β-cyclodextrin to urine and feces was lower than the administration dose. It can be speculated that β-cyclodextrin metabolized to maltodextrin, which was further metabolized, absorbed, and eventually discharged in the form of CO2 and H2O. Results proved that β-cyclodextrin, with relative low accumulation in the body, had good safety. The results will assist further study of the design and safety evaluation of adjuvant β-cyclodextrin and promote its clinical development.
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