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Georgaki A, Bishop H, Gordon A, Doyle L, O'Hagan M, Courcier E, Menzies F. Evaluating the risk of bovine tuberculosis posed by standard inconclusive reactors identified at backward-traced herd tests in Northern Ireland that disclosed no reactors. Res Vet Sci 2022; 145:205-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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2
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Chan TH, Huang CS, Tu C, Jou R. Bovine tuberculosis in Taiwan, 2008-2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e814-e822. [PMID: 34724711 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis. The impact of bTB on global TB control has been underestimated. We adopted the One Health approach to human bTB surveillance in Taiwan. Of 20,972 human TB cases, 202 (1.0%) were bTB, 78.2% were in males, 85.1% were new cases, 83.2% were pulmonary TB, and most were in Central (52.5%) and Southern (24.8%) Taiwan. Only 18.8% of bTB patients had known animal contact. Of the 202 human M. bovis strains, 100% were resistant to pyrazinamide (PZA), 30.2% were concurrently resistant to isoniazid (INH) and 2.0% were multidrug resistant, defined as being resistant to at least INH and rifampin. Whereas, of the 22 animal M. bovis strains, 100% and 22.7% were resistant to PZA and INH, respectively. Seven spoligotypes and 25 mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit genotypes were identified. The predominant genotype, SB0265, was also prevalent in livestock. Notably, six animal-specific M. bovis genotypes were identified. bTB differential diagnosis and drug resistance detection are crucial for TB control. Comprehensive surveillance and human-animal interface investigations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Hua Chan
- Tuberculosis Research Center, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Sheng Huang
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien Tu
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ruwen Jou
- Tuberculosis Research Center, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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3
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Swift BMC, Barron ES, Christley R, Corbetta D, Grau-Roma L, Jewell C, O'Cathail C, Mitchell A, Phoenix J, Prosser A, Rees C, Sorley M, Verin R, Bennett M. Tuberculosis in badgers where the bovine tuberculosis epidemic is expanding in cattle in England. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20995. [PMID: 34697381 PMCID: PMC8545939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important animal health and economic problem for the cattle industry and a potential zoonotic threat. Wild badgers (Meles meles) play a role on its epidemiology in some areas of high prevalence in cattle, particularly in the UK and Republic of Ireland and increasingly in parts of mainland Europe. However, little is known about the involvement of badgers in areas on the spatial edge of the cattle epidemic, where increasing prevalence in cattle is seen. Here we report the findings of a study of found-dead (mainly road-killed) badgers in six counties on the edge of the English epidemic of bTB in cattle. The overall prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) infection detected in the study area was 51/610 (8.3%, 95% CI 6.4-11%) with the county-level prevalence ranging from 15 to 4-5%. The MTC spoligotypes of recovered from badgers and cattle varied: in the northern part of the study area spoligotype SB0129 predominated in both cattle and badgers, but elsewhere there was a much wider range of spoligotypes found in badgers than in cattle, in which infection was mostly with the regional cattle spoligotype. The low prevalence of MTC in badgers in much of the study area, and, relative to in cattle, the lower density of sampling, make firm conclusions difficult to draw. However, with the exception of Cheshire (north-west of the study area), little evidence was found to link the expansion of the bTB epidemic in cattle in England to widespread badger infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elsa Sandoval Barron
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Rob Christley
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Davide Corbetta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Llorenç Grau-Roma
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chris Jewell
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Colman O'Cathail
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Andy Mitchell
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK
| | - Jess Phoenix
- Department of Sociology, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Alison Prosser
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK
| | - Catherine Rees
- School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Marion Sorley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ranieri Verin
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università Degli Studi di Padova, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Malcolm Bennett
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.
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4
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Baguelin M, Medley GF, Nightingale ES, O’Reilly KM, Rees EM, Waterlow NR, Wagner M. Tooling-up for infectious disease transmission modelling. Epidemics 2020; 32:100395. [PMID: 32405321 PMCID: PMC7219405 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2020.100395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this introduction to the Special Issue on methods for modelling of infectious disease epidemiology we provide a commentary and overview of the field. We suggest that the field has been through three revolutions that have focussed on specific methodological developments; disease dynamics and heterogeneity, advanced computing and inference, and complexity and application to the real-world. Infectious disease dynamics and heterogeneity dominated until the 1980s where the use of analytical models illustrated fundamental concepts such as herd immunity. The second revolution embraced the integration of data with models and the increased use of computing. From the turn of the century an emergence of novel datasets enabled improved modelling of real-world complexity. The emergence of more complex data that reflect the real-world heterogeneities in transmission resulted in the development of improved inference methods such as particle filtering. Each of these three revolutions have always kept the understanding of infectious disease spread as its motivation but have been developed through the use of new techniques, tools and the availability of data. We conclude by providing a commentary on what the next revoluition in infectious disease modelling may be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Baguelin
- School of Public Health, Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Graham F. Medley
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emily S. Nightingale
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kathleen M. O’Reilly
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Eleanor M. Rees
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Naomi R. Waterlow
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Moritz Wagner
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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5
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Fielding HR, McKinley TJ, Delahay RJ, Silk MJ, McDonald RA. Effects of trading networks on the risk of bovine tuberculosis incidents on cattle farms in Great Britain. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:191806. [PMID: 32431877 PMCID: PMC7211880 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trading animals between farms and via markets can provide a conduit for spread of infections. By studying trading networks, we might better understand the dynamics of livestock diseases. We constructed ingoing contact chains of cattle farms in Great Britain that were linked by trading, to elucidate potential pathways for the transmission of infection and to evaluate their effect on the risk of a farm experiencing a bovine tuberculosis (bTB) incident. Our findings are consistent with variation in bTB risk associated with region, herd size, disease risk area and history of previous bTB incidents on the root farm and nearby farms. However, we also identified effects of both direct and indirect trading patterns, such that connections to more farms in the England High-Risk Area up to three movements away from the root farm increased the odds of a bTB incident, while connections with more farms in the England Low-Risk Area up to eight movements away decreased the odds. Relative to other risk factors for bTB, trading behaviours are arguably more amenable to change, and consideration of risks associated with indirect trading, as well direct trading, might therefore offer an additional approach to bTB control in Great Britain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R. Fielding
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Trevelyan J. McKinley
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Richard J. Delahay
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodchester Park, Nympsfield, Stonehouse GL10 3UJ, UK
| | - Matthew J. Silk
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Robbie A. McDonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
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Larsen MH, Lacourciere K, Parker TM, Kraigsley A, Achkar JM, Adams LB, Dupnik KM, Hall-Stoodley L, Hartman T, Kanipe C, Kurtz SL, Miller MA, Salvador LCM, Spencer JS, Robinson RT. The Many Hosts of Mycobacteria 8 (MHM8): A conference report. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 121:101914. [PMID: 32279870 PMCID: PMC7428850 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria are important causes of disease in human and animal hosts. Diseases caused by mycobacteria include leprosy, tuberculosis (TB), nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections and Buruli Ulcer. To better understand and treat mycobacterial disease, clinicians, veterinarians and scientists use a range of discipline-specific approaches to conduct basic and applied research, including conducting epidemiological surveys, patient studies, wildlife sampling, animal models, genetic studies and computational simulations. To foster the exchange of knowledge and collaboration across disciplines, the Many Hosts of Mycobacteria (MHM) conference series brings together clinical, veterinary and basic scientists who are dedicated to advancing mycobacterial disease research. Started in 2007, the MHM series recently held its 8th conference at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (Bronx, NY). Here, we review the diseases discussed at MHM8 and summarize the presentations on research advances in leprosy, NTM and Buruli Ulcer, human and animal TB, mycobacterial disease comorbidities, mycobacterial genetics and 'omics, and animal models. A mouse models workshop, which was held immediately after MHM8, is also summarized. In addition to being a resource for those who were unable to attend MHM8, we anticipate this review will provide a benchmark to gauge the progress of future research concerning mycobacteria and their many hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H Larsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Karen Lacourciere
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tina M Parker
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alison Kraigsley
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Linda B Adams
- Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, National Hansen's Disease Programs, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Kathryn M Dupnik
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luanne Hall-Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Travis Hartman
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carly Kanipe
- Department of Immunobiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sherry L Kurtz
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michele A Miller
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Liliana C M Salvador
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - John S Spencer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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7
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Crispell J, Benton CH, Balaz D, De Maio N, Ahkmetova A, Allen A, Biek R, Presho EL, Dale J, Hewinson G, Lycett SJ, Nunez-Garcia J, Skuce RA, Trewby H, Wilson DJ, Zadoks RN, Delahay RJ, Kao RR. Combining genomics and epidemiology to analyse bi-directional transmission of Mycobacterium bovis in a multi-host system. eLife 2019; 8:e45833. [PMID: 31843054 PMCID: PMC6917503 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying pathogen transmission in multi-host systems is difficult, as exemplified in bovine tuberculosis (bTB) systems, but is crucial for control. The agent of bTB, Mycobacterium bovis, persists in cattle populations worldwide, often where potential wildlife reservoirs exist. However, the relative contribution of different host species to bTB persistence is generally unknown. In Britain, the role of badgers in infection persistence in cattle is highly contentious, despite decades of research and control efforts. We applied Bayesian phylogenetic and machine-learning approaches to bacterial genome data to quantify the roles of badgers and cattle in M. bovis infection dynamics in the presence of data biases. Our results suggest that transmission occurs more frequently from badgers to cattle than vice versa (10.4x in the most likely model) and that within-species transmission occurs at higher rates than between-species transmission for both. If representative, our results suggest that control operations should target both cattle and badgers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Crispell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sciences CentreUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Clare H Benton
- National Wildlife Management CentreAnimal & Plant Health Agency (APHA)LondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniel Balaz
- Roslin InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicola De Maio
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI)CambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Assel Ahkmetova
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Adrian Allen
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute Northern Ireland (AFBNI)BelfastUnited Kingdom
| | - Roman Biek
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Eleanor L Presho
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute Northern Ireland (AFBNI)BelfastUnited Kingdom
| | - James Dale
- Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA)LondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Glyn Hewinson
- Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural SciencesUniversity of AberystwythAberystwythUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Robin A Skuce
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute Northern Ireland (AFBNI)BelfastUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel J Wilson
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Ruth N Zadoks
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard J Delahay
- National Wildlife Management CentreAnimal & Plant Health Agency (APHA)LondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Rowland Raymond Kao
- Roslin InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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8
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Skuce R, Breadon E, Allen A, Milne G, McCormick C, Hughes C, Rutherford D, Smith G, Thompson S, Graham J, Harwood R, Byrne A. Longitudinal dynamics of herd-level Mycobacterium bovis MLVA type surveillance in cattle in Northern Ireland 2003-2016. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 79:104131. [PMID: 31786341 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Investigating genetically-structured diversity in pathogen populations over time is important to better understand disease maintenance and spread. Herd-level surveillance of Mycobacterium bovis genotypes (multi-locus VNTR analysis types, MLVA types) from all culture-confirmed bovine tuberculosis (TB) herd cases was undertaken in Northern Ireland (NI), generating an unparalleled, longitudinal, population-level 14-year survey for this pathogen. Across this population, 295 genetically-distinct M. bovis MLVA types were identified in the 19,717 M. bovis isolates surveyed. Of these, the most frequent was MLVA type 002 (23.0%); 151 MLVA types were represented more than once, in groups ranging from 2 to 4438 isolates. Only 23 MLVA types were isolated in all 14 years. Investigating inter-annual frequency of M. bovis MLVA types, examples of statistically-significant expansions (MLVA types 002, 004, 006, 009 and 027), contractions (MLVA types 001, 007 and 011) and maintenance (MLVA types 003 and 005) were disclosed, during a period of fluctuating bovine TB herd-level incidence at the NI scale. The fixed period frequency distribution of MLVA types remained highly right-skewed. Novel VNTR copy number variant MLVA types (N = 242; an average of 17 per annum) were identified throughout the survey. The MLVA type distribution in the landscape was not random; MLVA types showed statistically-significant geographical localization and strong spatial associations with Divisional Veterinary Office (DVO) regions. There was also evidence of differential risk of particular MLVA types across breeds (Holstein/Friesian vs. other), age-class, and sex and some evidence of an association between the number of animals testing positive for bovine TB during the disclosing test and particular MLVA types, although there was substantial variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Skuce
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK; School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.
| | - E Breadon
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - A Allen
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - G Milne
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - C McCormick
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK; Veterinary Service and Animal Health Group, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Dundonald House, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SB, UK
| | - C Hughes
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - D Rutherford
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK; Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic (⁎)current address
| | - G Smith
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - S Thompson
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - J Graham
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - R Harwood
- Veterinary Service and Animal Health Group, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Dundonald House, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SB, UK
| | - A Byrne
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK; School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK; One-Health Unit, Surveillance, Animal By-Products and TSEs (SAT), Division Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine (DAFM), Agriculture House, Dublin 2, Ireland
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