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Zeng ML, Xu W. A Narrative Review of the Published Pre-Clinical Evaluations: Multiple Effects of Arachidonic Acid, its Metabolic Enzymes and Metabolites in Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04274-6. [PMID: 38842673 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA), an important polyunsaturated fatty acid in the brain, is hydrolyzed by a direct action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) or through the combined action of phospholipase C and diacylglycerol lipase, and released into the cytoplasm. Various derivatives of AA can be synthesized mainly through the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX) and cytochrome P450 (P450) enzyme pathways. AA and its metabolic enzymes and metabolites play important roles in a variety of neurophysiological activities. The abnormal metabolites and their catalytic enzymes in the AA cascade are related to the pathogenesis of various central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including epilepsy. Here, we systematically reviewed literatures in PubMed about the latest randomized controlled trials, animal studies and clinical studies concerning the known features of AA, its metabolic enzymes and metabolites, and their roles in epilepsy. The exclusion criteria include non-original studies and articles not in English.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Liu Zeng
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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Zhou C, Satpute V, Yip KL, Anderson LL, Hawkins N, Kearney J, Arnold JC. A high seizure burden increases several prostaglandin species in the hippocampus of a Scn1a +/- mouse model of Dravet syndrome. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 172:106836. [PMID: 38599513 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Dravet syndrome is an intractable epilepsy with a high seizure burden that is resistant to current anti-seizure medications. There is evidence that neuroinflammation plays a role in epilepsy and seizures, however few studies have specifically examined neuroinflammation in Dravet syndrome under conditions of a higher seizure burden. Here we used an established genetic mouse model of Dravet syndrome (Scn1a+/- mice), to examine whether a higher seizure burden impacts the number and morphology of microglia in the hippocampus. Moreover, we examined whether a high seizure burden influences classical inflammatory mediators in this brain region. Scn1a+/- mice with a high seizure burden induced by thermal priming displayed a localised reduction in microglial cell density in the granule cell layer and subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus, regions important to postnatal neurogenesis. However, microglial cell number and morphology remained unchanged in other hippocampal subfields. The high seizure burden in Scn1a+/- mice did not affect hippocampal mRNA expression of classical inflammatory mediators such as interleukin 1β and tumour necrosis factor α, but increased cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression. We then quantified hippocampal levels of prostanoids that arise from COX-2 mediated metabolism of fatty acids and found that Scn1a+/- mice with a high seizure burden displayed increased hippocampal concentrations of numerous prostaglandins, notably PGF2α, PGE2, PGD2, and 6-K-PGF1A, compared to Scn1a+/- mice with a low seizure burden. In conclusion, a high seizure burden increased hippocampal concentrations of various prostaglandin mediators in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome. Future studies could interrogate the prostaglandin pathways to further better understand their role in the pathophysiology of Dravet syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cilla Zhou
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL 60611, USA
| | - Vaishali Satpute
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Ka Lai Yip
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Lyndsey L Anderson
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Nicole Hawkins
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jennifer Kearney
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jonathon C Arnold
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
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Wang M, Zhang X, Jia W, Zhang C, Boczek T, Harding M, Liu Y, Li M, Zhang S, Lei S, Zhang D, Guo F. Circulating glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase levels in patients with epilepsy: A meta-analysis. Seizure 2021; 91:278-286. [PMID: 34252880 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are assessed as oxidative stress markers to determine the impact of oxidation on the levels of GSH-Px and SOD in patients with epilepsy (PWE) and healthy controls. METHODS A meta-analysis was completed on twenty-nine published studies. A total of 636 PWE and 665 healthy controls, 303 PWE and 191 controls, and 22 PWE and 22 controls were included to study GSH-Px levels in erythrocytes, serum and plasma, respectively. For SOD studies, there were 610 PWE and 680 controls, 464 PWE and 382 controls, and 62 PWE with 77 controls for erythrocytes, serum and plasma, respectively. RESULTS Meta-analysis showed that the erythrocyte SOD level was significantly lower in PWE than in healthy controls (SMD =-1.96; 95% CI [-2.93, -0.99]; P<0.0001). Moreover, the meta-analysis demonstrated that in serum and plasma, SOD levels in PWE were significantly lower than those in healthy controls (SMD =-1.47; 95% CI [-2.47, -0.48]; P<0.0001). Erythrocyte GSH-Px levels had a tendency to decrease in PWE compared with healthy controls (SMD =-0.31; 95% CI [-1.48, 0.85]; P=0.598), but the results showed no significant difference. CONCLUSION Our results showed reduced SOD levels in erythrocytes, serum and plasma in PWE, which may be an indicator of oxidative damage in epilepsy. This is the first meta-analysis of circulating GSH-Px and SOD levels in PWE and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- Sleep Medical Center, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, Liaoning province, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning province, China
| | - Wanying Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi Feng City Hospital, Inner Mongolia Province, Chifeng 024000, China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chengyang people's Hospital, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tomasz Boczek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, California, USA
| | | | - Yudan Liu
- Department of Neuroendocrine Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Neurology, the fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning province, China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning province, China
| | - Shuai Lei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning province, China
| | - Dongfang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning province, China.
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning province, China.
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Rawat C, Kushwaha S, Sharma S, Srivastava AK, Kukreti R. Altered plasma prostaglandin E 2 levels in epilepsy and in response to antiepileptic drug monotherapy. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 153:102056. [PMID: 32007745 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a physiologically active lipid compound, is increased in several diseases characterized by chronic inflammation. To determine its significance in epilepsy-associated inflammation and response to antiepileptic drug (AED), we evaluated the plasma PGE2 (median, pg/ml) levels in drug-free patients with epilepsy (N = 34) and patients receiving AED monotherapy (N = 55) in addition to that in healthy controls (N = 34). When compared to controls, plasma PGE2 levels were significantly elevated in all drug-free patients independent of the type of epilepsy (137.2 versus 475.7 pg/ml, p < 0.0001). Among the patients receiving AED monotherapy, only valproate responders showed a significant decrease compared to both drug-free patients (232.1 versus 475.7 pg/ml, p < 0.01) as well as valproate non-responders (232.1 versus 611.9 pg/ml, p < 0.0001). Both responders and non-responders on phenytoin or carbamazepine monotherapy had elevated PGE2 levels similar to drug-free patients. In addition, no difference was observed in plasma profiles of PGE2 precursor, arachidonic acid among the groups. Our work presents the clinical evidence of the association between plasma PGE2 levels and valproate efficacy in patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Rawat
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India
| | - Suman Kushwaha
- Institute of Human Behavior & Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Sangeeta Sharma
- Institute of Human Behavior & Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Achal K Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India.
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Yu Y, Nguyen DT, Jiang J. G protein-coupled receptors in acquired epilepsy: Druggability and translatability. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 183:101682. [PMID: 31454545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the largest family of membrane proteins in the human genome, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the targets of more than one-third of all modern medicinal drugs. In the central nervous system (CNS), widely distributed GPCRs in neuronal and nonneuronal cells mediate numerous essential physiological functions via regulating neurotransmission at the synapses. Whereas their abnormalities in expression and activity are involved in various neuropathological processes. CNS conditions thus remain highly represented among the indications of GPCR-targeted agents. Mounting evidence from a large number of animal studies suggests that GPCRs play important roles in the regulation of neuronal excitability associated with epilepsy, a common CNS disease afflicting approximately 1-2% of the population. Surprisingly, none of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved (>30) antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) suppresses seizures through acting on GPCRs. This disparity raises concerns about the translatability of these preclinical findings and the druggability of GPCRs for seizure disorders. The currently available AEDs intervene seizures predominantly through targeting ion channels and have considerable limitations, as they often cause unbearable adverse effects, fail to control seizures in over 30% of patients, and merely provide symptomatic relief. Thus, identifying novel molecular targets for epilepsy is highly desired. Herein, we focus on recent progresses in understanding the comprehensive roles of several GPCR families in seizure generation and development of acquired epilepsy. We also dissect current hurdles hindering translational efforts in developing GPCRs as antiepileptic and/or antiepileptogenic targets and discuss the counteracting strategies that might lead to a potential cure for this debilitating CNS condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Drug Discovery Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Davis T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Drug Discovery Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Drug Discovery Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Anticonvulsant-like effect of thromboxane receptor agonist U-46619 against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. Epilepsy Res 2018; 146:137-143. [PMID: 30153647 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that prostanoid receptors and their ligands may constitute valuable tools for development of new antiepileptic drugs. Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is a major eicosanoid in cardiovascular homeostasis. TXA2 exerts its action through the specific G protein-coupled TXA2 receptor (TP). In addition to its crucial role in the cardiovascular system, TXA2 and TPs play a role in the brain. Nevertheless, previously identified roles have been limited to cell protection of neurotoxicity, and the role of TPs on seizure activity was not investigated. Here we evaluated the effect of potent and selective TP agonist U-46619 on seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). Adult C57BL/6 mice received increasing doses of U-46619 (0, 30, 100 or 300 μg/kg). After 30 min we measured the latencies to myoclonic and generalized seizures induced by PTZ (60 mg/kg). We found that U-46619 increased the latency to PTZ-induced myoclonic jerks and tonic-clonic seizures. Moreover, U-46619 increased the immunocontent of phosphorylated Ser657 at protein kinase C (PKC) alpha subunit, indicating PKC activation in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Levels of TPs were not altered by the agonist. Administration of a TP antagonist, SQ 29,548, did not alter seizures and did not blunt the anticonvulsant-like effect of the agonist. In summary, we showed that a potent and selective TP agonist, U-46619, increased seizure latency in mice. Activation of PKC signaling pathways may underlie the anticonvulsant-like effect. Further investigation is needed to understand the potential of TPs in seizure treatment.
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Medina S, Miguel-Elízaga ID, Oger C, Galano JM, Durand T, Martínez-Villanueva M, Castillo MLGD, Villegas-Martínez I, Ferreres F, Martínez-Hernández P, Gil-Izquierdo Á. Dihomo-isoprostanes-nonenzymatic metabolites of AdA-are higher in epileptic patients compared to healthy individuals by a new ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry method. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 79:154-63. [PMID: 25464272 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a biochemical state in which reactive oxygen species are generated and it has been associated with pathological states including epilepsy. Therein, neuroprostanes (NeuroPs) and dihomo-isoprostanes (Dihomo-IsoPs)-a series of compounds formed nonenzymatically through free radical-induced DHA, n-6 DPA, and AdA peroxidation-are implicated in the pathophysiological status of various human neurological diseases. A new, robust, and selective analytical method for the determination of 10 NeuroPs/Dihomo-IsoPs in human urine, using solid-phase extraction and UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode (using a negative electrospray ionization interface), was developed. Nine NeuroPs/Dihomo-IsoPs were identified in 15 epileptic patients, matched with healthy volunteers. Among them, 17-F2t-Dihomo-IsoP, Ent-7(R)-7-F2t-Dihomo-IsoP, and Ent-7-epi-7-F2t-Dihomo-IsoP, derived from adrenic acid (AdA), were significantly higher in epileptic patients than in healthy volunteers. The validated method provided a high-throughput assay with a limit of detection and limit of quantification for each analyte of 0.10-5.90ngmL(-1) and 0.15-11.81ngmL(-1), respectively. The intra- and interday variations were lower than 14%. Dihomo-IsoPs have been considered as potential markers of epilepsy for the first time and their measurement may increase the understanding of the role of oxidative stress in neurological diseases, in intra vitam studies. The present study highlights a potential role of Dihomo-IsoPs as biomarkers in persons with epilepsy, though its mechanisms and possible implications should be the subject of further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Medina
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus University Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-University Montpellier I and II-ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-University Montpellier I and II-ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-University Montpellier I and II-ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Federico Ferreres
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus University Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Ángel Gil-Izquierdo
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus University Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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Steer CD, Lattka E, Koletzko B, Golding J, Hibbeln JR. Maternal fatty acids in pregnancy, FADS polymorphisms, and child intelligence quotient at 8 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1575-82. [PMID: 24067669 PMCID: PMC6404851 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.051524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain tissue is selectively enriched with highly unsaturated fatty acids (FAs). Altering the maternal FA status in pregnancy may improve fetal neural development with lasting consequences for child development. OBJECTIVE We explored whether maternal FAs in erythrocytes, either measured directly or indirectly by maternal FADS genetic variants, are associated with child intelligence quotient (IQ). DESIGN Linear regression analyses, adjusted for 18 confounders, were used to investigate the associations in 2839 mother-child pairs from the population-based Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort. RESULTS Low levels of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) were associated with lower performance IQ (-2.0 points; 95% CI: -3.5, -0.6 points; P = 0.007, increased R² = 0.27%), high levels of osbond acid (22:5n-6) were associated with verbal IQ (-1.8 points; 95% CI: -3.2, -0.4 points; P = 0.014, R² = 0.20%), and high levels of adrenic acid (22:4n-6) were associated with verbal IQ (-1.7 points; 95% CI:-3.1, -0.3 points; P = 0.016, R² = 0.19%). There was some evidence to support a negative association of low docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) with full-scale IQ (R² = 0.15%). Novel weak associations were also observed for low levels of osbond acid (R² ≤ 0.29%) and FADS variants with opposite effects for intron variants and variants in the promoter region such as rs3834458 (R² ≤ 0.38%). CONCLUSIONS These results support the positive role of maternal arachidonic acid and DHA on fetal neural development, although the effects on child IQ by 8 y of age were small (0.1 SD), with other factors contributing more substantially. The endogenous synthesis of these FAs by FADS genes, especially FADS2, may also be important. The replication of these results is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Steer
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (CDS and JG); the Research Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (EL); the Department of Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, München, Germany (BK); and the NIH, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda MD (JRH)
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Oxidative stress markers in the neocortex of drug-resistant epilepsy patients submitted to epilepsy surgery. Epilepsy Res 2013; 107:75-81. [PMID: 24054426 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE While there is solid experimental evidence of brain oxidative stress in animal models of epilepsy, it has not been thoroughly verified in epileptic human brain. Our purpose was to determine and to compare oxidative stress markers in the neocortex of epileptic and non-epileptic humans, with the final objective of confirming oxidative stress phenomena in human epileptic brain. METHODS Neocortical samples from drug-resistant epilepsy patients submitted to epilepsy surgery (n=20) and from control, non-epileptic cortex samples (n=11) obtained from brain bank donors without neurological disease, were studied for oxidative stress markers: levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2(-)); activity of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR); and markers of damage to biomolecules (lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidation). RESULTS Compared with non-epileptic controls, the neocortex of epileptic patients displayed increased levels of superoxide anion (P≤0.001), catalase (P≤0.01), and DNA oxidation (P≤0.001); a decrease in GPx (P≤0.05), and no differences in SOD, GR and lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings in humans are in agreement with those found in animal models, supporting oxidative stress as a relevant mechanism also in human epilepsy. The concurrent increase in catalase and decrease in GPx, together with unchanged SOD levels, suggests catalase as the main antioxidant enzyme in human epileptic neocortex. The substantial increase in the levels of O2(-) and 8-oxo-dG in epileptic patients supports a connection between chronic seizures and ROS-mediated neural damage.
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