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Kong X, Dai G, Zeng Z, Zhang Y, Gu J, Ma T, Wang N, Gu J, Wang Y. Integrating Proteomics and Transcriptomics Reveals the Potential Pathways of Hippocampal Neuron Apoptosis in Dravet Syndrome Model Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4457. [PMID: 38674042 PMCID: PMC11050081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
An important component contributing to the onset of epilepsy is the death of hippocampal neurons. Several studies have shown that Dravet syndrome model mice: Scn1a KO mice have a high number of apoptotic neurons following seizures, but the precise mechanism underlying this remains unclear. The aim of this research was to elucidate the potential molecular mechanism of neuronal apoptosis in Scn1a KO mice by integrating proteomics and transcriptomics, with the ultimate goal of offering better neuroprotection. We found that apoptotic processes were enriched in both proteomic and transcriptomic GO analyses, and KEGG results also indicated that differential proteins and genes play a role in neurotransmission, the cell cycle, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation. Then, we examined the upstream and downstream KGML interactions of the pathways to determine the relationship between the two omics, and we found that the HIF-1 signaling pathway plays a significant role in the onset and apoptosis of epilepsy. Meanwhile, the expression of the apoptosis-related protein VHL decreased in this pathway, and the expression of p21 was upregulated. Therefore, this study suggests that VHL/HIF-1α/p21 might be involved in the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in Scn1a KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Kong
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (X.K.); (T.M.); (N.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (G.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Gaohe Dai
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (G.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhong Zeng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China;
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (G.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jiarong Gu
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China;
| | - Teng Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (X.K.); (T.M.); (N.W.)
| | - Nina Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (X.K.); (T.M.); (N.W.)
| | - Jinhai Gu
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (G.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yin Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (X.K.); (T.M.); (N.W.)
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2
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Zhang Q, Forster-Gibson C, Bercovici E, Bernardo A, Ding F, Shen W, Langer K, Rex T, Kang JQ. Epilepsy plus blindness in microdeletion of GABRA1 and GABRG2 in mouse and human. Exp Neurol 2023; 369:114537. [PMID: 37703949 PMCID: PMC10591898 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE GABAA receptor subunit gene (GABR) mutations are significant causes of epilepsy, including syndromic epilepsy. This report for the first time, describes intractable epilepsy and blindness due to optic atrophy in our patient, who has a microdeletion of the GABRA1 and GABRG2 genes. We then characterized the molecular phenotypes and determined patho-mechanisms underlying the genotype-phenotype correlations in a mouse model who is haploinsufficient for both genes (Gabra1+/-/Gabrg2+/- mouse). METHODS Electroencephalography was conducted in both human and mice with the same gene loss. GABAA receptor expression was evaluated by biochemical and imaging approaches. Optic nerve atrophy was evaluated with fundus photography in human while electronic microscopy, visual evoked potential and electroretinography recordings were conducted in mice. RESULTS The patient has bilateral optical nerve atrophy. Mice displayed spontaneous seizures, reduced electroretinography oscillatory potential and reduced GABAA receptor α1, β2 and γ2 subunit expression in various brain regions. Electronic microscopy showed that mice also had optic nerve degeneration, as indicated by increased G-ratio, the ratio of the inner axonal diameter to the total outer diameter, suggesting impaired myelination of axons. More importantly, we identified that phenobarbital was the most effective anticonvulsant in mice and the patient's seizures were also controlled with phenobarbital after failing multiple anti-seizure drugs. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first report of haploinsufficiency of two GABR epilepsy genes and visual impairment due to altered axonal myelination and resultant optic nerve atrophy. The study suggests the far-reaching impact of GABR mutations and the translational significance of animal models with the same etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, United States of America; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurology, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China
| | - Cynthia Forster-Gibson
- Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Eduard Bercovici
- Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexandra Bernardo
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, United States of America
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurology, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China
| | - Wangzhen Shen
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, United States of America
| | - Katherine Langer
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, United States of America
| | - Tonia Rex
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, United States of America
| | - Jing-Qiong Kang
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, United States of America; Vanderbilt Brain Institute and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center of Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, United States of America.
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3
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Accogli A, Lu S, Musante I, Scudieri P, Rosenfeld JA, Severino M, Baldassari S, Iacomino M, Riva A, Balagura G, Piccolo G, Minetti C, Roberto D, Xia F, Razak R, Lawrence E, Hussein M, Chang EYH, Holick M, Calì E, Aliberto E, De-Sarro R, Gambardella A, Network UD, Group SYNS, Emrick L, McCaffery PJA, Clagett-Dame M, Marcogliese PC, Bellen HJ, Lalani SR, Zara F, Striano P, Salpietro V. Loss of Neuron Navigator 2 Impairs Brain and Cerebellar Development. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:206-222. [PMID: 35218524 PMCID: PMC9985553 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar hypoplasia and dysplasia encompass a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders frequently associated with neurodevelopmental impairment. The Neuron Navigator 2 (NAV2) gene (MIM: 607,026) encodes a member of the Neuron Navigator protein family, widely expressed within the central nervous system (CNS), and particularly abundant in the developing cerebellum. Evidence across different species supports a pivotal function of NAV2 in cytoskeletal dynamics and neurite outgrowth. Specifically, deficiency of Nav2 in mice leads to cerebellar hypoplasia with abnormal foliation due to impaired axonal outgrowth. However, little is known about the involvement of the NAV2 gene in human disease phenotypes. In this study, we identified a female affected with neurodevelopmental impairment and a complex brain and cardiac malformations in which clinical exome sequencing led to the identification of NAV2 biallelic truncating variants. Through protein expression analysis and cell migration assay in patient-derived fibroblasts, we provide evidence linking NAV2 deficiency to cellular migration deficits. In model organisms, the overall CNS histopathology of the Nav2 hypomorphic mouse revealed developmental anomalies including cerebellar hypoplasia and dysplasia, corpus callosum hypo-dysgenesis, and agenesis of the olfactory bulbs. Lastly, we show that the NAV2 ortholog in Drosophila, sickie (sick) is widely expressed in the fly brain, and sick mutants are mostly lethal with surviving escapers showing neurobehavioral phenotypes. In summary, our results unveil a novel human neurodevelopmental disorder due to genetic loss of NAV2, highlighting a critical conserved role of the NAV2 gene in brain and cerebellar development across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shenzhao Lu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ilaria Musante
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Scudieri
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Simona Baldassari
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Iacomino
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonella Riva
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ganna Balagura
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Piccolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Minetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Denis Roberto
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, System Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Emily Lawrence
- Department of Cardiology, Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - Mohamed Hussein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, USA
| | | | - Michelle Holick
- Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elisa Calì
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Rosalba De-Sarro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic "G. Martino", University of Messina, 98100, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Gambardella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universita' Degli Studi "Magna Graecia" Viale Europa, 88100, CATANZARO, Italy
| | | | | | - Lisa Emrick
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter J A McCaffery
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Margaret Clagett-Dame
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Paul C Marcogliese
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Seema R Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Federico Zara
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Sun S, Wang H. Clocking Epilepsies: A Chronomodulated Strategy-Based Therapy for Rhythmic Seizures. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044223. [PMID: 36835631 PMCID: PMC9962262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by hypersynchronous recurrent neuronal activities and seizures, as well as loss of muscular control and sometimes awareness. Clinically, seizures have been reported to display daily variations. Conversely, circadian misalignment and circadian clock gene variants contribute to epileptic pathogenesis. Elucidation of the genetic bases of epilepsy is of great importance because the genetic variability of the patients affects the efficacies of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). For this narrative review, we compiled 661 epilepsy-related genes from the PHGKB and OMIM databases and classified them into 3 groups: driver genes, passenger genes, and undetermined genes. We discuss the potential roles of some epilepsy driver genes based on GO and KEGG analyses, the circadian rhythmicity of human and animal epilepsies, and the mutual effects between epilepsy and sleep. We review the advantages and challenges of rodents and zebrafish as animal models for epileptic studies. Finally, we posit chronomodulated strategy-based chronotherapy for rhythmic epilepsies, integrating several lines of investigation for unraveling circadian mechanisms underpinning epileptogenesis, chronopharmacokinetic and chronopharmacodynamic examinations of AEDs, as well as mathematical/computational modeling to help develop time-of-day-specific AED dosing schedules for rhythmic epilepsy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Sun
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Han Wang
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-186-0512-8971
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5
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Mermer F, Poliquin S, Zhou S, Wang X, Ding Y, Yin F, Shen W, Wang J, Rigsby K, Xu D, Mack T, Nwosu G, Flamm C, Stein M, Kang JQ. Astrocytic GABA transporter 1 deficit in novel SLC6A1 variants mediated epilepsy: Connected from protein destabilization to seizures in mice and humans. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 172:105810. [PMID: 35840120 PMCID: PMC9472560 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mutations in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter 1 (GAT-1)-encoding SLC6A1 have been associated with myoclonic atonic epilepsy and other phenotypes. We determined the patho-mechanisms of the mutant GAT-1, in order to identify treatment targets. METHODS We conducted whole-exome sequencing of patients with myoclonic atonic epilepsy (MAE) and characterized the seizure phenotypes and EEG patterns. We studied the protein stability and structural changes with homology modeling and machine learning tools. We characterized the function and trafficking of the mutant GAT-1 with 3H radioactive GABA uptake assay and confocal microscopy. We utilized different models including a knockin mouse and human astrocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We focused on astrocytes because of their direct impact of astrocytic GAT-1 in seizures. RESULTS We identified four novel SLC6A1 variants associated with MAE and 2 to 4 Hz spike-wave discharges as a common EEG feature. Machine learning tools predicted that the variant proteins are destabilized. The variant protein had reduced expression and reduced GABA uptake due to endoplasmic reticular retention. The consistent observation was made in cortical and thalamic astrocytes from variant-knockin mice and human iPSC-derived astrocytes. The Slc6a+/A288V mouse, representative of MAE, had increased 5-7 Hz spike-wave discharges and absence seizures. INTERPRETATION SLC6A1 variants in various locations of the protein peptides can cause MAE with similar seizure phenotypes and EEG features. Reduced GABA uptake is due to decreased functional GAT-1, which, in thalamic astrocytes, could result in increased extracellular GABA accumulation and enhanced tonic inhibition, leading to seizures and abnormal EEGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Mermer
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - Sarah Poliquin
- The Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shuizhen Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yifeng Ding
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of The Central-Southern University in Changsha, China
| | - Wangzhen Shen
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - Juexin Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kathryn Rigsby
- The Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Taralynn Mack
- The Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gerald Nwosu
- The Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt University-Meharry Medical College Alliance, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Carson Flamm
- The Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthew Stein
- The Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jing-Qiong Kang
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center of Human Development, University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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6
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Liraglutide Is Protective against Brain Injury in Mice with Febrile Seizures by Inhibiting Inflammatory Factors. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7563281. [PMID: 35529274 PMCID: PMC9076292 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7563281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The febrile seizure (FS) is a common disease in emergency pediatrics, and about 30% of patients are children aged between 6 months and 5 years. Therefore, we aim to observe the protective impact of liraglutide (LIR) on brain injury in mice with FS and to explore its relevant mechanisms. Male SD mice were selected, and the FS model was established by heat bath method. The behavioral score was performed on mice with Racine grading, and nerve cells in apoptosis in the hippocampus were determined by TUNEL. The content of glutamate was determined by ELISA. mRNA levels and protein expression of GLP-1, GLP-1R, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and cleaved-caspase 3 were examined in mice by q-PCR and WB. Protein expression of γ-aminobutyric acid was influenced by WB as well. LIR prolonged the seizure latency and seizure duration in mice with FS. The GLP-1 and GLP-1R in the mouse hippocampus with FS expressed highly and also inhibited the number of nerve cells in apoptosis, decreased glutamate content, and increased γ-aminobutyric acid expression in the mouse hippocampus with FS. In addition, The IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, in the mouse hippocampus with FS expressed to reduce with LIR. LIR is protective against brain injury in mice with FS and protects brain injury by inhibiting inflammatory factors in mice with FS. Our finding provides a reference for mitigating and delaying the development of FS as well as the prevention and treatment of brain injury caused by FS.
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7
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Skotte L, Fadista J, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Appadurai V, Hildebrand MS, Hansen TF, Banasik K, Grove J, Albiñana C, Geller F, Bjurström CF, Vilhjálmsson BJ, Coleman M, Damiano JA, Burgess R, Scheffer IE, Pedersen OBV, Erikstrup C, Westergaard D, Nielsen KR, Sørensen E, Bruun MT, Liu X, Hjalgrim H, Pers TH, Mortensen PB, Mors O, Nordentoft M, Dreier JW, Børglum AD, Christensen J, Hougaard DM, Buil A, Hviid A, Melbye M, Ullum H, Berkovic SF, Werge T, Feenstra B. Genome-wide association study of febrile seizures implicates fever response and neuronal excitability genes. Brain 2022; 145:555-568. [PMID: 35022648 PMCID: PMC9128543 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Febrile seizures represent the most common type of pathological brain activity in
young children and are influenced by genetic, environmental and developmental
factors. In a minority of cases, febrile seizures precede later development of
epilepsy. We conducted a genome-wide association study of febrile seizures in 7635 cases
and 83 966 controls identifying and replicating seven new loci, all with
P < 5 × 10−10. Variants at two loci were functionally related to altered expression of the fever
response genes PTGER3 and IL10, and four other
loci harboured genes (BSN, ERC2,
GABRG2, HERC1) influencing neuronal
excitability by regulating neurotransmitter release and binding, vesicular
transport or membrane trafficking at the synapse. Four previously reported loci
(SCN1A, SCN2A, ANO3 and
12q21.33) were all confirmed. Collectively, the seven novel and four previously
reported loci explained 2.8% of the variance in liability to febrile
seizures, and the single nucleotide polymorphism heritability based on all
common autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms was 10.8%.
GABRG2, SCN1A and SCN2A
are well-established epilepsy genes and, overall, we found positive genetic
correlations with epilepsies (rg = 0.39,
P = 1.68 × 10−4). Further,
we found that higher polygenic risk scores for febrile seizures were associated
with epilepsy and with history of hospital admission for febrile seizures.
Finally, we found that polygenic risk of febrile seizures was lower in febrile
seizure patients with neuropsychiatric disease compared to febrile seizure
patients in a general population sample. In conclusion, this largest genetic investigation of febrile seizures to date
implicates central fever response genes as well as genes affecting neuronal
excitability, including several known epilepsy genes. Further functional and
genetic studies based on these findings will provide important insights into the
complex pathophysiological processes of seizures with and without fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Skotte
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - João Fadista
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vivek Appadurai
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Michael S Hildebrand
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne (Austin Health), Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas F Hansen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karina Banasik
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Grove
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine–Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Clara Albiñana
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carmen F Bjurström
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjarni J Vilhjálmsson
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Matthew Coleman
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne (Austin Health), Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John A Damiano
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne (Austin Health), Victoria, Australia
| | - Rosemary Burgess
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne (Austin Health), Victoria, Australia
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne (Austin Health), Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Westergaard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaspar René Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital North, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Erik Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mie Topholm Bruun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Xueping Liu
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hjalgrim
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tune H Pers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie W Dreier
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine–Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Christensen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alfonso Buil
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Anders Hviid
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Pharmacovigilance Research Center, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samuel F Berkovic
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne (Austin Health), Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Werge
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Neocortex- and hippocampus-specific deletion of Gabrg2 causes temperature-dependent seizures in mice. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:553. [PMID: 34050134 PMCID: PMC8163876 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the GABRG2 gene encoding the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor gamma 2 subunit are associated with genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, febrile seizures plus, febrile seizures, and other symptoms of epilepsy. However, the mechanisms underlying Gabrg2-mediated febrile seizures are poorly understood. Here, we used the Cre/loxP system to generate conditional knockout (CKO) mice with deficient Gabrg2 in the hippocampus and neocortex. Heterozygous CKO mice (Gabrg2fl/wtCre+) exhibited temperature-dependent myoclonic jerks, generalised tonic-clonic seizures, increased anxiety-like symptoms, and a predisposition to induce seizures. Cortical electroencephalography showed the hyperexcitability in response to temperature elevation in Gabrg2fl/wtCre+ mice, but not in wild-type mice. Gabrg2fl/wtCre+ mice exhibited spontaneous seizures and susceptibility to temperature-induced seizures. Loss of neurons were observed in cortical layers V-VI and hippocampus of Gabrg2fl/wtCre+ mice. Furthermore, the latency of temperature- or pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures were significantly decreased in Gabrg2fl/wtCre+ mice compared with wild-type mice. In summary, Gabrg2fl/wtCre+ mice with Gabrg2 deletion in the neocortex and hippocampus reproduce many features of febrile seizures and therefore provide a novel model to further understand this syndrome at the cellular and molecular level.
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9
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Dravet Syndrome-The Polish Family's Perspective Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10091903. [PMID: 33924914 PMCID: PMC8125154 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the paper is to study the prevalence of Dravet Syndrome (DS) in the Polish population and indicate different factors other than seizures reducing the quality of life in such patients. Method: A survey was conducted among caregivers of patients with DS by the members of the Polish support group of the Association for People with Severe Refractory Epilepsy DRAVET.PL. It included their experience of the diagnosis, seizures, and treatment-related adverse effects. The caregivers also completed the PedsQL survey, which showed the most important problems. The survey received 55 responses from caregivers of patients with DS (aged 2–25 years). Results: Prior to the diagnosis of DS, 85% of patients presented with status epilepticus lasting more than 30 min, and the frequency of seizures (mostly tonic-clonic or hemiconvulsions) ranged from 2 per week to hundreds per day. After the diagnosis of DS, patients remained on polytherapy (drugs recommended in DS). Before diagnosis, some of them had been on sodium channel blockers. Most patients experienced many adverse effects, including aggression and loss of appetite. The frequency of adverse effects was related to the number of drugs used in this therapy, which had an impact on the results of the PedsQL form, particularly in terms of the physical and social spheres. Intensive care unit stays due to severe status epilepticus also had an influence on the results of the PedsQL form. Conclusions: Families must be counseled on non-pharmacologic strategies to reduce seizure risk, including avoidance of triggers that commonly induce seizures (including hyperthermia, flashing lights and patterns, sleep abnormalities). In addition to addressing seizures, holistic care for a patient with Dravet syndrome must involve a multidisciplinary team that includes specialists in physical, occupational and speech therapy, neuropsychology, social work.
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10
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Interneuron Dysfunction in a New Mouse Model of SCN1A GEFS. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0394-20.2021. [PMID: 33658306 PMCID: PMC8174035 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0394-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in genome sequencing have identified over 1300 mutations in the SCN1A sodium channel gene that result in genetic epilepsies. However, it still remains unclear how most individual mutations within SCN1A result in seizures. A previous study has shown that the K1270T (KT) mutation, linked to genetic epilepsy with febrile seizure plus (GEFS+) in humans, causes heat-induced seizure activity associated with a temperature-dependent decrease in GABAergic neuron excitability in a Drosophila knock-in model. To examine the behavioral and cellular effects of this mutation in mammals, we introduced the equivalent KT mutation into the mouse (Mus musculus) Scn1a (Scn1aKT) gene using CRISPR/Cas9 and generated mutant lines in two widely used genetic backgrounds: C57BL/6NJ and 129X1/SvJ. In both backgrounds, mice homozygous for the KT mutation had spontaneous seizures and died by postnatal day (P)23. There was no difference in mortality of heterozygous KT mice compared with wild-type littermates up to six months old. Heterozygous mutants exhibited heat-induced seizures at ∼42°C, a temperature that did not induce seizures in wild-type littermates. In acute hippocampal slices at permissive temperatures, current-clamp recordings revealed a significantly depolarized shift in action potential threshold and reduced action potential amplitude in parvalbumin (PV)-expressing inhibitory CA1 interneurons in Scn1aKT/+ mice. There was no change in the firing properties of excitatory CA1 pyramidal neurons. These results suggest that a constitutive decrease in inhibitory interneuron excitability contributes to the seizure phenotype in the mouse model.
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11
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Colón-Rodríguez A, Uribe-Salazar JM, Weyenberg KB, Sriram A, Quezada A, Kaya G, Jao E, Radke B, Lein PJ, Dennis MY. Assessment of Autism Zebrafish Mutant Models Using a High-Throughput Larval Phenotyping Platform. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:586296. [PMID: 33330465 PMCID: PMC7719691 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.586296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, zebrafish have become commonly used as a model for studying human traits and disorders. Their small size, high fecundity, and rapid development allow for more high-throughput experiments compared to other vertebrate models. Given that zebrafish share >70% gene homologs with humans and their genomes can be readily edited using highly efficient CRISPR methods, we are now able to rapidly generate mutations impacting practically any gene of interest. Unfortunately, our ability to phenotype mutant larvae has not kept pace. To address this challenge, we have developed a protocol that obtains multiple phenotypic measurements from individual zebrafish larvae in an automated and parallel fashion, including morphological features (i.e., body length, eye area, and head size) and movement/behavior. By assaying wild-type zebrafish in a variety of conditions, we determined optimal parameters that avoid significant developmental defects or physical damage; these include morphological imaging of larvae at two time points [3 days post fertilization (dpf) and 5 dpf] coupled with motion tracking of behavior at 5 dpf. As a proof-of-principle, we tested our approach on two novel CRISPR-generated mutant zebrafish lines carrying predicted null-alleles of syngap1b and slc7a5, orthologs to two human genes implicated in autism-spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. Using our optimized high-throughput phenotyping protocol, we recapitulated previously published results from mouse and zebrafish models of these candidate genes. In summary, we describe a rapid parallel pipeline to characterize morphological and behavioral features of individual larvae in a robust and consistent fashion, thereby improving our ability to better identify genes important in human traits and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Colón-Rodríguez
- Genome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - José M Uribe-Salazar
- Genome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - KaeChandra B Weyenberg
- Genome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Aditya Sriram
- Genome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alejandra Quezada
- Genome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Sacramento State RISE Program, California State University, Sacramento, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Gulhan Kaya
- Genome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Emily Jao
- Genome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Brittany Radke
- Genome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Megan Y Dennis
- Genome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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12
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Turner TJ, Zourray C, Schorge S, Lignani G. Recent advances in gene therapy for neurodevelopmental disorders with epilepsy. J Neurochem 2020; 157:229-262. [PMID: 32880951 PMCID: PMC8436749 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders can be caused by mutations in neuronal genes fundamental to brain development. These disorders have severe symptoms ranging from intellectually disability, social and cognitive impairments, and a subset are strongly linked with epilepsy. In this review, we focus on those neurodevelopmental disorders that are frequently characterized by the presence of epilepsy (NDD + E). We loosely group the genes linked to NDD + E with different neuronal functions: transcriptional regulation, intrinsic excitability and synaptic transmission. All these genes have in common a pivotal role in defining the brain architecture and function during early development, and when their function is altered, symptoms can present in the first stages of human life. The relationship with epilepsy is complex. In some NDD + E, epilepsy is a comorbidity and in others seizures appear to be the main cause of the pathology, suggesting that either structural changes (NDD) or neuronal communication (E) can lead to these disorders. Furthermore, grouping the genes that cause NDD + E, we review the uses and limitations of current models of the different disorders, and how different gene therapy strategies are being developed to treat them. We highlight where gene replacement may not be a treatment option, and where innovative therapeutic tools, such as CRISPR‐based gene editing, and new avenues of delivery are required. In general this group of genetically defined disorders, supported increasing knowledge of the mechanisms leading to neurological dysfunction serve as an excellent collection for illustrating the translational potential of gene therapy, including newly emerging tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Turner
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Clara Zourray
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | | | - Gabriele Lignani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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13
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Shen W, Poliquin S, Macdonald RL, Dong M, Kang JQ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress increases inflammatory cytokines in an epilepsy mouse model Gabrg2 +/Q390X knockin: A link between genetic and acquired epilepsy? Epilepsia 2020; 61:2301-2312. [PMID: 32944937 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroinflammation is a major theme in epilepsy, which has been characterized in acquired epilepsy but is poorly understood in genetic epilepsy. γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit gene mutations are significant causes of epilepsy, and we have studied the pathophysiology directly resulting from defective receptor channels. Here, we determined the proinflammatory factors in a genetic mouse model, the Gabrg2+/Q390X knockin (KI). We have identified increased cytokines in multiple brain regions of the KI mouse throughout different developmental stages and propose that accumulation of the trafficking-deficient mutant protein may increase neuroinflammation, which would be a novel mechanism for genetic epilepsy. METHODS We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoprecipitation, nuclei purification, immunoblot, immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy to characterize increased neuroinflammation and its potential causes in a Gabrg2+/Q390X KI mouse and a Gabrg2+/- knockout (KO) mouse, each associated with a different epilepsy syndrome with different severities. RESULTS We found that proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), and IL-6 were increased in the KI mice but not in the KO mice. A major underlying basis for the discrepancy in cytokine expression between the two mouse models is likely chronic mutant protein accumulation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The presence of mutant protein dampened cytokine induction upon further cellular stimulation or external stress such as elevated temperature. Pharmacological induction of ER stress upregulated cytokine expression in the wild-type and KO but not in the KI mice. The increased cytokine expression was independent of seizure occurrence, because it was upregulated in both mice and cultured neurons. SIGNIFICANCE Together, these data demonstrate a novel pathophysiology for genetic epilepsy, increased neuroinflammation, which is a common mechanism for acquired epilepsy. The findings thus provide the first link of neuroinflammation between genetic epilepsy associated with an ion channel gene mutation and acquired epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangzhen Shen
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah Poliquin
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert L Macdonald
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Marco Dong
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jing-Qiong Kang
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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14
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Qu S, Catron M, Zhou C, Janve V, Shen W, Howe RK, Macdonald RL. GABA A receptor β3 subunit mutation D120N causes Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in knock-in mice. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa028. [PMID: 32467926 PMCID: PMC7238755 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is a devastating early-onset epileptic encephalopathy, associated with severe behavioural abnormalities. Its pathophysiology, however, is largely unknown. A de novo mutation (c.G358A, p.D120N) in the human GABA type-A receptor β3 subunit gene (GABRB3) has been identified in a patient with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. To determine whether the mutation causes Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in vivo in mice and to elucidate its mechanistic effects, we generated the heterozygous Gabrb3+/D120N knock-in mouse and found that it had frequent spontaneous atypical absence seizures, as well as less frequent tonic, myoclonic, atonic and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Each of these seizure types had a unique and characteristic ictal EEG. In addition, knock-in mice displayed abnormal behaviours seen in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome including impaired learning and memory, hyperactivity, impaired social interactions and increased anxiety. This Gabrb3 mutation did not alter GABA type-A receptor trafficking or expression in knock-in mice. However, cortical neurons in thalamocortical slices from knock-in mice had reduced miniature inhibitory post-synaptic current amplitude and prolonged spontaneous thalamocortical oscillations. Thus, the Gabrb3+/D120N knock-in mouse recapitulated human Lennox-Gastaut syndrome seizure types and behavioural abnormalities and was caused by impaired inhibitory GABAergic signalling in the thalamocortical loop. In addition, treatment with antiepileptic drugs and cannabinoids ameliorated atypical absence seizures in knock-in mice. This congenic knock-in mouse demonstrates that a single-point mutation in a single gene can cause development of multiple types of seizures and multiple behavioural abnormalities. The knock-in mouse will be useful for further investigation of the mechanisms of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome development and for the development of new antiepileptic drugs and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimian Qu
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mackenzie Catron
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Chengwen Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Vaishali Janve
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Wangzhen Shen
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel K Howe
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert L Macdonald
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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15
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Fallah MS, Eubanks JH. Seizures in Mouse Models of Rare Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Neuroscience 2020; 445:50-68. [PMID: 32059984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic neurodevelopmental disorders - that often include epilepsy as part of their phenotype - are a heterogeneous and clinically challenging spectrum of disorders in children. Although seizures often contribute significantly to morbidity in these affected populations, the mechanisms of epileptogenesis in these conditions remain poorly understood. Different model systems have been developed to aid in unraveling these mechanisms, which include a number of specific mutant mouse lines which genocopy specific general types of mutations present in patients. These mouse models have not only allowed for assessments of behavioral and electrographic seizure phenotypes to be ascertained, but also have allowed effects on the neurodevelopmental alterations and cognitive impairments associated with these disorders to be examined. In addition, these models play a role in advancing our understanding of these epileptic processes and developing preclinical therapeutics. The concordance of seizure phenotypes - in a select group of rare, genetic, neurodevelopmental disorders and epileptic encephalopathies - found between human patients and their model counterparts will be summarized. This review aims to assess whether models of Rett syndrome, CDKL5 deficiency disorder, Fragile-X syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and Ohtahara syndrome phenocopy the seizures seen in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrick S Fallah
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - James H Eubanks
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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16
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Sisodiya SM, Fowler HJ, Lake I, Nanji RO, Gawel K, Esguerra CV, Newton C, Foley A. Climate change and epilepsy: Time to take action. Epilepsia Open 2019; 4:524-536. [PMID: 31819908 PMCID: PMC6885657 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is the biggest challenge facing humanity today. The associated global warming and humidification, increases in the severity and frequency of extreme climate events, extension of the ranges of vector-borne diseases, and the consequent social and economic stresses and disruption will have major negative consequences on many aspects of health care. People whose resilience to change is already impaired may suffer disproportionately from these environmental changes, which are of unprecedented reach and magnitude. There has been little connection made so far between climate change and epilepsy. We briefly review the history of climate change science and the subsequent response of the global scientific community. We consider how climate change effects might in general affect health and disease. We consider some of the underlying complex interactions that, for example, favor the spread of vector-borne diseases and how climate models operate and may help plan for global and local changes. We then speculate specifically on how these generic ideas may apply specifically to epilepsy. We consider these impacts at levels from molecular to the epidemiological. Data are sparse, and there is undoubtedly a need for more information to enable better estimation of possible effects of climate change on care in epilepsy. We also consider how the professional activities of those involved in epilepsy health care might contribute to global carbon emissions, for example, through flying for conference attendance. Healthcare organizations across the world are already considering, and responding to, many of these issues. We argue for more research in this area, but also for action today. Actions today are likely to generate cobenefits for health care, including care in epilepsy, resulting from efforts to decarbonize, mitigate effects of climate change that has already happened, and plan for adaptation to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay M. Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental EpilepsyUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Chalfont Centre for EpilepsyChalfont St. PeterUK
| | - Hayley J. Fowler
- School of Civil Engineering and GeosciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Iain Lake
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Rosemary O. Nanji
- Centre for Molecular Medicine NorwayFaculty of Medicine and Department of PharmacyFaculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Kinga Gawel
- Centre for Molecular Medicine NorwayFaculty of Medicine and Department of PharmacyFaculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Experimental and Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of LublinLublinPoland
| | - Camila V. Esguerra
- Centre for Molecular Medicine NorwayFaculty of Medicine and Department of PharmacyFaculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | | | - Aideen Foley
- Department of GeographyBirkbeck CollegeUniversity of LondonLondonUK
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17
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Kong W, Wang X, Yang X, Huang W, Han S, Yin J, Liu W, He X, Peng B. Activation of TRPV1 Contributes to Recurrent Febrile Seizures via Inhibiting the Microglial M2 Phenotype in the Immature Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:442. [PMID: 31680864 PMCID: PMC6798794 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) is a nonselective cation channel implicated in the nervous system as a key component of several inflammatory diseases. A massive amount of evidence has demonstrated that TRPV1 is extensively expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and there might be a close relationship between TRPV1 and neuroinflammation, which is a crucial pathogenic factor in seizure generation, although it’s signaling mechanism has been less well characterized. Herein, we identified that TRPV1 is functionally expressed in the primary cultured mouse microglia and the membrane expression of TRPV1 is upregulated in rFS mice brain and specifically in activated microglia. Stimulation of TRPV1 promoted microglia activation and indirectly enhanced seizure susceptibility by inhibiting the neuroprotective effects of microglial transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) via interaction with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in mice. Conversely, genetic deletion of TRPV1 alleviated hyperthermia or LPS-induced abnormal microglial activation and restored a balanced inflammatory microenvironment in the brain. Taken together, these findings show that microglial TRPV1, as a potential pro-inflammatory mediator, and participate in neuroinflammatory response, which will provide a novel therapeutic strategy for controlling the neuroinflammation-induced seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Kong
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingliang Yang
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenxian Huang
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohua He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Biwen Peng
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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