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Hashemi P, Mardani P, Eghbali Raz Z, Saedi A, Fatahi E, Izapanah E, Ahmadi S. Alpha-Pinene Decreases the Elevated Levels of Astrogliosis, Pyroptosis, and Autophagy Markers in the Hippocampus Triggered by Kainate in a Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04407-x. [PMID: 39096444 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
The development and progression of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are heavily influenced by inflammation, excessive activation of glial cells, and neuronal cell death. This study aimed to investigate the effects of treatment with alpha-pinene (APN) on pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, astrogliosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy markers in the hippocampus in a rat model of TLE induced by kainic acid (KA). Male Wistar rats were employed, and TLE was induced by intracerebroventricular injection of KA. APN (50 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered for 19 days, including two weeks before and five days after the administration of KA. After full recovery from anesthesia and KA injection, the seizure-related behavioral expressions were evaluated. On day 19, the hippocampal levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, progranulin, IL-10, ERK1/2, phospho-ERK1/2, NF-κB, GFAP, S100-B, NLRP1, NLRP3, caspase-1, and becline-1 were examined. The results revealed that treatment with APN significantly diminished the heightened levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, progranulin, ERK1/2, and NF-κB and reversed the reduced levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, in the hippocampus caused by KA. Furthermore, administration of APN significantly reduced the levels of astrogliosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy markers in the hippocampus that were elevated by KA. It can be concluded that treatment with APN for 19 days alleviated neuroinflammation by inhibiting ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling pathways and prevented increases in astrogliosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy markers in the hippocampus in a rat model of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paria Hashemi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | - Zabihollah Eghbali Raz
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ali Saedi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ehsan Fatahi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Esmael Izapanah
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Shamseddin Ahmadi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran.
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2
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Smith RA, Mir F, Butler MP, Maharathi B, Loeb JA. Spike-induced cytoarchitectonic changes in epileptic human cortex are reduced via MAP2K inhibition. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae152. [PMID: 38741662 PMCID: PMC11089420 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Interictal spikes are electroencephalographic discharges that occur at or near brain regions that produce epileptic seizures. While their role in generating seizures is not well understood, spikes have profound effects on cognition and behaviour, depending on where and when they occur. We previously demonstrated that spiking areas of human neocortex show sustained MAPK activation in superficial cortical Layers I-III and are associated with microlesions in deeper cortical areas characterized by reduced neuronal nuclear protein staining and increased microglial infiltration. Based on these findings, we chose to investigate additional neuronal populations within microlesions, specifically inhibitory interneurons. Additionally, we hypothesized that spiking would be sufficient to induce similar cytoarchitectonic changes within the rat cortex and that inhibition of MAPK signalling, using a MAP2K inhibitor, would not only inhibit spike formation but also reduce these cytoarchitectonic changes and improve behavioural outcomes. To test these hypotheses, we analysed tissue samples from 16 patients with intractable epilepsy who required cortical resections. We also utilized a tetanus toxin-induced animal model of interictal spiking, designed to produce spikes without seizures in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were fitted with epidural electrodes, to permit EEG recording for the duration of the study, and automated algorithms were implemented to quantify spikes. After 6 months, animals were sacrificed to assess the effects of chronic spiking on cortical cytoarchitecture. Here, we show that microlesions may promote excitability due to a significant reduction of inhibitory neurons that could be responsible for promoting interictal spikes in superficial layers. Similarly, we found that the induction of epileptic spikes in the rat model produced analogous changes, including reduced neuronal nuclear protein, calbindin and parvalbumin-positive neurons and increased microglia, suggesting that spikes are sufficient for inducing these cytoarchitectonic changes in humans. Finally, we implicated MAPK signalling as a driving force producing these pathological changes. Using CI-1040 to inhibit MAP2K, both acutely and after spikes developed, resulting in fewer interictal spikes, reduced microglial activation and less inhibitory neuron loss. Treated animals had significantly fewer high-amplitude, short-duration spikes, which correlated with improved spatial memory performance on the Barnes maze. Together, our results provide evidence for a cytoarchitectonic pathogenesis underlying epileptic cortex, which can be ameliorated through both early and delayed MAP2K inhibition. These findings highlight the potential role for CI-1040 as a pharmacological treatment that could prevent the development of epileptic activity and reduce cognitive impairment in both patients with epilepsy and those with non-epileptic spike-associated neurobehavioural disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Smith
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Fozia Mir
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mitchell P Butler
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Biswajit Maharathi
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Loeb
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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3
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Barrière S, Faure-Conter C, Leblond P, Philippe M, des Portes V, Lion François L, de Bellescize J, Sabatier I. Antiseizure effect of MEK inhibitor in a child with neurofibromatosis type 1-Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy and optic pathway glioma. Epileptic Disord 2024; 26:133-138. [PMID: 37983638 DOI: 10.1002/epd2.20180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder due to a mutation in NF1 gene, resulting in phenotypically heterogeneous systemic manifestations. Patients with NF1 are prone to develop neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS) and are particularly at risk for optic pathway gliomas (OPG). Epilepsy is another recognized neurologic complication in patients with NF1, with a prevalence estimated between 4% and 14%. Several case reports and early phase clinical trials have demonstrated that the mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors (MEKi) are effective in NF1-low-grade gliomas (LGGs), but their influence on seizure activity in humans has not been established. CASE STUDY Here, we report a patient with NF1 and developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) harboring pharmacoresistant tonic seizures, and progressive optic pathway glioma (OPG). By using a MEKi therapy for her OPG, we observed an end to epileptic seizures as well as a significant improvement of interictal EEG abnormalities, despite a lack of tumor reduction. CONCLUSION MEK inhibitor therapy should be considered for patients with NF1 and refractory epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Barrière
- HCL Ringgold Standard Institution-Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bron, France
| | - Cécile Faure-Conter
- HCL Ringgold Standard Institution-Institute of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (IHOPe), Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Leblond
- HCL Ringgold Standard Institution-Institute of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (IHOPe), Lyon, France
| | - Michael Philippe
- HCL Ringgold Standard Institution-Institute of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (IHOPe), Lyon, France
| | | | - Laurence Lion François
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lyon Ringgold Standard Institution-Service de Neuropédiatrie, Lyon, France
| | - Julitta de Bellescize
- Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant-Clinical Epileptology and Neurophysiology, HFME, Bron, France
| | - Isabelle Sabatier
- HCL Ringgold Standard Institution-Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bron, France
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4
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Wehle DT, Bass CS, Sulc J, Mirzaa G, Smith SEP. Protein interaction network analysis of mTOR signaling reveals modular organization. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105271. [PMID: 37741456 PMCID: PMC10594569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine-threonine kinase that acts as a central mediator of translation and plays important roles in cell growth, synaptic plasticity, cancer, and a wide range of developmental disorders. The signaling cascade linking lipid kinases (phosphoinositide 3-kinases), protein kinases (AKT), and translation initiation complexes (EIFs) to mTOR has been extensively modeled, but does not fully describe mTOR system behavior. Here, we use quantitative multiplex coimmunoprecipitation to monitor a protein interaction network (PIN) composed of 300+ binary interactions among mTOR-related proteins. Using a simple model system of serum-deprived or fresh-media-fed mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, we observed extensive PIN remodeling involving 27+ individual protein interactions after 1 h, despite phosphorylation changes observed after only 5 min. Using small molecule inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, AKT, mTOR, MEK and ERK, we define subsets of the PIN, termed "modules", that respond differently to each inhibitor. Using primary fibroblasts from individuals with overgrowth disorders caused by pathogenic PIK3CA or MTOR variants, we find that hyperactivation of mTOR pathway components is reflected in a hyperactive PIN. Our data define a "modular" organization of the mTOR PIN in which coordinated groups of interactions respond to the activation or inhibition of distinct nodes, and demonstrate that kinase inhibitors affect the modular network architecture in a complex manner, inconsistent with simple linear models of signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin T Wehle
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carter S Bass
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Josef Sulc
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ghayda Mirzaa
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen E P Smith
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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5
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Wehle DT, Bass CS, Sulc J, Mirzaa G, Smith SEP. Protein interaction network analysis of mTOR signaling reveals modular organization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.04.552011. [PMID: 37577705 PMCID: PMC10418199 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.04.552011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine-threonine kinase that acts as a central mediator of translation, and plays important roles in cell growth, synaptic plasticity, cancer, and a wide range of developmental disorders. The signaling cascade linking lipid kinases (PI3Ks), protein kinases (AKT) and translation initiation complexes (EIFs) to mTOR has been extensively modeled, but does not fully describe mTOR system behavior. Here, we use quantitative multiplex co-immunoprecipitation to monitor a protein interaction network (PIN) composed of 300+ binary interactions among mTOR-related proteins. Using a simple model system of serum deprived or fresh-media-fed mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, we observed extensive PIN remodeling involving 27+ individual protein interactions after one hour, despite phosphorylation changes observed after only five minutes. Using small molecule inhibitors of PI3K, AKT, mTOR, MEK and ERK, we define subsets of the PIN, termed 'modules', that respond differently to each inhibitor. Using primary fibroblasts from individuals with overgrowth disorders caused by pathogenic PIK3CA or MTOR variants, we find that hyperactivation of mTOR pathway components is reflected in a hyperactive PIN. Our data define a "modular" organization of the mTOR PIN in which coordinated groups of interactions respond to activation or inhibition of distinct nodes, and demonstrate that kinase inhibitors affect the modular network architecture in a complex manner, inconsistent with simple linear models of signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin T Wehle
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carter S Bass
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Josef Sulc
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ghayda Mirzaa
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen E P Smith
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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6
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Blaine AT, van Rijn RM. Receptor expression and signaling properties in the brain, and structural ligand motifs that contribute to delta opioid receptor agonist-induced seizures. Neuropharmacology 2023; 232:109526. [PMID: 37004753 PMCID: PMC11078570 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The δ opioid receptor (δOR) is a therapeutic target for the treatment of various neurological disorders, such as migraines, chronic pain, alcohol use, and mood disorders. Relative to μ opioid receptor agonists, δOR agonists show lower abuse liability and may be potentially safer analgesic alternatives. However, currently no δOR agonists are approved for clinical use. A small number of δOR agonists reached Phase II trials, but ultimately failed to progress due to lack of efficacy. One side effect of δOR agonism that remains poorly understood is the ability of δOR agonists to produce seizures. The lack of a clear mechanism of action is partly driven by the fact that δOR agonists range in their propensity to induce seizure behavior, with multiple δOR agonists reportedly not causing seizures. There is a significant gap in our current understanding of why certain δOR agonists are more likely to induce seizures, and what signal-transduction pathway and/or brain area is engaged to produce these seizures. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge of δOR agonist-mediated seizures. The review was structured to highlight which agonists produce seizures, which brain regions have been implicated and which signaling mediators have been examined in this behavior. Our hope is that this review will spur future studies that are carefully designed and aimed to solve the question why certain δOR agonists are seizurogenic. Obtaining such insight may expedite the development of novel δOR clinical candidates without the risk of inducing seizures. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Opioid-induced changes in addiction and pain circuits".
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Affiliation(s)
- Arryn T Blaine
- Purdue University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Science graduate program, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Richard M van Rijn
- Purdue University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Septerna Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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7
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Shan Y, Chen Y, Gu H, Wang Y, Sun Y. Regulatory Basis of Adipokines Leptin and Adiponectin in Epilepsy: from Signaling Pathways to Glucose Metabolism. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2017-2028. [PMID: 36797447 PMCID: PMC10181973 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common and severe neurological disorder in which impaired glucose metabolism leads to changes in neuronal excitability that slow or promote the development of epilepsy. Leptin and adiponectin are important mediators regulating glucose metabolism in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Many studies have reported a strong association between epilepsy and these two adipokines involved in multiple signaling cascades and glucose metabolism. Due to the complex regulatory mechanisms between them and various signal activation networks, their role in epilepsy involves many aspects, including the release of inflammatory mediators, oxidative damage, and neuronal apoptosis. This paper aims to summarize the signaling pathways involved in leptin and adiponectin and the regulation of glucose metabolism from the perspective of the pathogenesis of epilepsy. In particular, we discuss the dual effects of leptin in epilepsy and the relationship between antiepileptic drugs and changes in the levels of these two adipokines. Clinical practitioners may need to consider these factors in evaluating clinical drugs. Through this review, we can better understand the specific involvement of leptin and adiponectin in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, provide ideas for further exploration, and bring about practical significance for the treatment of epilepsy, especially for the development of personalized treatment according to individual metabolic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisi Shan
- Department of Neurology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China.,Translational Medical Innovation Center, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China
| | - Yeting Chen
- Department of Acupuncture, Zhangjiagang Second People's Hospital, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China
| | - Haiping Gu
- Department of Neurology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China
| | - Yaming Sun
- Department of Neurology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China.
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8
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Blaine AT, Miao Y, Yuan J, Palant S, Liu RJ, Zhang ZY, van Rijn RM. Exploration of beta-arrestin isoform signaling pathways in delta opioid receptor agonist-induced convulsions. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:914651. [PMID: 36059958 PMCID: PMC9428791 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.914651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The δ-opioid receptor (δOR) has been considered as a therapeutic target in multiple neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders particularly as δOR agonists are deemed safer alternatives relative to the more abuse-liable µ-opioid receptor drugs. Clinical development of δOR agonists, however, has been challenging in part due to the seizure-inducing effects of certain δOR agonists. Especially agonists that resemble the δOR-selective agonist SNC80 have well-established convulsive activity. Close inspection suggests that many of those seizurogenic δOR agonists efficaciously recruit β-arrestin, yet surprisingly, SNC80 displays enhanced seizure activity in β-arrestin 1 knockout mice. This finding led us to hypothesize that perhaps β-arrestin 1 is protective against, whereas β-arrestin 2 is detrimental for δOR-agonist-induced seizures. To investigate our hypothesis, we characterized three different δOR agonists (SNC80, ADL5859, ARM390) in cellular assays and in vivo in wild-type and β-arrestin 1 and β-arrestin 2 knockout mice for seizure activity. We also investigated downstream kinases associated with β-arrestin-dependent signal transduction. We discovered that δOR agonist-induced seizure activity strongly and positively correlates with β-arrestin 2 efficacy for the agonist, but that indirect inhibition of ERK activation using the MEK inhibitor SL327 did not inhibit seizure potency and duration. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling with honokiol but not PQR530, attenuated SNC80 seizure duration in β-arrestin 1 knockout, but honokiol did not reduce SNC80-induced seizures in wild-type mice. Ultimately, our results indicate that β-arrestin 2 is correlated with δOR agonist-induced seizure intensity, but that global β-arrestin 1 knockout mice are a poor model system to investigate their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arryn T. Blaine
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Yiming Miao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jinling Yuan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Sophia Palant
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue University Cancer Center, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Richard. M. van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue University Cancer Center, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Richard. M. van Rijn,
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9
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Nguyen LH, Bordey A. Current Review in Basic Science: Animal Models of Focal Cortical Dysplasia and Epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr 2022; 22:234-240. [PMID: 36187145 PMCID: PMC9483763 DOI: 10.1177/15357597221098230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a malformation of cortical development that is a prevalent cause of intractable epilepsy in children. Of the three FCD subtypes, understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of FCD type II has seen the most progress owing to the recent advances in identifying gene mutations along the mTOR signaling pathway as a frequent cause of this disorder. Accordingly, numerous animal models of FCD type II based on genetic manipulation of the mTOR signaling pathway have emerged to investigate the mechanisms of epileptogenesis and novel therapeutics for epilepsy. These include transgenic and in utero electroporation-based animal models. Here, we review the histopathological and electroclinical features of existing FCD type II animal models and discuss the scientific and technical considerations, clinical applications, and limitations of current models. We also highlight other models of FCD based on early life acquired factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena H. Nguyen
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Cellular & Molecular
Physiology, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Angélique Bordey
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Cellular & Molecular
Physiology, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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10
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mTOR Inhibitor Treatment in Patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Is Associated with Specific Changes in microRNA Serum Profile. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123395. [PMID: 35743464 PMCID: PMC9224825 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the serum profiles of miRNAs in patients with tuberous sclerosis (TSC) upon sirolimus treatment and compare them with those previously treated with everolimus in a similarly designed experiment. Serum microRNA profiling was performed in ten TSC patients before sirolimus therapy and again after 3–6 months using qPCR panels (Exiqon). Of 752 tested miRNAs, 28 showed significant differences in expression between TSC patients before and after sirolimus treatment. Of these, 11 miRNAs were dysregulated in the same directions as in the sirolimus groupcompared with the previously described everolimus group, miR-142-3p, miR-29c-3p, miR-150-5p, miR-425-5p, miR-376a-3p, miR-376a-3p, miR-532-3p, and miR-136-5p were upregulated, while miR-15b-3p, miR-100-5p, and miR-185-5p were downregulated. The most significant changes of expression, with fold changes exceeding 1.25 for both treatments, were noted for miR-136-5p, miR-376a-3p, and miR-150-5p. The results of a pathway analysis of the possible target genes for these miRNAs indicated the involvement of the Ras and MAPK signaling pathway. Upregulation of miR-136, miR-376a-3p, and miR-150-5p was noted in TSC patients treated with mTOR inhibitors, indicating a role in the downregulation of the mTOR pathway. Further studies are needed to determine the relationship between upregulated microRNAs and treatment efficacy.
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11
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Cantor E, Meyer A, Morris SM, Weisenberg JLZ, Brossier NM. Dose-dependent seizure control with MEK inhibitor therapy for progressive glioma in a child with neurofibromatosis type 1. Childs Nerv Syst 2022; 38:2245-2249. [PMID: 35648241 PMCID: PMC9617819 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-022-05571-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) occurring in children can result in many different neurologic complications, including seizures. MEK inhibitors are increasingly being used to treat LGG, but their effect on associated neurologic symptoms has not been established. RESULTS Here, we report a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), medically refractory epilepsy (MRE), and an extensive optic pathway glioma (OPG) who developed dose-dependent seizure control while being treated with selumetinib. Seizure frequency rebounded after dose reduction for cardiac toxicity, then improved, and finally ceased after restarting full dosing, allowing confidence in the cause of improvement. CONCLUSION Selumetinib may have promise in epilepsy management in other children with NF1 or LGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Cantor
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8208, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ashley Meyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8208, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Stephanie M Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, USA
| | - Judith L Z Weisenberg
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, USA
| | - Nicole M Brossier
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8208, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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