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Conley TD, Satz-Kojis A. Explanations for Gender Differences in Preferences for Submissive Sexual Fantasies. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:3009-3024. [PMID: 38858231 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02909-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Women have a stronger preference for sexual submission than men do. In the current studies, we investigated gender differences in fantasies about sexual submission. Replicating previous research, in two studies we found that women expressed a stronger affinity for fantasies about sexual submission than men did. However, controlling for age and several sociocultural factors made the relationship between gender and preference for sexual submission non-significant-that is, we could statistically eliminate the gender difference. These analyses suggest the multiple factors that may influence sexual preferences and the multiple ways that gender differences in preference for submissive sexual fantasies can be eliminated by easily assessed demographic and contextual differences in the experiences of women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri D Conley
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Aviva Satz-Kojis
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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2
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Lecuona O, Martínez-Barajas O, Gimeno-Martín A, Hernansaiz A, Carrillo-Molina C, Alcolea-Cantero R, Rodríguez-Carvajal R, de Rivas S. Not Twisted, Just Kinky: Replication and Structural Invariance of Attachment, Personality, and Well-Being Among BDSM Practitioners. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2024:1-30. [PMID: 39028855 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2024.2364891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
BDSM is a range of diverse sexual practices. Stigma regarding BDSM is associated with dysfunctional personalities, insecure attachment styles, or damaged well-being. Previous studies have shown contrary evidence to these views. However, the replicability of these findings remains understudied. This study conducts a close replication to examine personality, attachment, rejection sensitivity, and well-being differences between BDSM practitioners and non-practitioners. To address previous limitations, this study provides a highly powered sample of a new population (Spanish, N = 1,907), assessing effect sizes and the impact of LGTBIQA+ individuals and employing an alternative BDSM role classification. Additionally, we examined attachment styles, personality, and well-being differences among BDSM practitioners. As predicted, BDSM practitioners showed higher levels of secure attachment, conscientiousness, openness, and well-being while also lower levels of insecure attachments, rejection sensitivity, neuroticism, and agreeableness, countering the stigma. Gender, sexual orientations, and experience with BDSM showed explanatory potential. The associations between attachment, personality, and well-being were consistent across both BDSM practitioners and non-practitioners, as well as across various BDSM roles. BDSM practitioners share the same psychological structure as non-practitioners but also show more functional profiles. Thus, de-stigmatizing BDSM populations is reinforced and recommended. Limitations and implications for applied and research audiences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Lecuona
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain
| | - Olga Martínez-Barajas
- School of Health, University Institute of Sexology, Universidad Camilo Jose Cela, Villafranca del Castillo, Spain
| | | | - Alejandra Hernansaiz
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Sara de Rivas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcon, Spain
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3
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Li S. The Psychology of Kink: A Cross-Sectional Survey Investigating the Association Between Adult Attachment Style and BDSM-Related Identity Choice in China. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:2269-2276. [PMID: 38453777 PMCID: PMC11176214 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02829-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BDSM is a type of sexual preference that includes bondage and discipline, dominance and submission, and sadism and masochism. Research has identified three specific power exchange roles in the practice of BDSM: dominance, submission, and switch. It has also been suggested that attachment style potentially influences BDSM interests. This study investigated the potential roles of attachment style in driving BDSM identity. A questionnaire was completed by a cross-sectional Chinese sample (n = 3310, age range 18-30 years), including 1856 BDSM practitioners (436 men, 1420 women). To assess attachment style, the questionnaire included a Chinese translation of the Adult Attachment Scale as well as items surveying BDSM interests. Compared to non-BDSM practitioners, attachment styles were not significantly different from BDSM practitioners. However, practitioners with different BDSM identities showed a significant difference in their attachment styles. Secure and avoidant attachment styles were associated with dominance, whereas submissiveness recorded high average scores of separation anxiety in both males and females. BDSM identities based on gender revealed that 60.5% of female practitioners assumed the role of submissiveness and this group recorded the highest average scores of separation anxiety among all groups. These results show that BDSM identity is related to attachment style. However, the results did not support the hypothesis that attachment styles potentially drive BDSM identities. Further research is needed to explore other psychological processes that drive BDSM identities in order to provide guidance for BDSM practitioners in choosing suitable identities, thereby helping practitioners to choose suitable identity partners and avoid negative experiences during BDSM participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Li
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
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4
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Madera SR, Pibernus AR, Vélez SO. Erotic Imagination in Latin America: Reflections on Sexual Fantasies and Coloniality. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:2173-2188. [PMID: 38755505 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02870-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Latin America comprises 20 countries and 14 dependent territories throughout the Western Hemisphere. It is a diverse and plural region in terms of its geography, cultures, languages, and historical experiences, with fifteenth-century colonialism as a common denominator. Two areas in which the lingering effects of coloniality seem clearly ever-present are the realms of gender and sexuality. The latter encompasses sexual fantasies, a subject of focus in this article. The examination of sexual fantasies remains a ripe area for future research, particularly throughout the Global South, where its linkages to coloniality should be explored in detail. To contribute to this larger and long-term goal, we implemented an online qualitative study designed to document the sexual fantasies of Spanish-speaking individuals living in the Latin American region. We developed a data-gathering form that included open-ended questions to document sexual fantasies. The form was available through the JotForm online platform that was linked to the study webpage entitled "A Calzón Quita'o." We conducted a thematic analysis to identify response patterns. Three main categories emerged from: (1) spatiotemporal references, (2) multiple partners, and (3) power, control, and rough sex. We relied on perspectives linked to ongoing discussions about coloniality to analyze the thematic content in the participants' responses regarding their sexual fantasies. The findings highlight the existing tensions between the reproduction of-and resistance to-the norms associated with gender roles and their embodiment within the framework of the gender binary inherited from coloniality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheilla R Madera
- Steven J Green School of International and Public Affairs, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| | | | - Samuel Oláh Vélez
- Steven J Green School of International and Public Affairs, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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5
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Larva MA, Rantala MJ. An Evolutionary Psychological Approach Toward BDSM Interest and Behavior. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:2253-2267. [PMID: 38769280 PMCID: PMC11176219 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02881-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Bondage/discipline, Dominance/submission, and Sadism/Masochism (BDSM) have gained increased attention and discussion in recent years. This prevalence is accompanied by a shift in perceptions of BDSM, including the declassification of sadomasochism as a paraphilic disorder. Evolutionary psychology offers a unique perspective of why some individuals are interested in BDSM and why some prefer certain elements of BDSM over others (e.g., dominance versus submission). In this paper, we examine BDSM from an evolutionary standpoint, examining biopsychosocial factors that underlie the BDSM interests and practice. We articulate this perspective via an exploration of: proximate processes, such as the role of childhood experiences, sexual conditioning, and physiological factors; as well as ultimate explanations for power play and pain play dimensions of BDSM, highlighting the potential adaptive advantages of each. While BDSM may not be adaptive in itself, we examine the literature of sex differences in BDSM role preferences and argue that these preferences may stem from the extreme forms of behaviors which enhance reproductive success. In the realm of pain play, we explore the intersection of pain and pleasure from both physiological and psychological perspectives, highlighting the crucial role of psychological and play partner factors in modulating the experience of pain. Finally, we encourage future research in social sciences to utilize evolutionary frameworks to further explore the subject and help alleviate the mystification surrounding BDSM. This multifaceted exploration of BDSM provides valuable insights for clinicians, kink-identified individuals, and scholars seeking to understand the evolutionary perspectives of human sexual behavior and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Larva
- INVEST Research Flagship Centre (Psychology), University of Turku, Assistentinkatu 7, N20014, Turku, Finland.
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Cesur E, Sancak B. Evaluation of Sexual Behavior and Sexual Functions of BDSM Practitioners: A Controlled Study. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2024; 61:148-153. [PMID: 38868847 PMCID: PMC11165605 DOI: 10.29399/npa.28527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this study was to obtain information about the sexual behaviors, sexual functioning of "bondage-discipline, dominance-submission, sadism, masochism" (BDSM) practitioners. Methods The study group (n=141) consisted of 65 women and 76 men who defined themselves as BDSM practitioners included in the study with the snowball technique through websites that are accessible on online BDSM groups. A control group (n=167) who stated that they were not BDSM practitioners was also recruited through websites. Sociodemographic and Sexual Behavior Evaluation Form and Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) were used online to gather data. Results No significant difference was found between BDSM practitioners and controls with regard to ASEX scores. Yet, in women, the mean ASEX score was lower in BDSM practitioners than in the control group whereas in men, the mean ASEX score was higher in the BDSM practitioners. Conclusion Gender might be an important factor in terms of sexual functioning in cisgender BDSM practitioners. Awareness on problems of this sexual minority should be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ender Cesur
- Psychiatrist, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, The School of Medicine, Maslak Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Barış Sancak
- Psychiatrist, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, The School of Medicine, Atakent Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ji Q, Zhang L, Xu J, Ji P, Song M, Chen Y, Guo L. The relationship between stigma and quality of life in hospitalized middle-aged and elderly patients with chronic diseases: the mediating role of depression and the moderating role of psychological resilience. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1346881. [PMID: 38840950 PMCID: PMC11151782 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1346881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Patients with chronic diseases may have some psychological problems due to their own or surrounding environmental factors, which can adversely affect the patient's illness and life. Given that the number of chronically ill patients in China is currently increasing every year, more research is needed to determine the best ways to manage changes in psychological status and psychological stress responses in chronically ill patients. The researchers constructed a mediated moderation model to explore the impact of stigma on the quality of life of chronically ill patients, as well as the mediating role of depression and the moderating role of psychological resilience. Methods A stratified sampling method was used to select 363 middle-aged and old-aged patients with chronic diseases aged 45 years and older from the Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University for the study. Data were collected from patients with chronic diseases such as cardiac, respiratory, renal, and other chronic diseases using the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS-G), the Stigma Scale for Patients with Chronic Diseases (SSCI), the Patient Health Questionaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Quality of Life Inventory (SF-12), and the Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) were collected from patients with cardiac, respiratory, renal, and other chronic diseases. A descriptive analysis was used to describe the sample. Linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between the variables. Mediation and moderation analyses were used to explore the mediating role of depression and the moderating role of psychological resilience. Results There was a moderate negative correlation between stigma and quality of life (r = -0.378, P < 0.01). There was a moderate negative correlation between depression and quality of life (r = -0.497, P < 0.01). There was a moderately positive correlation between psychological resilience and quality of life (r = 0.382, P < 0.01). There was a moderate negative correlation between psychological resilience and depression (r = -0.348, P < 0.01). There was a weak negative correlation between psychological resilience and stigma (r = -0.166, P < 0.01). There was a strong positive correlation between stigma and depression (r = 0.607, P < 0.01) The mediation study showed that stigma was a significant predictor of quality of life and that stigma and quality of life were mediated to some extent by depression, with the mediating effect accounting for 67.55% of the total effect. The direct path from stigma to depression is moderated by psychological resilience (β = -0.0018, P < 0.01). Conclusions Depression mediates the relationship between stigma and quality of life, while psychological elasticity plays a moderating role between stigma and depression, and when the level of psychological elasticity increases, the more significant the role of stigma on depression. As a physiologically and psychologically vulnerable group, patients with chronic diseases' overall quality of life and mental health should be taken more seriously, and clinical workers should pay timely attention to the psychological and mental conditions of patients with chronic diseases and provide timely and appropriate interventions and therapeutic measures. The relevant results of this study also provide a new perspective for clinical work on psychological intervention for patients with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Ji
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, An Hui, China
| | - Jiashuang Xu
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Pengjuan Ji
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Miaojing Song
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Yian Chen
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Leilei Guo
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
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Bowling J, Wright S, Benson JK, McCabe S, Mennicke A, Willard J, Kissler N, Good H, Moody B, Stambaugh R, Cramer RJ. Disclosing and Reporting of Consent Violations Among Kink Practitioners in the United States. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:1453-1476. [PMID: 36541018 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221145299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Kink practitioners are marginalized and experience adverse health and social outcomes, which are exacerbated by consent violations. This study aims to understand experiences of reporting consent violations within a kink context. Kink practitioners (N = 2,888) completed a survey focused on consent violations, reporting, and recommendations, with 767 (25.56%) of them reporting consent violations in the kink context. The type of consent violation (sexual assault or kink-related behaviors), disclosure, and reporting significantly differed based on gender, sexual orientation, and injury status, but not age. Additionally, recommended steps included avoidance of police and others in positions of power and increased accountability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessamyn Bowling
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Susan Wright
- National Coalition for Sexual Freedom, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Kevin Benson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Sean McCabe
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Annelise Mennicke
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Jessica Willard
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Neha Kissler
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Haley Good
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Robert J Cramer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
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9
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Liang W, Zhang Y. The correlation between sadomasochists' experience and their sadomasochistic behaviors and fantasies: A qualitative analysis of interviews. Psych J 2024; 13:295-321. [PMID: 38105564 PMCID: PMC10990812 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Lacking a comprehensive understanding of sadomasochism makes difficulties in judicial dispositions, clinical interventions, and mental health services. This study explores the correlation between sadomasochists' growth experience and their sadomasochistic behaviors and fantasies. We interviewed 51 sadomasochists from a Chinese subcultural website, coded and analyzed the interview records, conducted correlation and cluster analyses on the reference points of the nodes of impressive experience and sadomasochistic behaviors and fantasies, and constructed the model of Experience-Behaviors and Fantasies. We found that sadomasochists' typical impressive experiences are family parenting and sexual experience; sadomasochistic behaviors and fantasies can be classified into five categories: spirit, punishment, sex, canine, and excretion; and sadomasochistic behaviors and fantasies are partially correlated with sadomasochists' impressive experiences, indicating psychoanalytic theory is the leading theory for the driving processes of sadomasochism, while behaviorist and Gestalt theories also contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Liang
- Key Laboratory of Mental HealthInstitute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mental HealthInstitute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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10
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Gewirtz-Meydan A, Godbout N, Canivet C, Peleg-Sagy T, Lafortune D. The Complex Interplay between BDSM and Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Form of Repetition and Dissociation or a Path Toward Processing and Healing? JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2024; 50:583-594. [PMID: 38544460 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2024.2332775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In this theoretical paper the authors explore the connections between BDSM (i.e., practices involving bondage, discipline, dominance, submission, sadism, masochism) and CSA (childhood sexual abuse) in order to investigate the potential unconscious mechanisms at play and the therapeutic functions of BDSM practices among CSA victims. Drawing on the embodiment framework, the authors address how BDSM may serve as a form of unconscious repetition of traumatic experiences for certain CSA victims, with the aim of processing trauma and healing. A review of the empirical evidence regarding the links between BDSM and CSA trauma, along with the potential of BDSM to trigger trauma and elicit dissociation, guilt, or shame, is conducted. Finally, BDSM practices are reviewed through the concept of trauma-play, which involves deliberate rescripting. In short, the complex relationship between BDSM and CSA is highlighted, as well as its implications for understanding and potentially addressing trauma experiences in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan
- School of Social Work, Faculty of Social Welfare & Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Natacha Godbout
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cloé Canivet
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tal Peleg-Sagy
- Department of Psychology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - David Lafortune
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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11
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Pearson A, Hodgetts S. "Comforting, Reassuring, and…Hot": A Qualitative Exploration of Engaging in Bondage, Discipline, Domination, Submission, Sadism and (Sado)masochism and Kink from the Perspective of Autistic Adults. AUTISM IN ADULTHOOD 2024; 6:25-35. [PMID: 38435321 PMCID: PMC10902275 DOI: 10.1089/aut.2022.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Background There is a lack of research on autistic intimacy; however, a small body of research suggests that bondage, discipline, domination, submission, sadism and (sado)masochism (BDSM)/kink may be appealing to autistic people. We aimed at exploring how engagement in BDSM/kink related to autistic identity, using a phenomenological approach. Methods We recruited six autistic adults through purposive sampling on social media. All participants took part in a one-to-one spoken interview about their engagement in BDSM/kink and how it related to their sense of identity. Results We used interpretative phenomenological analysis to analyze the data and found three key themes. Theme 1, "Practicing safe 'sex'" highlighted how the clear communication and explicit focus on consent present in BDSM/kink facilitated a feeling of safety. Theme 2, "So many ways to touch and be touched" was focused on the sensory draw of BDSM/kink, and how it provided exciting ways to explore sensory joy (and sometimes revulsion). Theme 3, "Subverting (neuro)normativity" showed how autistic people can find pleasure in intimate practices that transgress normative expectations. Conclusion Our findings highlighted the importance of exploring the perceptions of autistic adults in relation to their own intimate practices. Autistic intimacy is an emerging area of research, with very little focus on lived experience. Although engagement in BDSM/kink may appear niche, our findings suggest that there are aspects which are inherently appealing to autistic people. These findings can be used to destigmatize both autistic intimacy and engagement in alternative intimate practices more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Pearson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Hodgetts
- Psychology Department, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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12
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Brewer NQ, Thomas KA, Guadalupe-Diaz X. "It's Their Consent You Have to Wait For": Intimate Partner Violence and BDSM Among Gender and Sexual Minority Youth. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:35-58. [PMID: 37596880 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231193445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Gender and sexual minoritized (GSM) youth are more likely than their cisgender heterosexual peers to experience intimate partner violence (IPV) and practice bondage and discipline, domination and submission, sadism, and masochism (BDSM). Although IPV and BDSM are vastly different phenomena, superficial similarities (e.g., violent behaviors) can lead to misidentification in both practice and research. This study explores how GSM youth (a) experience and understand the differences between IPV and BDSM and (b) report consensual violent and controlling behaviors when answering items on IPV measures. Nine demographically diverse GSM youth (mean age 21.2) were drawn from a GSM youth-serving organization in the Northeast United States. Participants were interviewed about their experiences with IPV, BDSM, and consent. Participants also were asked to describe the process of completing two standardized measures of IPV. Interviews were coded using conventional and directed content analysis. Eight of nine participants reported IPV victimization, and seven reported BDSM interest or experiences. Four themes emerged: (a) GSM youth experience a spectrum of IPV victimization, often related to their gender and sexual identity; (b) interest in BDSM does not imply an acceptance of IPV; (c) GSM youth have a nuanced understanding of consent and strategies to communicate consent with their partners; and (d) Consent is the organizing framework by which GSM youth distinguish IPV from BDSM. Participants reported various degrees of certainty that they would include BDSM behaviors when answering questions about violent behaviors. Findings underscore the importance of conceptually and operationally differentiating IPV and BDSM. Programs that serve GSM youth should address IPV victimization, offer sex-positive education regarding healthy relationships and BDSM, and assist GSM youth in differentiating abusive behaviors from consensual BDSM. Standardized measures that do not conflate BDSM with IPV are crucial for studying IPV among GSM youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Q Brewer
- Simmons University, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Gauthier A, Deli C, Garant E, Proulx J. Inadequate Coping Strategies of Men who Have Committed Sexual Aggression Against Women: A Study of Their Developmental Antecedents. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2023:10790632231210534. [PMID: 37933142 DOI: 10.1177/10790632231210534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Several researchers have found that men who have committed sexual aggression have inadequate coping strategies (e.g., paraphilic sexual fantasies, substance abuse). However, very few researchers have empirically examined the factors potentially associated with the development of these strategies. In 2011, Maniglio hypothesized that the inadequate coping strategies of men who have committed sexual aggression are the result of childhood victimization, mediated by internalized psychological problems. The present study therefore empirically tested this hypothesis in a Canadian sample of 205 men who had committed sexual aggression against women, of whom 37 committed sexual murder. Structural equation modeling (SEM) resulted in the identification of several direct and indirect trajectories leading from childhood victimization (psychological, physical, sexual) to the development of inadequate coping strategies (paraphilic sexual fantasies, alcohol and drug use) mediated by internalized psychological problems (e.g., anxiety, depression, social isolation). The theoretical and clinical implications of these developmental trajectories are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Gauthier
- School of Criminology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Institut national de psychiatrie légale Philippe-Pinel, Montreal, QC, Canada
- International Centre of Comparative Criminology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Deli
- School of Criminology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- International Centre of Comparative Criminology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Etienne Garant
- School of Criminology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- International Centre of Comparative Criminology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Proulx
- School of Criminology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Institut national de psychiatrie légale Philippe-Pinel, Montreal, QC, Canada
- International Centre of Comparative Criminology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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14
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Schuerwegen A, Huys W, Wuyts E, Goethals K, Coppens V, Davis JM, Tarleton HL, Sagarin BJ, Morrens M. BDSM in North America, Europe, and Oceania: A Large-Scale International Survey Gauging BDSM Interests and Activities. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37647344 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2023.2241451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BDSM bondage and discipline, dominance and submission, and sadism and masochism is a widespread and highly prevalent yet stigmatized practice of intimacy and sexuality. In recent years, international interest in BDSM research has grown, mainly resulting in prevalence studies in various countries. To date, however, no research has investigated international and intercontinental differences in the nature of BDSM interests and fantasies, BDSM roles and practicing contexts among BDSM practitioners. In order to explore international discrepancies in BDSM identity, fantasies, and activities among self-identified BDSM practitioners, a group of FetLife (a social network website for BDSM and kink interested individuals) members (N = 1,112) originating from North America (n = 458), Europe (n = 566), Oceania (n = 46), and Other (n = 42) completed the survey. Europeans reported an earlier age of onset of fantasizing about BDSM than did North Americans. More North Americans indicated practicing BDSM in a public context than did Europeans and Oceanians. These differences could in part be explained by different cultural backgrounds, higher levels of religiosity, and current stigmas toward non-traditional sexual interests. Future research should focus on clarifying whether cultural mechanisms underlie these dissimilarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Schuerwegen
- University Forensic Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Antwerp University Hospital
| | - Wim Huys
- University Forensic Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Antwerp University Hospital
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp
| | - Elise Wuyts
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp
| | - Kris Goethals
- University Forensic Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Antwerp University Hospital
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp
| | - Violette Coppens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp
- Scientific Initiative for Neuropsychiatric and Psychopharmacolgical Studies, University Psychiatric Centre Duffel
| | | | | | | | - Manuel Morrens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp
- Scientific Initiative for Neuropsychiatric and Psychopharmacolgical Studies, University Psychiatric Centre Duffel
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15
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Sprott RA, Herbitter C, Grant P, Moser C, Kleinplatz PJ. Clinical Guidelines for Working with Clients Involved in Kink. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2023; 49:978-995. [PMID: 37439228 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2023.2232801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
People involved in kink (BDSM or fetish) subcultures often encounter stigma and bias in healthcare settings or when seeking psychotherapy. Such individuals typically encounter well-meaning clinicians who are not prepared to provide culturally competent care or who have not recognized their own biases. Over a two-year period, a team of 20 experienced clinicians and researchers created clinical practice guidelines for working with people involved with kink, incorporating an extensive literature review and documentation of clinical expertise. This article summarizes the guidelines and discusses relevant issues facing clinicians and their clients, as well as implications for clinical practice, research and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Sprott
- Human Development and Women's Studies, California State University, East Bay, CA, USA
| | - Cara Herbitter
- School of Medicine, Veteran Affairs Boston Healthcare System Boston University, West Roxbury, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, US
| | - Patrick Grant
- Clinical Psychology, Michael E. Debakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
| | - Charles Moser
- Diverse Sexualities Research and Education Institute (DSREI.org), San Francisco, CA, USA
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16
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Reynish TD, Hoang H, Bridgman H, Easpaig BNG. Kink-Oriented People and Exogenous Oppressions: Understanding Mental Health and Related Service Use in a Rural Context. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2023; 70:1479-1502. [PMID: 35113001 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2022.2036531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Rural, kink-oriented people experience much exogenous oppression and yet related research is scarce. This study examined the risk and protective factors of kink-oriented rural Tasmanian Australians with preexisting mental health conditions and help-seeking barriers and facilitators. Participants completed either an online survey (n = 42), an interview (n = 10), or both. Thematic analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the qualitative and quantitative data, respectively. Participants aged 18 to 61 were gender and sexually diverse and better educated but had more lifetime suicide attempts than the general public. Despite the increasing normalization of kink, 90.5% of participants have never seen a kink-aware mental health professional (MHP) and nearly 83.0% did not disclose to an MHP for fear of stigma or discrimination. Self-awareness, resilience, social support and kink improved participants' mental health. Tailored support from trained MHP is vital to improve the mental health of kink-oriented people in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara D Reynish
- Centre for Rural Health, College of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ha Hoang
- Centre for Rural Health, College of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Heather Bridgman
- Centre for Rural Health, College of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Bróna Nic Giolla Easpaig
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience & Implement Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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La Corte JC. "Classifying D/s Profiles Without Prior Assumptions: An Application of Cluster Analysis to Social Data". JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2023; 70:1549-1584. [PMID: 35166194 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2022.2036534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Dominant/submissive role-play (D/s) is associated with specialized roles including Mistress, Master, Slave, Switch, Sadist, and Masochist. The current study uses cluster analysis to provide empirical evidence that no binary opposition or single spectrum constitutes a workable typology of individuals based on their affinities for these roles. The optimality of a particular choice of clustering scheme, including the number of clusters, is established using a replication technique which is presented in detail. A large number (n = 236,353) of individualized results (profiles) generated by the BDSM Test, a popular anonymous web survey, were analyzed. We hypothesize a two-dimensional typology of D/s profiles as the inferential result of our cluster analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C La Corte
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Science & Engineering, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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18
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Paarnio M, Sandman N, Källström M, Johansson A, Jern P. The Prevalence of BDSM in Finland and the Association between BDSM Interest and Personality Traits. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2023; 60:443-451. [PMID: 34994669 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2021.2015745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
According to previous research, interest in BDSM (Bondage-Discipline, Dominance-Submission and Sadomasochism) activities is high in several European countries and various BDSM practices are not uncommon. There is a limited amount of research on the personalities of BDSM practitioners, but in previous research practitioners have been found to have better overall well-being and to be more educated than the general population. The current study explored the prevalence of BDSM interest and practice in a Finnish sample (n = 8,137, age range 18-60, M = 30.14, SD = 8.08) and investigated the association between BDSM interest and personality measured with the six-factor personality measure HEXACO. A total of 38% of the sample was interested in BDSM sex and non-heterosexual individuals displayed almost twice as much interest and at most 83% more participation in BDSM than heterosexual individuals. Younger participants (18-28 years old) displayed almost three times as much interest than older participants. There were some associations between BDSM interest and personality factors, but the effect sizes of these associations were modest. The study shows that BDSM interest is quite common among the Finnish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Paarnio
- Department of Psychology and Speech-language Pathology, University of Turku
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Nils Sandman
- Department of Psychology and Speech-language Pathology, University of Turku
| | - Marianne Källström
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology, Åbo Akademi University
| | - Ada Johansson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology, Åbo Akademi University
| | - Patrick Jern
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology, Åbo Akademi University
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19
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Higgs T, Darjee R, Davis MR, Carter AJ. Grievance-fueled sexual violence. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1070484. [PMID: 36998362 PMCID: PMC10043438 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1070484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The grievance fueled violence paradigm encompasses various forms of targeted violence but has not yet been extended to the theoretical discussion of sexual violence. In this article, we argue that a wide range of sexual offenses can be usefully conceptualized as forms of grievance fueled violence. Indeed, our assertion that sexual violence is often grievance fueled is unoriginal. More than 40 years of sexual offending research has discussed the pseudosexual nature of much sexual offending, and themes of anger, power, and control – themes that draw clear parallels to the grievance fueled violence paradigm. Therefore, we consider the opportunities for theoretical and practical advancement through the merging of ideas and concepts from the two fields. We examine the scope of grievance in the context of understanding sexual violence, and we look to the role of grievance in the trajectory toward both sexual and nonsexual violence, as well as factors that might distinguish grievance fueled sexual from nonsexual violence. Finally, we discuss future research directions and make recommendations for clinical practice. Specifically, we suggest that grievance represents a promising treatment target where risk is identified for both sexual and nonsexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsin Higgs
- Department of Psychology, The University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- International Centre for Comparative Criminology, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Institut National de Psychiatrie Légale Philippe-Pinel, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Tamsin Higgs,
| | - Rajan Darjee
- Tasmanian Health Service (THS), Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Health Science, Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Alphington, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael R. Davis
- School of Health Science, Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Alphington, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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20
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Current biopsychosocial science on understanding kink. Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 48:101473. [PMID: 36274435 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The field of kink (or BDSM) studies has grown significantly in recent years, with several areas of study being initiated. This paper summarizes the current state of kink research, including prevalence rates; marginalization and stigma; key biological, psychological, and social research findings; clinical issues; and recommendations for further research. Theoretical frameworks, such as minority stress, serious leisure, sexual orientation, personal growth, and sensation-seeking theories appear to be useful frameworks outside of approaches that assume psychopathology as an etiological factor. Studies find the following results: higher levels of sensation-seeking; kink activities generating states of flow and transient hypofrontality; notable levels of gender, sexual orientation, and relationship style diversity in kink samples; and higher levels of minority stress-related suicidality.
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21
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Baudic S, Poindessous‐Jazat F, Bouhassira D. Pain and masochistic behaviour: The role of descending modulation. Eur J Pain 2022; 26:2227-2237. [PMID: 36094743 PMCID: PMC9826249 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms of pain perception in individuals with masochistic behaviour (MB) remain poorly documented. We hypothesized that MB is associated with context-specific changes in descending pain modulation. METHODS We compared the effects of four standardized sets of images with positive (erotic), negative (mutilations), masochistic or neutral emotional valences on the RIII nociceptive reflex evoked by electrical stimulation of the sural nerve and recorded on the ipsilateral biceps femoris in 15 controls and 15 men routinely engaging in MB. We systematically assessed the RIII reflex threshold and recruitment curves (up to the tolerance threshold), thermal (heat and cold) pain thresholds measured on the upper and lower limbs and responses to the pain sensitivity questionnaire, to compare basal pain perception between our two groups of participants. We also assessed anxiety, depression, empathy, alexithymia, high sensation seeking and catastrophizing, to investigate their potential influence on the emotional modulation of pain. RESULTS Thermal pain thresholds, RIII reflex recruitment curves, and responses to the psychological and pain sensitivity questionnaires were similar in the two groups. Neutral, positive and negative images modulated the RIII reflex similarly in the two groups. By contrast, masochistic images induced a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in RIII reflex responses in subjects with MB, whereas it tended to increase these responses in control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that psychological profile, basal pain sensitivity and the emotional modulation of pain are normal in individuals with MB but that these subjects selectively engage descending pain inhibition in the masochistic context. SIGNIFICANCE Decrease pain perception related to masochistic behaviours is associated with specific activation of descending pain inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Baudic
- Inserm U987, APHP, UVSQ, Paris‐Saclay University, CHU Ambroise ParéBoulogne‐BillancourtFrance
| | | | - Didier Bouhassira
- Inserm U987, APHP, UVSQ, Paris‐Saclay University, CHU Ambroise ParéBoulogne‐BillancourtFrance
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22
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Dark personalities and general masochistic tendencies: Their relationships to giving and receiving sexualized pain. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 230:103715. [PMID: 35994897 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has shown that a tendency to harm others goes hand in hand with a tendency to harm oneself. The present two studies further supported the notion that the joy of harming others and oneself has a common core by showing positive relationships between dark personality traits (particularly psychopathy) and sexual masochistic preferences and between general masochistic tendencies and sexual sadistic preferences. Despite the overlap between dark personality traits and general masochistic tendencies, they independently predicted the engagement in sexual sadomasochism. These relationships statistically held when controlling for the impact of basic personality (Study 1). Study 2 found that self-enhancement, openness to change, and low conservation values serve as motivators for a person's attraction to sexual sadomasochism and shed some light on the differences between sexual sadomasochism and the Dark Tetrad. Overall, people who score relatively high on dark personalities and masochism are particularly predisposed to engage in sexual sadomasochism, in both the dominant and the submissive roles.
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23
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Hughes SD, Hammack PL. Narratives of the Origins of Kinky Sexual Desire Held by Users of a Kink-Oriented Social Networking Website. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2022; 59:360-371. [PMID: 33179986 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2020.1840495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Empirical research on the origins of kinky erotic desires (e.g., sadomasochism, bondage, domination/submission, roleplaying, sexual fetishism, etc.) has been limited and rarely rooted in the narratives of kinky people themselves. Among a sample of 260 self-identified kinky users of a kink-oriented social networking website living in 21 countries, we examined self-reported narratives of the origins of kink desires. An inductive coding process by four independent coders yielded 20 categories of responses, organized into five broad discourses about the origins of kinky desires: identity (e.g., personality, personal taste, and role exploration; 72.7% of responses), nurture (e.g., both traumatic and non-traumatic life experiences; 38.1% of responses), negation (e.g., disavowing or doubting a particular idea about the origins of their kink interests; 24.6% of responses), nature (e.g., biology and genetics; 22.7% of responses), and uncertainty (e.g., not being able to identify an origin of kinky desires; 10.4% of responses). Fewer than 19% of participants mentioned any kind of trauma in their responses. We discuss implications for scientific understandings of kinky sexual desire within the umbrella of sexual diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam D Hughes
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz
- Center for Positive Sexuality
| | - Phillip L Hammack
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz
- Center for Positive Sexuality
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24
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Erickson JM, Slayton AM, Petersen JG, Hyams HM, Howard LJ, Sharp S, Sagarin BJ. Challenge at the Intersection of Race and Kink: Racial Discrimination, Fetishization, and Inclusivity Within the BDSM (Bondage-Discipline, Dominance-Submission, and Sadism-Masochism) Community. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:1063-1074. [PMID: 34553312 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The bondage-discipline, dominance-submission, and sadism-masochism (BDSM) community has achieved diversity with respect to gender identity and sexual orientation yet does so to a lesser extent with respect to race and ethnicity. A total of 398 BDSM practitioners recruited in 2018 and 2019 from BDSM conferences located within the Southern, Midwestern, and Western regions of the U.S., as well as online, completed surveys asking about racial and ethnic discrimination, fetishization, and inclusivity. People of color were 16 times more likely than non-people of color to feel discriminated against at BDSM events and 17 times more likely to feel fetishized. Qualitative results included troubling stories of overt racism and offensive racial slurs, and examples of microaggressions, feelings of isolation, and feelings of being dismissed. The results suggest that organizations can increase inclusivity by understanding the unique costs faced by people of color with an awareness that these costs might be invisible to non-people of color, diversifying positions of authority and leadership, and teaching well-meaning members what types of behaviors could create a hostile environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Erickson
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA.
| | - Anna M Slayton
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Joseph G Petersen
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Hannah M Hyams
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Lori J Howard
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Shane Sharp
- Department of Sociology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Brad J Sagarin
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
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25
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Walker AM, Kuperberg A. Pathways and Patterns of Entrance into BDSM. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:1045-1062. [PMID: 35028804 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Prior limited research on entrance into BDSM divided paths of entry into external or internal factors (Yosta & Hunter, 2012), while research on age at entry into BDSM has not considered variation by BDSM role identity, gender, sexual orientation, and other demographic differences. In this mixed-methods exploratory study, we contribute to this literature by collecting and analyzing qualitative interviews with 96 self-described practitioners of BDSM to more fully describe distinct pathways into BDSM, adding nuance to prior descriptions of entry. We also collected and analyzed surveys with 2,017 self-described practitioners of BDSM to examine patterns of age at entry into BDSM practices and fantasies, and selection into older or younger age at practice and age at fantasy by BDSM role identity, gender, sexual orientation, and other demographic characteristics. Interview respondents told "constructionist sexual stories" describing introductions to BDSM via popular culture including pornography and other media, the Internet, or a sexual partner that awaked an inherent interest, along with "essentialist sexual stories" which described self-discovery solely attributed to an inherent personality characteristic. Survey data revealed that age at fantasy and onset of behavior varied by social-environmental factors. Pathways and patterns into BDSM behavior and fantasies therefore reflect a combination of idiosyncratic interests, exposure to ideas via the media or partners, and stratified social norms and opportunities related to sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Walker
- Department of Sociology, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Strong 466, Springfield, MO, 65897, USA.
| | - Arielle Kuperberg
- Department of Sociology and Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies Program, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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26
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Dawson K, Nic Gabhainn S, Willis M, MacNeela P. Development of a Measure to Assess What Young Heterosexual Adults Say They Learn About Sex from Pornography. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:1257-1269. [PMID: 34761345 PMCID: PMC8888499 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study involved the development of two new measures to assess what some young heterosexual-identifying adults report learning about sex from pornography. Inventory items were generated from an extensive literature review and six qualitative focus group sessions with young adults (N = 54) aged 18-29 which explored how pornography could be used as a source of sexual information. A total of 135 items pertaining to sexual learning from pornography were produced, reviewed and categorized by a sample of young adults (n = 9), and finally reviewed for item and construct relevance by a panel of pornography, sex education and scale development experts (n = 6). Inventory items were administered to a sample of young adult university students (n = 1306). Two separate exploratory factor analyses were conducted for the female and male datasets. The final factors were reviewed by a panel of young adults = 8) to identify the theme of each factor. Both the SIPI-F and SIPI-M yielded three factors: (1) How to be a good sexual partner, (2) Body aesthetic, and (3) Sexual exploration. Results show that pornography provides information about a range of sex-related topics. Findings also show that more frequent female pornography users reported learning more about how to be a good sexual partner and body aesthetic than less frequent pornography users. The SIPI-F and SIPI-M can be useful for examining a variety of questions regarding the use of pornography as an informal source of sexual information and its correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Dawson
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| | | | - Malachi Willis
- Social and Public Health Sciences Unit Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Pádraig MacNeela
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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27
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Wuyts E, Morrens M. The Biology of BDSM: A Systematic Review. J Sex Med 2022; 19:144-157. [PMID: 36963978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION BDSM is an abbreviation used to reference the concepts of bondage and discipline, dominance and submission, sadism and masochism, enacted by power exchanges between consensual partners. In recent years, attention has shifted from the idea of BDSM as a pathological and tabooed niche practice towards viewing BDSM as a healthy form of intimacy. AIM This systematic review brings together all existing literature on the biology of BDSM and places it in a broader biological context. METHODS A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science and PsycARTICLES, of which 10 articles are included and discussed in this systematic review. RESULTS There is evidence for cortisol changes in submissives as a result of a BDSM interaction, suggesting involvement of the physiological stress system. Endocannabinoid changes implicate the pleasure and reward system. In dominants, this biologically measured pleasure seemed to be dependent on power play rather than pain play. Testosterone and oxytocin are also implicated in BDSM, though their role is less evident. Research into brain region activity patterns related to BDSM interest suggests a role for the parietal operculum and ventral striatum in the context of the pleasure and reward system, the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex in the context of pain perception, empathy-related circuits such as the anterior insula, anterior midcingulate cortex and sensorimotor cortex and the left frontal cortex in the context of social and sexual interactions. Pain thresholds are shown to be higher in submissive individuals and a BDSM interaction may cause pain thresholds to rise in submissives as well. CONCLUSION BDSM interactions are complex and influenced by several psychological, social and biological processes. Though research is limited, there is emerging evidence for an interaction between several biological systems involved in these types of interests and activities. This means there is an important role for future research to replicate and supplement current results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Wuyts
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Manuel Morrens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- University Department of Psychiatry, Campus Duffel, Duffel, Belgium
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28
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McCracken R, Brooks-Gordon B. Findommes, Cybermediated Sex Work, and Rinsing. SEXUALITY RESEARCH & SOCIAL POLICY : JOURNAL OF NSRC : SR & SP 2021; 18:837-854. [PMID: 34512812 PMCID: PMC8418458 DOI: 10.1007/s13178-021-00609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Financial domination involves the payment of cash or gifts from a wish list by a money slave to a money mistress, financial dominatrix, or findomme. Boundaries for findommes working through webcam and video-call services may be more fluid than via text-based modes since the domme engages in more visible displays, and modification of language, voice, and feelings to fulfil the fantasy for a client. We explore the nature of findomme work and its relationship to BDSM to understand how the interaction progresses and how the boundaries, of reasonable and permissible behaviour which affect both incoming and outgoing interactions between people, are maintained. METHODS The study was in two stages. The first stage was a survey of online findommes (n = 56) in UK and the USA. For the second stage, we explored the experience of findommes (n = 195) on money-slavery websites and social media feeds using netnography as an observation method with cisgender male, female, and transgender participants. RESULTS Our analysis reveals how findomme interaction progresses from text-based interaction to virtual face-to-face and voice communication. We show financial domination to be on a continuum from being a lifestyle choice in the BDSM community that reaps financial benefits to a purely economic and legitimate form of commercial labour. Although financial domination clearly elicits sexual arousal for clients, the relationship can also be exclusively psychological and focus on the relinquishing of control to a money mistress for a prescribed period. CONCLUSION The findings also show how personal boundaries are negotiated and enhance understanding of how the microculture of findomming interacts with other microcultures. By demystifying the process of financial domination, we clarify its relationship with other microcultures and add to the growing body of literature that destigmatizes consensual erotic labour. IMPLICATIONS These findings show how online support, in a decriminalised environment, enabled new and 'instadommes' to set and maintain healthy boundaries for enhanced physical and psychological well-being, and the research provides valuable insight into sex work that is safely carried out in online spaces by a large number of participants so adding to the growing body of work on decriminalization.
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Bondü R, Birke JB. Aggression-Related Sexual Fantasies: Prevalence Rates, Sex Differences, and Links With Personality, Attitudes, and Behavior. J Sex Med 2021; 18:1383-1397. [PMID: 37057451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggression-related sexual fantasies (ASF) are considered an important risk factor for sexual aggression, but empirical knowledge is limited, in part because previous research has been based on predominantly male, North-American college samples, and limited numbers of questions. AIM The present study aimed to foster the knowledge about the frequency and correlates of ASF, while including a large sample of women and a broad range of ASF. METHOD A convenience sample of N = 664 participants from Germany including 508 (77%) women and 156 (23%) men with a median age of 25 (21-27) years answered an online questionnaire. Participants were mainly recruited via social networks (online and in person) and were mainly students. We examined the frequencies of (aggression-related) sexual fantasies and their expected factor structure (factors reflecting affective, experimental, masochistic, and aggression-related contents) via exploratory factor analysis. We investigated potential correlates (eg, psychopathic traits, attitudes towards sexual fantasies) as predictors of ASF using multiple regression analyses. Finally, we examined whether ASF would positively predict sexual aggression beyond other pertinent risk factors using multiple regression analysis. OUTCOMES The participants rated the frequency of a broad set of 56 aggression-related and other sexual fantasies, attitudes towards sexual fantasies, the Big Five (ie, broad personality dimensions including neuroticism and extraversion), sexual aggression, and other risk factors for sexual aggression. RESULTS All participants reported non-aggression-related sexual fantasies and 77% reported at least one ASF in their lives. Being male, frequent sexual fantasies, psychopathic traits, and negative attitudes towards sexual fantasies predicted more frequent ASF. ASF were the strongest predictor of sexual aggression beyond other risk factors, including general aggression, psychopathic traits, rape myth acceptance, and violent pornography consumption. CLINICAL TRANSLATION ASF may be an important risk factor for sexual aggression and should be more strongly considered in prevention and intervention efforts. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS The strengths of the present study include using a large item pool and a large sample with a large proportion of women in order to examine ASF as a predictor of sexual aggression beyond important control variables. Its weaknesses include the reliance on cross-sectional data, that preclude causal inferences, and not continuously distinguishing between consensual and non-consensual acts. CONCLUSION ASF are a frequent phenomenon even in in the general population and among women and show strong associations with sexual aggression. Thus, they require more attention by research on sexual aggression and its prevention. Bondü R, Birke JB, Aggression-Related Sexual Fantasies: Prevalence Rates, Sex Differences, and Links With Personality, Attitudes, and Behavior. J Sex Med 2021;18:1383-1397.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bondü
- Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Berlin, Germany; University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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Sexual Violence and Trauma in Childhood: A Case Report Based on Strategic Counseling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105259. [PMID: 34069273 PMCID: PMC8156533 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Children and adolescents are too often victims of sexual abuse and harassment. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 150 million girls and 73 million children <18 have been victims of violence and sexual exploitation during their childhood. Data show that females are more likely to be a victim of abuse and violence than males (20% vs. 5–10%). Such abuses lead to long-term psychophysical and relational consequences and victims are often afraid of asking for support from both parents and professionals. This case report shows the story of a 17-year-old adolescent, Sara, involved by her mother in a strategic counseling process, to solve BDSM-type sexual addiction (slavery and discipline, domination and submission, sadism and masochism), self-aggressive behavior, and alcohol abuse issues. The strategic counseling process is structured in 15 sessions and was based on problem-solving techniques and corrective behavioral strategies. During the sessions, it emerged that Sara had been a victim of sexual violence at the age of 6 and that she had never talked about the rape with anyone. At the age of 12, she began to experience social anxiety and shame, feelings that led her to use alcohol and seek violent sexual partners and bondage relationships. During the counseling sessions, Sara elaborated on her trauma, becoming more aware of her resources and her desires, and she learned to manage the sense of guilt and shame associated with the violence suffered, through alternative strategies. At the end of the process, Sara normalized her relationship with sex and alcohol, regaining her identity.
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Labrecque F, Potz A, Larouche É, Joyal CC. What Is So Appealing About Being Spanked, Flogged, Dominated, or Restrained? Answers from Practitioners of Sexual Masochism/Submission. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2021; 58:409-423. [PMID: 32486920 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2020.1767025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of studies have demonstrated that BDSM (Bondage/Discipline-Domination/Submission-Sadism/Masochism) practices are not signs of mental illness. However, the reasons for engaging in such behaviors are not well understood, especially for sexual masochism or submission (m/s). A thorough review of the literature was conducted, as well as a search in Internet forums and an online survey to obtain testimonies that provide information on the origins of interest in m/s and the reasons for engaging in it. A qualitative content analysis was performed on narratives from 227 m/s practitioners. Sixteen themes emerged from this analysis, eight related to the origins of interest in m/s and eight to the reasons for engaging in m/s. The origins described were seen as either intrinsic or extrinsic. Reasons to engage in m/s were related to one of three main types of activities: use of interpersonal power; experiencing physical pain; and altering one's state of mind. These results concord with accounts found in non-academic books and small-scale studies suggesting that m/s interests are often present early in life and usually practiced to reach an altered state of mind associated with sexual arousal. Possible reasons for choosing m/s over more common means of mind alteration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Audrey Potz
- Department of Psychology, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières
| | - Émilie Larouche
- Department of Psychology, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières
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Fino E, Jaspal R, Lopes B, Wignall L, Bloxsom C. The Sexual Risk Behaviors Scale (SRBS): Development & Validation in a University Student Sample in the UK. Eval Health Prof 2021; 44:152-160. [PMID: 33853360 PMCID: PMC8107449 DOI: 10.1177/01632787211003950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
University students are at risk of poor sexual health outcomes. The aim of this
study was to develop and test the psychometric properties of the Sexual Risk
Behaviors Scale (SRBS), a novel short tool for measuring engagement in sexual
risk behaviors in university students. We developed a pool of six items based on
a review of recent literature and tested its properties in 547 undergraduate
students in the United Kingdom. We used Exploratory Factor Analysis and
Confirmatory Factor Analysis to explore and determine the factor structure and
dimensionality of the SRBS. We used Item Response Theory and specifically the
Graded Response Model to investigate items’ discrimination, information, and
differential functioning, respectively, and logistic regression to test whether
higher SRBS scores predicted a diagnosis of any sexually transmitted infections
in the past 12 months. Results showed that a unidimensional, five-item model
fitted the data well, showing satisfactory fit indices and reliability, with all
items providing adequate discrimination and information, and no differential
item functioning by gender nor by sexual orientation. SRBS total scores
significantly predicted the odds of being diagnosed with sexually transmitted
infections in the past 12 months. Implications for public health prevention and
intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Fino
- Department of Psychology, 6122Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom
| | - Rusi Jaspal
- Department of Psychology, 6122Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom
| | - Bárbara Lopes
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), 37829Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liam Wignall
- 6657Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Bloxsom
- Department of Psychology, 6122Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom
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Schuerwegen A, Huys W, Coppens V, De Neef N, Henckens J, Goethals K, Morrens M. The Psychology of Kink: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study Investigating the Roles of Sensation Seeking and Coping Style in BDSM-Related Interests. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:1197-1206. [PMID: 32935177 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01807-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the gaining popularity in mainstream media of the phenomenon that is BDSM, empirical research on the motives and underlying psychological mechanisms driving BDSM practitioners is scarce. The current study focused on the potential driving roles of sensation seeking and coping styles in BDSM-related interests and behavior. A cross-sectional survey questionnaire was completed by 256 Dutch-speaking BDSM practitioners (110 men, 135 women, 7 gender fluid, 2 genderless, 1 other not specified), 1 missing (this participant did not answer the question regarding gender, but did answer all other survey items) and a matched control group lacking any BDSM interest recruited from the general Belgian population (N = 300; 135 men, 158 women, 4 gender fluid, 3 genderless). The questionnaire consisted of several items surveying different BDSM identities and interest levels of BDSM-related activities, an adapted version of the Dutch Sensation Seeking Scale, and items querying seven coping styles. Compared to controls, BDSM practitioners reported significantly higher levels of sensation seeking for all dimensions (experience seeking, thrill seeking, and distraction seeking), as well as the use of more active coping skills such as problem solving and taking action. Gender differentiated which specific coping skills were being used with women seeking out more emotional support and comfort and reaching out more for help and advice in both the BDSM and control group, and men taking more action and seeking distraction in leisure. About 40% of the practitioners reported using BDSM itself as a coping strategy. Further research is needed to explore the link between coping and sexuality in general, and to other psychological processes that drive BDSM interests in order to destigmatize and normalize consensual BDSM-related activities within the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Schuerwegen
- University Forensic Center, Department of Psychiatry, Campus University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Wim Huys
- University Forensic Center, Department of Psychiatry, Campus University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Violette Coppens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- University Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center Duffel, Duffel, Belgium
| | - Nele De Neef
- Europe Hospitals, Campus St. Michel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Josée Henckens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Goethals
- University Forensic Center, Department of Psychiatry, Campus University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Manuel Morrens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- University Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center Duffel, Duffel, Belgium
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Wuyts E, De Neef N, Coppens V, Schuerwegen A, de Zeeuw-Jans I, Van Der Pol M, Morrens M. Beyond Pain: A Study on the Variance of Pain Thresholds Within BDSM Interactions in Dominants and Submissives. J Sex Med 2021; 18:556-564. [PMID: 33642237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BDSM is an acronym describing bondage and discipline, dominance and submission, and sadism and masochism. Afflicting or receiving pain is usually an important part of the BDSM interaction. AIM This research will focus on better understanding the aspect of pain within a BDSM interaction. METHODS Submissive and dominant counterparts of 35 couples were recruited to participate in a BDSM interaction, of which 34 dominants and 33 submissives were included in the analyses. A non-BDSM interested control group (n = 27) was included to control for social interaction, of which 24 were included in the analyses. OUTCOMES This research investigates the differences in (i) baseline pain thresholds, (ii) the impact of a BDSM interaction on those thresholds, and (iii) threshold moderating factors like pain cognition between submissive and dominant BDSM participants and control individuals. RESULTS BDSM practitioners have a higher pain threshold overall and a BSDM interaction will result in a temporary elevation of pain thresholds for submissives. Additionally, pain thresholds in dominants will be dependent upon their fear of pain and tendency to catastrophize pain and submissives will experience less fear of pain than the control group. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS By further enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms behind a BDSM interaction in this way, we aspire to relieve the stigma these practitioners still endure. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS This is one of the first studies of its kind with a large sample size compared to similar research, which makes it a significant contribution to the field. It must be mentioned that there is a possible selection bias because recruitment was only done through the Flemish BDSM community and specifically those who visit clubs. Additionally, pain threshold remains a subjective measurement, which must be taken into account. CONCLUSION This study helps shed further light on the biological processes behind a BDSM interaction through pain threshold measurements. Wuyts E, De Neef N, Coppens V, et al. Beyond Pain: A Study on the Variance of Pain Thresholds Within BDSM Interactions in Dominants and Submissives. J Sex Med 2021;18:556-564.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Wuyts
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Nele De Neef
- Europe Hospitals, Campus St Michel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Violette Coppens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; University Department of Psychiatry, Campus Duffel, Duffel, Belgium
| | - Alana Schuerwegen
- University Forensic Centre, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ilona de Zeeuw-Jans
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Psychology, University of Tilburg, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | | | - Manuel Morrens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; University Department of Psychiatry, Campus Duffel, Duffel, Belgium
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Jansen KL, Fried AL, Chamberlain J. An Examination of Empathy and Interpersonal Dominance in BDSM Practitioners. J Sex Med 2021; 18:549-555. [PMID: 33547018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research has indicated that participation in BDSM (bondage-discipline, dominance-submission, and/or sadism-masochism) is not associated with psychological distress or psychopathology but that sexual roles may be associated with personality characteristics, specifically interpersonal dominance and empathy. AIM The present study examined potential differences between those who identify as dominant, switch, and submissive on interpersonal dominance and empathy. METHODS Individuals who identified as members of the BDSM community were recruited online via a social networking site. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Self-reported demographic variables, the Personality Assessment Inventory, Dominance subscale, and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index Empathic Concern subscale. RESULTS Participants were well distributed across sexual roles (n = 279; 25.4% dominant, 38% submissive, 36.6% switch), identified as primarily female (59.5%), primarily heterosexual (53.4%), and the most common age group was 25-34 years (27.2%). BDSM role was associated with scores on the Dominance subscale; dominant BDSM practitioners scored significantly higher on the Dominance scale than switches, who in turn scored significantly higher than submissives (dominant mean [M] = 61.44, standard deviation [SD] = 8.26; switch M = 53.99, SD = 11.18, P < .01; submissive M = 49.41, SD = 11.46, P < .01). There were no differences on the measure of empathy between dominant, submissive, and switch BDSM practitioners. On average, individuals who identified as submissives and switches scored in the average range on the Dominance scale compared with the normative sample, and individuals who identified as dominants scored higher but not in the markedly elevated range. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The study provides information on the relationship between interpersonal dominance as a personality trait and dominance as a sexual role and has implications for reducing stigma related to these practices. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS The study contributes to the growing literature suggesting that while BDSM roles may correspond with specific personality characteristics, they are not indicative of personalities significantly different than the general population's. The study also included individuals who identified as switch, a group often excluded from quantitative research in the BDSM community. The sample was, however, recruited exclusively online, and findings may not be applicable to all BDSM practitioners. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that there are no differences in empathy between BDSM practitioner roles, and although there are differences in interpersonal dominance, these characteristics are not likely to be prominent in individuals' everyday interactions. Jansen KL, Fried AL, Chamberlain J. An Examination of Empathy and Interpersonal Dominance in BDSM Practitioners. J Sex Med 2021;18:549-555.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Jansen
- Clinical Psychology, Midwestern University, Glendale, USA.
| | - Adam L Fried
- Clinical Psychology, Midwestern University, Glendale, USA
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Mokros A, Nitschke J. Sexueller Sadismus: Aktueller Wissensstand und die Codierung gemäß DSM-5-TR und ICD-11. FORENSISCHE PSYCHIATRIE PSYCHOLOGIE KRIMINOLOGIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11757-020-00647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungSexualsadismus bezeichnet eine lustvolle Erregbarkeit durch die Kontrolle, Erniedrigung oder Schmerzzufügung zulasten einer anderen Person. In den psychiatrischen Klassifikationskatalogen wird heute auf Zwang und Nichteinvernehmlichkeit abgestellt, um die forensische Ausprägung des Sexualsadismus von der konsensuellen Spielart im Sinne sadomasochistischer Rollenspiele abzugrenzen („bondage“ und Disziplinierung, Dominanz und Submission, Sadismus und Masochismus; kurz: BDSM). Ferner ist zwischen diesen Formen des Sexualsadismus und dem sog. Charakter- oder Alltagssadismus als Persönlichkeitszug zu unterscheiden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die aktuelle Nosologie der forensisch-psychiatrisch bedeutsamen zwangsweisen sexuell-sadistischen Störung („coercive sexual sadism disorder“) gemäß ICD-11 erläutert. Die Sexual Sadism Scale wird als diagnostisches Hilfsmittel für die gutachterliche Beurteilung vorgestellt. Befunde zur Kriminalprognose werden dargestellt, wobei die Diagnose per se nicht nennenswert mit erneuter Sexual- oder Gewaltdelinquenz nach Entlassung assoziiert ist, aber einen starken Zusammenhang mit äußerst schwerwiegenden Einweisungsdelikten zeigt (konkret: sexuell motivierte Tötungsdelikte). Wie aktuelle Literaturrecherchen ergeben, liegen aus den letzten Jahren keine Behandlungsstudien vor.
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Wuyts E, De Neef N, Coppens V, Fransen E, Schellens E, Van Der Pol M, Morrens M. Between Pleasure and Pain: A Pilot Study on the Biological Mechanisms Associated With BDSM Interactions in Dominants and Submissives. J Sex Med 2020; 17:784-792. [PMID: 32044259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BDSM is an abbreviation used to reference the concepts of bondage and discipline, dominance and submission, sadism, and masochism, enacted by power exchanges between consensual partners. AIM To shed light upon the rewarding biological mechanisms associated with BDSM interactions. METHODS A group of 35 BDSM couples (dominant and submissive counterparts) were recruited and tested during a BDSM interaction, with an additional control group of 27 non-BDSM interested people tested in a normal social interaction. OUTCOMES We compared the evolution of the stress and reward hormone levels of cortisol, beta-endorphins, and endocannabinoids (2AG and anandamide) in a group of BDSM practitioners before and after an active BDSM interaction with the levels in control individuals. RESULTS We showed that submissives showed increases in cortisol and endocannabinoid levels due to the BDSM interaction, with dominants only showing increased endocannabinoid levels when the BDSM interaction was associated with power play. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS This study effectively provides a link between behavior that many think of as aberrant on one hand, and biological pleasure experience on the other, in the hope that it may relieve some of the stigma these practitioners still endure. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS It is one of the first and largest studies of its kind, but is still limited in sample size and only represents a specific population of Flemish BDSM practitioners. CONCLUSION Even though this is one of the first studies of its kind, we can conclude that there is a clear indication for increased pleasure in submissives when looking at biological effects of a BDSM interaction, which was related to the increases in experienced stress. Wuyts E, De Neef N, Coppens V, et al. Between Pleasure and Pain: A Pilot Study on the Biological Mechanisms Associated With BDSM Interactions in Dominants and Submissives. J Sex Med 2020;17:784-792.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Wuyts
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Nele De Neef
- Europe Hospitals, Campus St Michel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Violette Coppens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; University Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Centre Duffel, Duffel, Belgium
| | | | - Eline Schellens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; University Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Centre Duffel, Duffel, Belgium
| | | | - Manuel Morrens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; University Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Centre Duffel, Duffel, Belgium
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Coercive sexual sadism can be distinguished from consensual BDSM (bondage discipline/dominance submission/sadism masochism) role-play and from everyday sadism, a personality trait. The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic qualitative review of the pertinent literature on coercive sexual sadism from the last three years. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical assessment of sexual sadism can be made more objective through behavioral checklists based on crime scene actions. The latent structure of sexual sadism is likely dimensional, placing the disorder at the upper end of a continuum of sexually aggressive behavior. Sexual sadism does not seem to increase the risk of violent offense recidivism (including sexual contact offenses) above and beyond the risk implied by established risk factors of delinquency. Coercive sexual sadism denotes a disposition for sexually aggressive behavior. Whether this disposition is put into practice is likely due to other trait and state variables. Treatment studies are completely lacking in the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mokros
- Faculty of Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen (University of Hagen), Universitätsstr. 27, 58097, Hagen, Germany.
| | - Julien Wessels
- Faculty of Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen (University of Hagen), Universitätsstr. 27, 58097, Hagen, Germany
| | - Miriam Hofmann
- Faculty of Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen (University of Hagen), Universitätsstr. 27, 58097, Hagen, Germany
| | - Joachim Nitschke
- Forensic-Psychiatric Hospital, Bezirksklinikum Ansbach (District Hospital), Feuchtwanger Str. 38, 91522, Ansbach, Germany
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