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Zand A, Enkhbilguun S, Macharia JM, Budán F, Gyöngyi Z, Varjas T. Tartrazine Modifies the Activity of DNMT and HDAC Genes-Is This a Link between Cancer and Neurological Disorders? Nutrients 2023; 15:2946. [PMID: 37447272 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, artificial additives, especially synthetic food colorants, were found to demonstrate wider properties compared to their natural equivalents; however, their health impact is still not totally mapped. Our study aimed to determine the long-term (30 and 90 days) exposure effect of one of the commonly used artificial food colorants, tartrazine, on NMRI mice. The applied dose of tartrazine referred to the human equivalent dose for acceptable daily intake (ADI). Further, we evaluated its impact on the transcription of a range of epigenetic effectors, members of the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) as well as histone deacetylase (HDAC) families. Following the exposure, organ biopsies were collected from the lungs, kidneys, liver, and spleen, and the gene expression levels were determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). Our results demonstrated significant upregulation of genes in the tested organs in various patterns followed by the intake of tartrazine on ADI. Since DNMT and HDAC genes are involved in different steps of carcinogenesis, have roles in the development of neurological disorders and the effect of dose of everyday exposure is rarely studied, further investigation is warranted to study these possible associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Zand
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sodbuyan Enkhbilguun
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - John M Macharia
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pécs, H-7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Budán
- Institute of Transdisciplinary Discoveries, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Gyöngyi
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Timea Varjas
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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2
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Duman Erbaş E, Gwokyalya R, Altuntaş H, Kutrup B. Screening the immunotoxicity of different food preservative agents on the model organism Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. Drug Chem Toxicol 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35758106 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2091589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxic effects of sodium benzoate (SB, E211), sodium nitrate (SNa, E251), and sodium nitrite (SNi, E250), a few of the most common food preservatives, on the model organism Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae were investigated in this study. The last instar larvae were used for all experimental analyses. For this purpose, median lethal doses of SB, SNa, and SNi were applied to the larvae by the force-feeding method. We found that force-feeding G. mellonella larvae with SB, SNa, and SNi significantly reduced the larval total hemocyte counts, prohemocyte, and granulocyte ratios but increased plasmatocyte, spherulocyte, and oenocyte ratios, as well as the hemocyte mitotic indices and micronucleus frequency. The spreading ability of hemocytes and hemocyte-mediated immune responses were lower in the SB, SNa-, and SNi-treated larval groups compared to controls. Apoptotic indices were higher in all larval groups treated with food preservatives, but increments in necrotic indices were only significantly higher in SNi-treated larvae compared to controls. Our research shows that SB, SNa, and SNi have immunotoxic and cytotoxic potential on G. mellonella larvae. Thus, we suggest that G. mellonella larvae can be used as preliminary in vivo models to screen the immunotoxic effects of food preservative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Duman Erbaş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Rehemah Gwokyalya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hülya Altuntaş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Bilal Kutrup
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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3
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Nwabor OF, Onyeaka H, Miri T, Obileke K, Anumudu C, Hart A. A Cold Plasma Technology for Ensuring the Microbiological Safety and Quality of Foods. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2022. [PMCID: PMC9226271 DOI: 10.1007/s12393-022-09316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractChanging consumers’ taste for chemical and thermally processed food and preference for perceived healthier minimally processed alternatives is a challenge to food industry. At present, several technologies have found usefulness as choice methods for ensuring that processed food remains unaltered while guaranteeing maximum safety and protection of consumers. However, the effectiveness of most green technology is limited due to the formation of resistant spores by certain foodborne microorganisms and the production of toxins. Cold plasma, a recent technology, has shown commendable superiority at both spore inactivation and enzymes and toxin deactivation. However, the exact mechanism behind the efficiency of cold plasma has remained unclear. In order to further optimize and apply cold plasma treatment in food processing, it is crucial to understand these mechanisms and possible factors that might limit or enhance their effectiveness and outcomes. As a novel non-thermal technology, cold plasma has emerged as a means to ensure the microbiological safety of food. Furthermore, this review presents the different design configurations for cold plasma applications, analysis the mechanisms of microbial spore and biofilm inactivation, and examines the impact of cold plasma on food compositional, organoleptic, and nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozioma Forstinus Nwabor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT UK
| | - Taghi Miri
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT UK
| | - Kechrist Obileke
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 Eastern Cape South Africa
| | - Christian Anumudu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT UK
| | - Abarasi Hart
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD UK
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4
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Turna Demir F. In vivo effects of 1,4-dioxane on genotoxic parameters and behavioral alterations in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:414-430. [PMID: 35023806 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2022.2027832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Dioxane (DXN) is used as solvent in different consumer products including cosmetics, paints, surfactants, and waxes. In addition, DXN is released as an unwanted contaminating by-product as a result of some reactions including ethoxylation of alcohols, which occurs with in personal care products. Consequently, DXN pollution was detected in drinking water and is considered as an environmental problem. At present, the genotoxicity effects attributed to DXN are controversial. The present study using an in vivo model organism Drosophila melanogaster aimed to determine the toxic/genotoxic, mutagenic/recombinogenic, oxidative damage as evidenced by ROS production, phenotypic alterations as well as behavioral and developmental alterations that are closely related to neuronal functions. Data demonstrated that nontoxic DXN concentration (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, or 1%) induced mutagenic (1%) and recombinogenic (0.1, 0.25, or 0.5%) effects in wing spot test and genotoxicity in hemocytes using comet assay. The nontoxic concentrations of DXN (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, or 1%) significantly increased oxidative stress, climbing behavior, thermal sensivity and abnormal phenotypic alterations. Our findings show that in contrast to in vitro exposure, DXN using an in vivo model Drosophila melanogaster this compound exerts toxic and genotoxic effects. Data suggest that additional studies using other in vivo models are thus warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Turna Demir
- Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Medical Laboratory Techniques Programme, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Turkey
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5
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Pitchakarn P, Inthachat W, Karinchai J, Temviriyanukul P. Human Hazard Assessment Using Drosophila Wing Spot Test as an Alternative In Vivo Model for Genotoxicity Testing-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9932. [PMID: 34576092 PMCID: PMC8472225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability, one of cancer's hallmarks, is induced by genotoxins from endogenous and exogenous sources, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), diet, and environmental pollutants. A sensitive in vivo genotoxicity test is required for the identification of human hazards to reduce the potential health risk. The somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) or wing spot test is a genotoxicity assay involving Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) as a classical, alternative human model. This review describes the principle of the SMART assay in conjunction with its advantages and disadvantages and discusses applications of the assay covering all segments of health-related industries, including food, dietary supplements, drug industries, pesticides, and herbicides, as well as nanoparticles. Chemopreventive strategies are outlined as a global health trend for the anti-genotoxicity of interesting herbal extract compounds determined by SMART assay. The successful application of Drosophila for high-throughput screening of mutagens is also discussed as a future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornsiri Pitchakarn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Woorawee Inthachat
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Jirarat Karinchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Piya Temviriyanukul
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
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6
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Qu D, Jiang M, Huang D, Zhang H, Feng L, Chen Y, Zhu X, Wang S, Han J. Synergistic Effects of The Enhancements to Mitochondrial ROS, p53 Activation and Apoptosis Generated by Aspartame and Potassium Sorbate in HepG2 Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:E457. [PMID: 30696035 PMCID: PMC6384600 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The safety of food additives has been widely concerned. Using single additives in the provisions of scope is safe, but the combination of additives, may induce additive, synergy, antagonism and other joint effects. This study investigated the cytotoxicity of aspartame (AT) together with potassium sorbate (PS). Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay indicated that AT and PS had IC50 values of 0.48 g/L and 1.25 g/L at 24 h, respectively. High content analysis (HCA) showed that both AT and PS had a negative effect on mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage while the joint group behaved more obviously. The biochemical assays revealed typical cell morphological changes and the activation of cytochrome c and caspase-3 verified apoptosis induced by AT together with PS. With dissipation of MMP and increase of cell membrane permeability (CMP), it indicated AT together with PS-induced apoptosis was mediated by mitochondrial pathway. Meanwhile, p53 were involved in DNA damage, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was increased. Moreover, excessive ROS induced by AT together with PS is a key initiating factor for apoptosis. All these results proved that p53 was involved in apoptosis via mitochondria-mediated pathway and the process was regulated by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daofeng Qu
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China.
| | - Mengxue Jiang
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China.
| | - Dongping Huang
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China.
| | - Lifang Feng
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China.
| | - Yuewen Chen
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China.
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China.
| | - Suhua Wang
- Wenzhou Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Jianzhong Han
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China.
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7
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Abd-Elhakim YM, Anwar A, Hashem MM, Moustafa GG, Abo-El-Sooud K. Sodium Acetate, Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate, and Citric Acid Impacts on Isolated Peripheral Lymphocyte Viability, Proliferation, and DNA Damage. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 32:e22171. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina M. Abd-Elhakim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
| | - Abeer Anwar
- Immunology Unit; Animal Reproduction Research Institute (ARRI); Giza Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Hashem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
| | - Gihan G. Moustafa
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
| | - Khaled Abo-El-Sooud
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
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8
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Maguire R, Kunc M, Hyrsl P, Kavanagh K. Caffeine administration alters the behaviour and development of Galleria mellonella larvae. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2017; 64:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Basak AK, Chatterjee T, Ghosh SK, Chakravarty A. Impacts of dietary exposure to sodium or potassium salts of nitrate and nitrite on the development of Drosophila melanogaster. Interdiscip Toxicol 2017; 10:70-78. [PMID: 30123041 PMCID: PMC6096860 DOI: 10.1515/intox-2017-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of four food additives, namely sodium nitrite (NaNO2), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), potassium nitrite (KNO2), and potassium nitrate (KNO3), on animal development were evaluated by using Drosophila melanogster, a model organism. Adult male and female flies were allowed to breed in culture medium, each containing one of 4 concentrations, i.e.10, 20, 30 or 40 mM of the above mentioned salts. The concentration of 40 mM, NaNO2 and KNO2 completely arrested the development of the flies. Of the different concentrations of the four salts tested, exposure of flies to 30 mM NaNO2 exhibited only significant delays in the initial appearances of third instar larvae, pupae and young adults, along with huge reduction in the number of pupae and young adults compared to controls. Rearrangements like inversions, deletion looping, regional shrinking, as well as highly enlarged puffing, etc. were also observed in the polytene chromosomes of the third instar larvae exposed to 30 mM NaNO2. Developmental outcomes of the flies exposed to varying concentrations of NaNO3 and KNO3 did not differ significantly from the controls. Owing to the extensive genetic homology between Drosophila and human and the successful uses of this fly as models in developmental and toxicological studies, we speculate that the experimental results exhibited by this organism in our study strongly advocate for abstaining from the dietary use of NaNO2 and KNO2 during human pregnancies to avoid possible negative developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Kumar Basak
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, 30 Thakurhat Road, Kolkata-700128, West Bengal, India
| | - Tridip Chatterjee
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, 30 Thakurhat Road, Kolkata-700128, West Bengal, India
- Dept. of Human Genetics, Institute of Genetic Medicine and Genomic Science, 30A Thakurhat Road, Kolkata-700128, West Bengal, India
| | - Swapan Kumar Ghosh
- Molecular Mycopathology Lab, Department of Botany, R K Mission VC College, Rahara, Kolkata 700118, India
| | - Amit Chakravarty
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, 30 Thakurhat Road, Kolkata-700128, West Bengal, India
- Dept. of Human Genetics, Institute of Genetic Medicine and Genomic Science, 30A Thakurhat Road, Kolkata-700128, West Bengal, India
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10
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Mortensen A, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Di Domenico A, Dusemund B, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gott D, Gundert-Remy U, Lambré C, Leblanc JC, Lindtner O, Moldeus P, Mosesso P, Oskarsson A, Parent-Massin D, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Wright M, van den Brandt P, Fortes C, Merino L, Toldrà F, Arcella D, Christodoulidou A, Barrucci F, Garcia A, Pizzo F, Battacchi D, Younes M. Re-evaluation of sodium nitrate (E 251) and potassium nitrate (E 252) as food additives. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04787. [PMID: 32625505 PMCID: PMC7010087 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provided a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of sodium nitrate (E 251) and potassium nitrate (E 252) when used as food additives. The current acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) for nitrate of 3.7 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day were established by the SCF (1997) and JECFA (2002). The available data did not indicate genotoxic potential for sodium and potassium nitrate. The carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats were negative. The Panel considered the derivation of an ADI for nitrate based on the formation of methaemoglobin, following the conversion of nitrate, excreted in the saliva, to nitrite. However, there were large variations in the data on the nitrate-to-nitrite conversion in the saliva in humans. Therefore, the Panel considered that it was not possible to derive a single value of the ADI from the available data. The Panel noticed that even using the highest nitrate-to-nitrite conversion factor the methaemoglobin levels produced due to nitrite obtained from this conversion would not be clinically significant and would result to a theoretically estimated endogenous N-nitroso compounds (ENOC) production at levels which would be of low concern. Hence, and despite the uncertainty associated with the ADI established by the SCF, the Panel concluded that currently there was insufficient evidence to withdraw this ADI. The exposure to nitrate solely from its use as a food additive was estimated to be less than 5% of the overall exposure to nitrate in food based on a refined estimated exposure scenario. This exposure did not exceed the current ADI (SCF, 1997). However, if all sources of exposure to dietary nitrate are considered (food additive, natural presence and contamination), the ADI would be exceeded for all age groups at the mean and the highest exposure.
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11
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Mortensen A, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Di Domenico A, Dusemund B, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gott D, Gundert-Remy U, Lambré C, Leblanc JC, Lindtner O, Moldeus P, Mosesso P, Oskarsson A, Parent-Massin D, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Wright M, van den Brandt P, Fortes C, Merino L, Toldrà F, Arcella D, Christodoulidou A, Cortinas Abrahantes J, Barrucci F, Garcia A, Pizzo F, Battacchi D, Younes M. Re-evaluation of potassium nitrite (E 249) and sodium nitrite (E 250) as food additives. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04786. [PMID: 32625504 PMCID: PMC7009987 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provided a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of potassium nitrite (E 249) and sodium nitrite (E 250) when used as food additives. The ADIs established by the SCF (1997) and by JECFA (2002) for nitrite were 0-0.06 and 0-0.07 mg/kg bw per day, respectively. The available information did not indicate in vivo genotoxic potential for sodium and potassium nitrite. Overall, an ADI for nitrite per se could be derived from the available repeated dose toxicity studies in animals, also considering the negative carcinogenicity results. The Panel concluded that an increased methaemoglobin level, observed in human and animals, was a relevant effect for the derivation of the ADI. The Panel, using a BMD approach, derived an ADI of 0.07 mg nitrite ion/kg bw per day. The exposure to nitrite resulting from its use as food additive did not exceed this ADI for the general population, except for a slight exceedance in children at the highest percentile. The Panel assessed the endogenous formation of nitrosamines from nitrites based on the theoretical calculation of the NDMA produced upon ingestion of nitrites at the ADI and estimated a MoE > 10,000. The Panel estimated the MoE to exogenous nitrosamines in meat products to be < 10,000 in all age groups at high level exposure. Based on the results of a systematic review, it was not possible to clearly discern nitrosamines produced from the nitrite added at the authorised levels, from those found in the food matrix without addition of external nitrite. In epidemiological studies there was some evidence to link (i) dietary nitrite and gastric cancers and (ii) the combination of nitrite plus nitrate from processed meat and colorectal cancers. There was evidence to link preformed NDMA and colorectal cancers.
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12
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Maguire R, Kunc M, Hyrsl P, Kavanagh K. Analysis of the acute response of Galleria mellonella larvae to potassium nitrate. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 195:44-51. [PMID: 28232230 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Potassium nitrate (E252) is widely used as a food preservative and has applications in the treatment of high blood pressure however high doses are carcinogenic. Larvae of Galleria mellonella were administered potassium nitrate to establish whether the acute effects in larvae correlated with those evident in mammals. Intra-haemocoel injection of potassium nitrate resulted in a significant increase in the density of circulating haemocytes and a small change in the relative proportions of haemocytes but haemocytes showed a reduced fungicidal ability. Potassium nitrate administration resulted in increased superoxide dismutase activity and in the abundance of a range of proteins associated with mitochondrial function (e.g. mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, putative mitochondrial Mn superoxide dismutase), metabolism (e.g. triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase) and nitrate metabolism (e.g. aliphatic nitrilase, glutathione S-transferase). A strong correlation exists between the toxicity of a range of food preservatives when tested in G. mellonella larvae and rats. In this work a correlation between the effect of potassium nitrate in larvae and mammals is shown and opens the way to the utilization of insects for studying the in vivo acute and chronic toxicity of xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Maguire
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Martin Kunc
- Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hyrsl
- Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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Atlı Şekeroğlu Z, Güneş B, Kontaş Yedier S, Şekeroğlu V, Aydın B. Effects of tartrazine on proliferation and genetic damage in human lymphocytes. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:370-375. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1296051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zülal Atlı Şekeroğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Büşra Güneş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Seval Kontaş Yedier
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Vedat Şekeroğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Birsen Aydın
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey
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14
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Evaluation of Galleria mellonella larvae as an in vivo model for assessing the relative toxicity of food preservative agents. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 32:209-16. [PMID: 27122324 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Larvae of Galleria mellonella are widely used for evaluating the virulence of microbial pathogens and for measuring the efficacy of anti-microbial agents and produce results comparable to those that can be obtained using mammals. In this work, the suitability of using G. mellonella larvae to measure the relative toxicity of a variety of food preservatives was evaluated. The response of larvae to eight commonly used food preservatives (potassium nitrate, potassium nitrite, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium nitrate, sodium chloride, sodium nitrite and sodium acetate) administered by feeding or by intra-haemocoel injection was measured. A significant correlation between the LD50 (R (2) = 0.8766, p = 0.0006) and LD80 (R (2) = 0.7629, p = 0.0046) values obtained due to oral or intra-haemocoel administration of compounds was established. The response of HEp-2 cells to the food preservatives was determined, and a significant correlation (R (2) = 0.7217, p = 0.0076) between the LD50 values of the compounds administered by feeding in larvae with the IC50 values of the compounds in HEp-2 cells was established. A strong correlation between the LD50 values of the eight food preservatives in G. mellonella larvae and rats (R (2) = 0.6506, p = 0.0156) was demonstrated. The results presented here indicate that G. mellonella larvae may be used as a model to evaluate the relative toxicity of food preservatives, and the results show a strong positive correlation to those obtained using established cell culture and mammalian models.
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Phenolic acids and quercetin from Korean black raspberry seed protected against acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress in mice. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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16
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In-vitro cytoprotective activity of Smilax zeylanica leaves against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress in L-132 and BRL 3A cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-014-0154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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17
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Silici S, Karaman K. Inhibitory Effect of Propolis on Patulin Production of Penicillium expansum
in Apple Juice. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Silici
- Agricultural Biotechnology; Agricultural Faculty; Erciyes University; Kayseri 38039 Turkey
| | - Kevser Karaman
- Agricultural Biotechnology; Agricultural Faculty; Erciyes University; Kayseri 38039 Turkey
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Hu W, Han W, Huang C, Wang MH. Protective effect of the methanolic extract from Duchesnea indica against oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 31:42-50. [PMID: 21787668 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Duchesnea indica (Rosaceae family) is herb used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study we investigated its protective activity against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced cytotoxicity in human skin fibroblast (CCD-986Sk) cells and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced H(2)O(2) in the skin of hairless mice. Pretreatment of CCD-986Sk cells with methanolic extract of D. indica (DIM) improved the cell viability, enhanced activity of catalase, and decreased the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H(2)O(2) injured cells. Furthermore, DIM inhibited cell apoptosis and Bax expression induced by H(2)O(2). In addition, the level of H(2)O(2) stimulated by TPA was decreased by DIM in the skin of hairless mice. These results suggest that DIM offers protection against oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo, and this ability suggests potential use for protection against oxidation-induced skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Hu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 200-701, Republic of Korea
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19
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Yüksel M, Sarıkaya R, Bostanci N. Genotoxic evaluation of antiepileptic drugs by Drosophila somatic mutation and recombination test. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:2682-7. [PMID: 20600525 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The study examines the potential genotoxicity of three antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin sodium, pregabalin, gabapentin) using the wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster. Trans-heterozygous (two genetic markers mwh and flr) third-instar larvae of D. melanogaster were treated with different concentrations of the test compounds. A positive correlation was observed between total mutations and the number of wings with morphologically detectable mutations. The observed mutations were classified according to size and type of mutation per wing. Phenytoin clearly increased the frequency of total spots at all concentrations above 1.25 microg/ml. Gabapentin also increased the frequency of total spots at concentrations of 40 and 80 microg/ml. This study shows that phenytoin and gabapentin have genotoxic effects according to the SMART test; however, pregabalin displays lower genotoxicity in the SMAR assay when compared with the other two antiepileptics. The results also show that all AED concentrations lower the survival rate of the flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muammer Yüksel
- Department of Neurosurgery, 100 Yıl Hospital, 33 Cadde, Yüzüncüyıl, 06530 Ankara, Turkey
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Mamur S, Yüzbaşıoğlu D, Ünal F, Yılmaz S. Does potassium sorbate induce genotoxic or mutagenic effects in lymphocytes? Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:790-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Yılmaz S, Ünal F, Yüzbaşıoğlu D. The in vitro genotoxicity of benzoic acid in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cytotechnology 2009; 60:55. [PMID: 19642007 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-009-9214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal aberration (CA), sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and micronucleus test (MN) were employed to investigate the in vitro effect of antimicrobial food additive benzoic acid on human chromosomes. Lymphocytes were incubated with various concentrations (50, 100, 200 and 500 μg/mL) of benzoic acid. The results of used assays showed that benzoic acid significantly increased the chromosomal aberration, sister chromatid exchange and micronucleus frequency (200 and 500 μg/mL) without changing the pH of the medium in a dose-dependent manner. Also this additive significantly decreased the mitotic index (MI) at the highest concentration for 24 h and 100, 200 and 500 μg/mL for 48 h. This decrease was dose-dependent as well. However, it did not effect the replication (RI) and nuclear division (NDI) indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Yılmaz
- Health Sciences Faculty, Department of Midwifery, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Ünal
- Arts and Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Gazi University, Teknikokullar, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Yüzbaşıoğlu
- Arts and Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Gazi University, Teknikokullar, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
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Sarikaya R, Yüksel M. Genotoxic assessment of oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine in drosophila wing spot test. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3159-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pimenta VMSD, Nepomuceno JC, Pavanin LA. Genotoxicity of water from the Paraguay River near Cáceres-MT, Brazil in the Drosophila wing-spot test. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2008; 49:458-466. [PMID: 18536053 DOI: 10.1002/em.20404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxic activity of surface water samples from four sites along the Paraguay River, near Cáceres, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, was investigated using the Drosophila melanogaster Somatic Mutation and Recombination test (SMART). Effluents from sanitary sewers and agroindustrial effluents (residual effluents from slaughterhouses, leather tanneries, and dairies) flow into the Paraguay River, and directly or indirectly contaminate water from sampling sites 1-3. Site 4 was an upriver reference site that received no domestic or agroindustrial discharges. Water was collected at 4 time periods: September 2003 and August 2004 (periods of low water or drought); and April 2004 and March 2005 (periods of high water or flood). Chromium concentrations above statutory limits were detected at sites 1-3 (August 2004), and sites 1, 2 and 4 (March 2005). Sulfur compounds were also detected at sites 1-3. The SMART performed using standard (ST) cross flies detected genotoxic responses in only two samples, the August 2004 site 1 sample and the March 2005 site 2 sample. Many more samples were positive using high bioactivation (HB) cross flies: site 1 (all collection periods), site 2 (September 2003 and April 2004), and site 3 (September 2003 and August 2004). Mutant frequency comparisons between marker-heterozygous and balancer-heterozygous flies from the HB cross indicated that the positive genotoxic responses for the site 2 (April 2004) and site 3 (September 2003) samples were due mainly to mitotic recombination. Our findings indicate that the section of the Paraguay River within the urban perimeter of Cáceres is contaminated with genotoxic agents.
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Cytogenetic study in cultured human lymphocytes treated with three commonly used preservatives. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2390-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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