Food flavor cinnamaldehyde-induced biochemical and histological changes in the kidney of male albino wistar rat

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, cinnamyl alcohol, CAS Registry Number 104-54-1

The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment. Cinnamyl alcohol was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that cinnamyl alcohol is not genotoxic. Data on read-across analog cinnamaldehyde (CAS # 104-55-2) provide a calculated margin of exposure (MOE) >100 for the repeated dose and local respiratory toxicity endpoints. The developmental and reproductive toxicity endpoint was evaluated using the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to cinnamyl alcohol is below the TTC (0.03 mg/kg/day). Data provided a No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) of 2900 μg/cm² for the skin sensitization endpoint. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on UV spectra; cinnamyl alcohol is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; cinnamyl alcohol was found not to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are <1.

The effects of cinnamaldehyde on acute or chronic stress-induced anxiety-related behavior and locomotion in male mice

Anxiety and stress are considered as universal psychiatric exhibitions of the present societies and lifestyles. Several experiments have been conducted to examine natural anxiolytic agents to find out an alternative to synthetic anxiolytic drugs. The present study investigated the anxiolytic effects of cinnamaldehyde (Cin) on mice behavior in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF) tests. Sixty male Swiss mice, weighing 20-30 g, were divided into six groups including: acute stress + mazola oil; chronic stress + oil; acute stress + Cin (20 mg/kg); chronic stress + Cin; non-stress + oil; and non-stress + Cin groups. The groups were administered for seven days (once a day). The acute stress + Cin group showed a meaningful rise in the percentage of entries into the open arms compared to the acute stress + oil group (p <.05). The percentage of time spent in the open arms in the chronic stress + Cin group was significantly higher compared to the chronic stress + oil group (p < .01). The percentage of entries into the open arms increased significantly (p < .01) in the chronic stress + Cin group in comparison with the chronic stress + oil group. The Cin treated groups showed significant increases in the time spent in the center area and in the number of entries into the center area compared with the oil treated groups in OF test. The number of entries into the arms (total activity), as well as locomotor activity was not significant among groups. The results of the present study indicated that Cin, as a natural product, might have anxiolytic effects in mice behavior in the EPM and OF tests. Lay summary  The results demonstrated that the administration of cinnamaldehyde (Cin) produced anxiolytic effects in mice. Natural antioxidant products have been reported effective for anxiety. Synthetic medications have notable adverse effects. Therefore, these natural substances with broad therapeutic applicability are able to reduce anxiety-related behavior with rare side effects. According to the results, Cin could decrease anxiety-related behavior in mice.

Cinnamaldehyde and its derivatives, a novel class of antifungal agents

The last few decades have seen an alarming rise in fungal infections, which currently represent a global health threat. Despite extensive research towards the development of new antifungal agents, only a limited number of antifungal drugs are available in the market. The routinely used polyene agents and many azole antifungals are associated with some common side effects such as severe hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Also, antifungal resistance continues to grow and evolve and complicate patient management, despite the introduction of new antifungal agents. This suitation requires continuous attention. Cinnamaldehyde has been reported to inhibit bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous molds via the inhibition of ATPases, cell wall biosynthesis, and alteration of membrane structure and integrity. In this regard, several novel cinnamaldehyde derivatives were synthesized with the claim of potential antifungal activities. The present article describes antifungal properties of cinnamaldehyde and its derivatives against diverse classes of pathogenic fungi. This review will provide an overview of what is currently known about the primary mode of action of cinnamaldehyde. Synergistic approaches for boosting the effectiveness of cinnamaldehyde and its derivatives have been highlighted. Also, a keen analysis of the pharmacologically active systems derived from cinnamaldehyde has been discussed. Finally, efforts were made to outline the future perspectives of cinnamaldehyde-based antifungal agents. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of current knowledge about the antifungal properties and antifungal mode of action of cinnamaldehyde and its derivatives and to identify research avenues that can facilitate implementation of cinnamaldehyde as a natural antifungal.