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Inkaya EN, Barlas N. Investigation of combined effects of propyl paraben and methyl paraben on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in male rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:687-701. [PMID: 36066884 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221117652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the endocrine-disrupting effects of methyl paraben (MeP) and propyl paraben (PrP) mixture on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). In this study, six experimental groups were designated. These groups included three control groups (control, corn oil control, and positive control (50 mg/kg/day BPA)) and three dose groups (10, 100, and 500 mg/kg/day MeP+PrP). MeP with PrP were mixed in a 1:1 ratio and administered to the 42-day-old male rats by oral gavage for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone and aldosterone hormones were analyzed in serum. Effects of MeP+PrP on the adrenal glands were investigated by immunohistochemical staining of 11ß hydroxylase (CYP11B1) and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) enzymes involved in the synthesis steps of corticosterone and aldosterone. Also, pituitary and adrenal glands were examined histopathologically. In the histopathological findings, cortical nodule, congestion, and edema were found in the tissues. In the pituitary gland, cytokeratin rings were detected in all MeP+PrP dose groups, supporting the increase of corticosterone and ACTH. Serum corticosterone, aldosterone, and ACTH hormone levels were increased in the 100 mg/kg/day MeP+PrP and BPA groups. Results obtained from immunohistochemical staining showed that increased staining parallelled increased corticosterone and aldosterone hormone levels. In summary, the results showed that exposure to the MeP+PrP mixture caused a significant increase in ACTH and corticosterone. Also, the MeP+PrP mixture caused a significant increase of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2. MeP+PrP exposure disrupts the normal HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Nur Inkaya
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 198375Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurhayat Barlas
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 198375Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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2
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Ahmad S, Sharma S, Afjal MA, Habib H, Akhter J, Goswami P, Parvez S, Akhtar M, Raisuddin S. mRNA expression and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of adrenal steroidogenesis in response to exposure to phthalates in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 89:103780. [PMID: 34864161 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters such as di-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) used in personal care and consumer products and medical devices have potential to affect human health. We studied the effect of DBP and DEHP on critical enzymes of glucocorticoid biosynthesis pathway in the adrenal gland and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum in male Wistar rats. DEHP and DBP treatment altered the mRNA expression of enzymes of glucocorticoid biosynthesis pathway accompanied by a reduction in glucocorticoid production and elevation in the level of glucocorticoid regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines indicating a cascading effect of phthalates. The analysis of PPI (protein - protein interaction) network involving Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) of enzymes through STRING database revealed that all the proteins have the maximum level of interaction with the selected number of proteins. The STRING database analysis together with in vivo data indicates the potential effects of phthalates on various targets of steroidogenesis pathway with a global biological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shikha Sharma
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd Amir Afjal
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Haroon Habib
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Juheb Akhter
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Poonam Goswami
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Sheikh Raisuddin
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India.
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Yildirim NC, Ak TP, Samasas O. Toxicological effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in Gammarus pulex: a biochemical and histopathological assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:44442-44451. [PMID: 33847894 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13925-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to reveal the toxic characteristics of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) by examining the biochemical and histopathological changes in Gammarus pulex, exposed to different doses of DEHP. For this purpose, the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) value of the DEHP was determined by using a static test and found to be 0.079 ± 0.01 ppm. Three subletal doses of DEHP were applied to the G. pulex for 24 and 96 h. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were measured using commercial ELISA kits. The caspase method, which is an immunohistochemical analysis method, was used to determine the apoptosis that occurred in the G. pulex. The results showed that the CYP1A1 activities decreased in the groups exposed to different doses of DEHP compared to the control group (p > 0.05). CAT activity was found to increase in the application groups at the 24 and 96 h compared to the control group. In addition, it was found that SOD and GST activities increased at the 96 h compared to the control group. In light of the microscope examination of the model organism, hemolymphatic lacunae filled with hemolymph and reduction or absence of hemolymphatic ducts were observed especially in the G. pulex gills. Collapse of the gills and hyperplasia were observed after 96 h. As a result, it is suggested that changes in SOD, CAT, and GST activities can potentially be used as sensitive biomarkers for risk assessment in the environment and increased immunoreactivity in G. pulex caused by DEHP depending on increased application doses and application times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuran Cikcikoglu Yildirim
- Laboratory and Veterinarian Health Program, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Pertek Sakine Genc Vocational School, Munzur University, 62000, Tunceli, Turkey.
| | - Tuba Parlak Ak
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Munzur University, 62000, Tunceli, Turkey
| | - Omer Samasas
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Munzur University, 62000, Tunceli, Turkey
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Sciarrillo R, Di Lorenzo M, Valiante S, Rosati L, De Falco M. OctylPhenol (OP) Alone and in Combination with NonylPhenol (NP) Alters the Structure and the Function of Thyroid Gland of the Lizard Podarcis siculus. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 80:567-578. [PMID: 33687533 PMCID: PMC8026464 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Different environmental contaminants disturb the thyroid system at many levels. AlkylPhenols (APs), by-products of microbial degradation of AlkylPhenol Polyethoxylates (APEOs), constitute an important class of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), the two most often used environmental APs being 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects on the thyroid gland of the bioindicator Podarcis siculus of OP alone and in combination with NP. We used radioimmunoassay to determine their effects on plasma 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), 3,3',5,5'-L-thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) levels in adult male lizards. We also investigated the impacts of AP treatments on hepatic 5'ORD (type II) deiodinase and hepatic content of T3 and T4. After OP and OP + NP administration, TRH levels increased, whereas TSH, T3, and T4 levels decreased. Lizards treated with OP and OP + NP had a higher concentration of T3 in the liver and 5'ORD (type II) activity, whereas T4 concentrations were lower than that observed in the control group. Moreover, histological examination showed that the volume of the thyroid follicles became smaller in treated lizards suggesting that that thyroid follicular epithelial cells were not functionally active following treatment. This data collectively suggest a severe interference with hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis and a systemic imbalance of thyroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Sciarrillo
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.
| | - Mariana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Valiante
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Rosati
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria De Falco
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy
- Center for Studies On Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), Portici, Italy
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Barlas N, Göktekin E, Karabulut G. Influence of in utero di- n-hexyl phthalate and di-cyclohexyl phthalate exposure on the endocrine glands and T3, T4, and TSH hormone levels of male and female rats: Postnatal outcomes. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:399-416. [PMID: 32602421 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720931698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of di-n-hexyl phthalate (DHP) and di-cyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) on endocrine organs in rats. Oil control, 20-, 100-, and 500 mg/kg dose groups were selected and administered to pregnant rats on gestational days 6-19 by oral gavage. The neonatal stages of rats continued until postnatal day 20 and the- juvenile stages of rats continued until postnatal day of 32. The rats were allowed to mature until the neonatal and juvenile stages and there after, they were divided into four groups corresponding to the treatment levels. Body and organ weights were recorded, serum was collected, and thyroid, pancreas, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland were removed. There was a decrease in body weights in the 20- and 500mg/kg DHP and in the 20-mg/kg DCHP dose groups in neonatal male rats. In contrast, for female rats, there was an increase in body weights in the 100-mg/kg DCHP dose group and there was a decrease in body weights in the 500-mg/kg DHP dose group. Body weights were increased at 20 and 500 mg/kg in the DHP-exposed juvenile male rats. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were increased in neonatal male rats, while they were increased in the 100-mg/kg DHP group of neonatal and juvenile female rats. Serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels were increased at the high dose of DHP for neonatal male rats and at the low and high dose levels of DCHP for female rats. Serum thyroxine (T4) levels were increased in neonatal rats for DHP. Also, some histopathological changes were observed in the thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and pituitary gland. In conclusion, it was shown that DHP and DCHP caused negative effects on T3, T4, and TSH hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhayat Barlas
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, 198375Hacettepe University, Beytepe Campus, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Göktekin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, 198375Hacettepe University, Beytepe Campus, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gözde Karabulut
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, 52956Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
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Lv S, Wu C, Lu D, Qi X, Xu H, Guo J, Liang W, Chang X, Wang G, Zhou Z. Birth outcome measures and prenatal exposure to 4-tert-octylphenol. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 212:65-70. [PMID: 26840518 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to 4-tert-octylphenol (tOP) has been linked with adverse health outcomes in animals and humans, while epidemiological studies about associations between prenatal exposure to tOP and fetal growth are extremely limited. We measured urinary tOP concentrations in 1100 pregnant women before their delivery, and examined whether tOP levels were associated with birth outcomes, including weight, length, head circumference and ponderal index at birth. tOP could be detected in all samples, and the median uncorrected and creatinine-corrected tOP concentrations were 0.90 μg/L (range from 0.25 to 20.05 μg/L) and 1.33 μg/g creatinine (range from 0.15 to 42.49 μg/g creatinine), respectively. Maternal urinary log-transformed tOP concentrations were significantly negatively associated with adjusted birth weight [β (g) = -126; 95% confidence interval (CI): -197, -55], birth length [β (cm) = -0.53; 95% CI:-0.93, -0.14], and head circumference [β (cm) = -0.30; 95% CI: -0.54, -0.07], respectively. Additionally, considering sex difference, these significant negative associations were also found among male neonates, while only higher maternal tOP concentrations were associated with a significant decrease in birth weight among female neonates. This study suggested significant negative associations between maternal urinary tOP concentrations and neonatal sizes at birth, and they differed by neonatal sex. Further epidemiological studies are required to more fully elaborate the associations between prenatal tOP exposure and birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenliang Lv
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No. 130, Dong' an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Chunhua Wu
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No. 130, Dong' an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Dasheng Lu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1380, Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Qi
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No. 130, Dong' an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399, Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
| | - Hao Xu
- Changning District, Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200051, China.
| | - Jianqiu Guo
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No. 130, Dong' an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Weijiu Liang
- Changning District, Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200051, China.
| | - XiuLi Chang
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No. 130, Dong' an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Guoquan Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1380, Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No. 130, Dong' an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Yıldız N, Barlas N. Hepatic and renal functions in growing male rats after bisphenol A and octylphenol exposure. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 32:675-86. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327112464796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of 13-week bisphenol A (BPA) and octylphenol (OP) exposure on the liver, kidney, and spleen of growing male rats. A total of 29 male Wistar rats aged 4–5 weeks were divided into five groups. The treatment groups were given low-dose (125 mg/kg bw/day) or high-dose (250 mg/kg bw/day) BPA or OP. These compounds were dissolved in corn oil and given via oral route for 13 weeks. Rats in the control group received corn oil for 13 weeks, as well. After 13 weeks of treatment, blood samples were analyzed for biochemical parameters. Tissue samples from the liver, kidney, and spleen were histopathologically and histomorphometrically examined. Liver tissue specimens were also stained by immunohistochemically; the number of apoptotic cells was counted, and the apoptotic indices were calculated. There were significant differences between the control and treatment groups with respect to the following parameters: body weight, relative left kidney weight, and total protein, glucose, and alkaline phosphatase levels. Edema and parenchymal degeneration in the liver and tubular degeneration in the kidney were more frequent in the treatment groups. The control and treatment groups were comparable with respect to the frequency of histopathological lesions in the spleen. Glomerular histomorphometry revealed no significant differences between the control and treatment groups. No significant differences existed between the control and treatment groups with respect to the number of apoptotic cells and apoptotic indices. Subchronic exposure to BPA and OP induced functional and structural changes in the liver, kidney, and spleen of growing male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Yıldız
- Department of Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - N. Barlas
- Department of Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Messarah M, Saoudi M, Boumendjel A, Boulakoud MS, Feki AE. Oxidative stress induced by thyroid dysfunction in rat erythrocytes and heart. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 31:33-41. [PMID: 21787667 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether the effects of thyroid dysfunction induce oxidative stress in the blood and heart of male Wistar rats. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: group I served as control rats. Group II was treated daily with 0.05% benzythiouracile (BTU) administered in drinking water. Rats of group III have received l-thyroxine sodium salt (0.0012%), in drinking water. The results showed that thyroid dysfunction rats had poor growth performance. On the other hand, in hyperthyroid rats, a marked decrease compared with control occurred of some hematological parameters such red blood cell number (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and haematocrit (Ht). There was also a significant increase in erythrocyte numbers and heart TBARS concentrations in hypothyroid rats compared with control. These results were associated with a fall in the total antioxidant status (TAS) in the serum of the hyperthyroid rats. Alteration of the antioxidant system in the hypo-/hyperthyroidism-induced rats was confirmed by the significant increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and a decline in glutathione (GSH) content in both tissues were detected in hyperthyroid group compared to controls. On the other hand, serum transaminase activities (aspartate transaminase (AST); alanine transaminase (ALT)) were elevated indicating hepatic cellular damage after treatment with exogenous L-thyroxine. Moreover, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activities were increased in the hyperthyroidism rats. These results indicated that excessive thyroxin (long term) ingestion had an adverse effect on animal health and performance. We conclude that thyroid dysfunction induces oxidative stress and modifies some biochemical parameters of erythrocytes, heart and liver disease; our results show the occurrence of a state of oxidizing stress in relation to hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfoud Messarah
- Animal Ecophysiology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, BP 12 Sidi Amar, Annaba, Algeria.
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Ulutaş OK, Yıldız N, Durmaz E, Ahbab MA, Barlas N, Çok İ. An in vivo assessment of the genotoxic potential of bisphenol A and 4-tert-octylphenol in rats. Arch Toxicol 2010; 85:995-1001. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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10
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:401-5. [PMID: 19687666 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32833118e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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