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Ahmad S, Sharma S, Afjal MA, Habib H, Akhter J, Goswami P, Parvez S, Akhtar M, Raisuddin S. mRNA expression and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of adrenal steroidogenesis in response to exposure to phthalates in rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 89:103780. [PMID: 34864161 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters such as di-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) used in personal care and consumer products and medical devices have potential to affect human health. We studied the effect of DBP and DEHP on critical enzymes of glucocorticoid biosynthesis pathway in the adrenal gland and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum in male Wistar rats. DEHP and DBP treatment altered the mRNA expression of enzymes of glucocorticoid biosynthesis pathway accompanied by a reduction in glucocorticoid production and elevation in the level of glucocorticoid regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines indicating a cascading effect of phthalates. The analysis of PPI (protein - protein interaction) network involving Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) of enzymes through STRING database revealed that all the proteins have the maximum level of interaction with the selected number of proteins. The STRING database analysis together with in vivo data indicates the potential effects of phthalates on various targets of steroidogenesis pathway with a global biological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shikha Sharma
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd Amir Afjal
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Haroon Habib
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Juheb Akhter
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Poonam Goswami
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Sheikh Raisuddin
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India.
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Asser L, Hescot S, Viengchareun S, Delemer B, Trabado S, Lombès M. Autocrine positive regulatory feedback of glucocorticoid secretion: glucocorticoid receptor directly impacts H295R human adrenocortical cell function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 395:1-9. [PMID: 25058354 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a ubiquitous transcriptional factor, regulates target gene expression upon activation by glucocorticoids, notably cortisol, a corticosteroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal cortex. We thus hypothesized that both GR and cortisol might be involved in the regulation of adrenal physiology and steroidogenesis in an autocrine manner. In a cortisol-secreting human adrenocortical cell line (H295R), the GR-dependent signaling pathway was pharmacologically modulated either by dexamethasone (DEX), a GR agonist or by RU486, a GR antagonist, or was knocked-down by small interfering RNA strategy (SiRNA). We showed that GR activation, elicited by 48 h exposure to DEX, exerts a global positive regulatory effect on adrenal steroidogenesis as revealed by a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone secretion associated with a significant enhanced expression of steroidogenesis factors such as StAR, CYP11A1, CYP21A2 and CYP11B1. In sharp contrast, RU486 treatment exerted opposite effects by decreasing both steroid production and expression of these steroidogenic factors. Likewise, GR repression by SiRNA also significantly reduced StAR, CYP11A1, and CYP11B1 mRNA levels. Interestingly, RU486 resulted in a significant CYP21A2 enzymatic blockade as demonstrated by a massive increase in 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations in RU486-treated H295R cell supernatants, while cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol secretions were reduced by more than 60%. Consistently, we also demonstrated that metabolic conversion of 17-hydroxyprogesterone into 11-deoxycortisol onto H295R cells was drastically blunted in the presence of RU 486. Finally, steady state levels of MC2R transcripts encoding for the ACTH receptor were significantly induced by DEX, unlikely through a direct GR-mediated transcriptional activation as opposed to CYP11A1 and FKBP5 target genes. These results could account for a higher glucocorticoid-elicited ACTH sensitivity of adrenocortical cells. Our study identifies a positive ultra-short regulatory loop exerted by GR on steroidogenesis in H295R cells, thus supporting a complex intra-adrenal GR-mediated feedback, likely relevant for human adrenocortical pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Asser
- Inserm, U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Ségolène Hescot
- Inserm, U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Say Viengchareun
- Inserm, U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Brigitte Delemer
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Centre Hospitalier de Reims, F-51092, France
| | - Séverine Trabado
- Inserm, U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique, Hormonologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, CHU de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
| | - Marc Lombès
- Inserm, U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, CHU de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France.
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