1
|
Huang Z, Wu Z, Gu X, Ji L. Diagnosis, toxicological mechanism, and detoxification for hepatotoxicity induced by pyrrolizidine alkaloids from herbal medicines or other plants. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:123-133. [PMID: 38411492 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2310597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are one type of phytotoxins distributed in various plants, including many medicinal herbs. Many organs might suffer injuries from the intake of PAs, and the liver is the most susceptible one. The diagnosis, toxicological mechanism, and detoxification of PAs-induced hepatotoxicity have been studied for several decades, which is of great significance for its prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. When the liver was exposed to PAs, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) loss, hemorrhage, liver parenchymal cells death, nodular regeneration, Kupffer cells activation, and fibrogenesis occurred. These pathological changes classified the PAs-induced liver injury as acute, sub-acute, and chronic type. PAs metabolic activation, mitochondria injury, glutathione (GSH) depletion, inflammation, and LSECs damage-induced activation of the coagulation system were well recognized to play critical roles in the pathological process of PAs-induced hepatotoxicity. A lot of natural compounds like glycyrrhizic acid, (-)-epicatechin, quercetin, baicalein, chlorogenic acid, and so on were demonstrated to be effective in alleviating PAs-induced liver injury, which rendered them huge potential to be developed into therapeutic drugs for PAs poisoning in clinics. This review presents updated information about the diagnosis, toxicological mechanism, and detoxification studies on PAs-induced hepatotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlin Huang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeqi Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinnan Gu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Ji
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Zhang ZX, Chen S, Qiu GB, Xu ZM, Fu WN. Methylation Status of SP1 Sites within miR-23a-27a-24-2 Promoter Region Influences Laryngeal Cancer Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2061248. [PMID: 27099864 PMCID: PMC4821919 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2061248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation plays critical roles in regulation of microRNA expression and function. miR-23a-27a-24-2 cluster has various functions and aberrant expression of the cluster is a common event in many cancers. However, whether DNA methylation influences the cluster expression and function is not reported. Here we found a CG-rich region spanning two SP1 sites in the cluster promoter region. The SP1 sites in the cluster were demethylated and methylated in Hep2 cells and HEK293 cells, respectively. Meanwhile, the cluster was significantly upregulated and downregulated in Hep2 cells and HEK293 cells, respectively. The SP1 sites were remethylated and the cluster was significantly downregulated in Hep2 cells into which methyl donor, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, was introduced. Moreover, S-adenosyl-L-methionine significantly increased Hep2 cell viability and repressed Hep2 cell early apoptosis. We also found that construct with two SP1 sites had highest luciferase activity and SP1 specifically bound the gene cluster promoter in vitro. We conclude that demethylated SP1 sites in miR-23a-27a-24-2 cluster upregulate the cluster expression, leading to proliferation promotion and early apoptosis inhibition in laryngeal cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhao-Xiong Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Guang-Bin Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 202 Hospital of PLA, Shenyang 110003, China
| | - Zhen-Ming Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, No. 463 Hospital of PLA, Shenyang 110007, China
| | - Wei-Neng Fu
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yan X, Kang H, Feng J, Yang Y, Tang K, Zhu R, Yang L, Wang Z, Cao Z. Identification of Toxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Their Common Hepatotoxicity Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:318. [PMID: 26959016 PMCID: PMC4813181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PAs) are currently one of the most important botanical hepatotoxic ingredients. Glutathion (GSH) metabolism is the most reported pathway involved in hepatotoxicity mechanism of PAs. We speculate that, for different PAs, there should be a common mechanism underlying their hepatotoxicity in GSH metabolism. Computational methods were adopted to test our hypothesis in consideration of the limitations of current experimental approaches. Firstly, the potential targets of 22 PAs (from three major PA types) in GSH metabolism were identified by reverse docking; Secondly, glutathione S-transferase A1 (GSTA1) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) targets pattern was found to be a special characteristic of toxic PAs with stepwise multiple linear regressions; Furthermore, the molecular mechanism underlying the interactions within toxic PAs and these two targets was demonstrated with the ligand-protein interaction analysis; Finally, GSTA1 and GPX1 were proved to be significant nodes in GSH metabolism. Overall, toxic PAs could be identified by GSTA1 and GPX1 targets pattern, which suggests their common hepatotoxicity mechanism: the interfering of detoxication in GSH metabolism. In addition, all the strategies developed here could be extended to studies on toxicity mechanism of other toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Yan
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Hong Kang
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jun Feng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yiyan Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Kailin Tang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Ruixin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Li Yang
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ji L, Ma Y, Wang Z, Cai Z, Pang C, Wang Z. Quercetin prevents pyrrolizidine alkaloid clivorine-induced liver injury in mice by elevating body defense capacity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98970. [PMID: 24905073 PMCID: PMC4048295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a plant-derived flavonoid that is widely distributed in nature. The present study is designed to analyze the underlying mechanism in the protection of quercetin against pyrrolizidine alkaloid clivorine-induced acute liver injury in vivo. Serum transaminases, total bilirubin analysis, and liver histological evaluation demonstrated the protection of quercetin against clivorine-induced liver injury. Terminal dUTP nick end-labeling assay demonstrated that quercetin reduced the increased amount of liver apoptotic cells induced by clivorine. Western-blot analysis of caspase-3 showed that quercetin inhibited the cleaved activation of caspase-3 induced by clivorine. Results also showed that quercetin reduced the increase in liver glutathione and lipid peroxidative product malondialdehyde induced by clivorine. Quercetin reduced the enhanced liver immunohistochemical staining for 4-hydroxynonenal induced by clivorine. Results of the Mouse Stress and Toxicity PathwayFinder RT2 Profiler PCR Array demonstrated that the expression of genes related with oxidative or metabolic stress and heat shock was obviously altered after quercetin treatment. Some of the alterations were confirmed by real-time PCR. Our results demonstrated that quercetin prevents clivorine-induced acute liver injury in vivo by inhibiting apoptotic cell death and ameliorating oxidative stress injury. This protection may be caused by the elevation of the body defense capacity induced by quercetin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ji
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yibo Ma
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zaiyong Wang
- Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhunxiu Cai
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Pang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ham MS, Lee JK, Kim KC. S-adenosyl methionine specifically protects the anticancer effect of 5-FU via DNMTs expression in human A549 lung cancer cells. Mol Clin Oncol 2012; 1:373-378. [PMID: 24649178 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2012.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular methylation is associated with stabilization of the chromatin structure. S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), a metabolite of methionine metabolism, is the methyl donor of essential cellular methyltransferase reactions. Using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dephenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, we found that combination treatment of SAM and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) specifically protected the anticancer effect of 5-FU, whereas the combination of SAM and cisplatin had no effect. This result was confirmed by FACS analysis. The combination treatment of SAM and 5-FU significantly decreased the dead cell population, while the G1 cell population was slightly increased, suggesting that protection of SAM is not associated with the cell cycle arrest of DNA-damaging drugs. We also analyzed which cellular methylation-related proteins were involved in the protective effect. Results showed the expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) was decreased with 5-FU alone but was increased with the combination treatment of SAM and 5-FU, suggesting that SAM protects the anticancer effect of 5-FU by regulating the expression of DNMTs. Taken together, the results indicated that SAM specifically modulates the anti-cancer effect of the DNA damage agent 5-FU and this may be modulated by aberrant DNA methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Sun Ham
- Medical and Bio-Material Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Kyung Lee
- Medical and Bio-Material Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Cheol Kim
- Medical and Bio-Material Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ji L, Liu T, Wang Z. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid clivorine induced oxidative injury on primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 29:303-9. [PMID: 20144959 DOI: 10.1177/0960327110361757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clivorine is an otonecine-type hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid (HPAs), to which humans are exposed when consuming herbs containing such components. In the present study, we investigated clivorine-induced oxidative stress injury on primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Rat hepatocytes were treated with various concentrations of clivorine (1-100 microM) for 48 hours, and then cell viability was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, while lipid peroxidation (LPO) level, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were determined to evaluate the oxidative injury. The results of MTT assay showed that clivorine decreased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Clivorine also increased LPO amounts in rat hepatocytes at the concentrations of 50 microM and 100 microM. Further results showed that clivorine decreased GPx, GST and GR activities, which are all reduced glutathione (GSH)-related antioxidant enzymes. CAT and SOD are both important antioxidant enzymes, and the results showed that clivorine increased CAT activity at the low concentration of 5 muM and decreased cellular SOD activity at all concentrations. Taken together, our results demonstrated that clivorine induced toxicity on primary cultured rat hepatocytes by causing the damage on cellular redox balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LiLi Ji
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|