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Caipa Garcia AL, Kucab JE, Al-Serori H, Beck RSS, Bellamri M, Turesky RJ, Groopman JD, Francies HE, Garnett MJ, Huch M, Drost J, Zilbauer M, Arlt VM, Phillips DH. Tissue Organoid Cultures Metabolize Dietary Carcinogens Proficiently and Are Effective Models for DNA Adduct Formation. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:234-247. [PMID: 38232180 PMCID: PMC10880098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Human tissue three-dimensional (3D) organoid cultures have the potential to reproduce in vitro the physiological properties and cellular architecture of the organs from which they are derived. The ability of organoid cultures derived from human stomach, liver, kidney, and colon to metabolically activate three dietary carcinogens, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aristolochic acid I (AAI), and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), was investigated. In each case, the response of a target tissue (liver for AFB1; kidney for AAI; colon for PhIP) was compared with that of a nontarget tissue (gastric). After treatment cell viabilities were measured, DNA damage response (DDR) was determined by Western blotting for p-p53, p21, p-CHK2, and γ-H2AX, and DNA adduct formation was quantified by mass spectrometry. Induction of the key xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and NQO1 was assessed by qRT-PCR. We found that organoids from different tissues can activate AAI, AFB1, and PhIP. In some cases, this metabolic potential varied between tissues and between different cultures of the same tissue. Similarly, variations in the levels of expression of XMEs were observed. At comparable levels of cytotoxicity, organoids derived from tissues that are considered targets for these carcinogens had higher levels of adduct formation than a nontarget tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L. Caipa Garcia
- Department
of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, School of Cancer
& Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s
College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Jill E. Kucab
- Department
of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, School of Cancer
& Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s
College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Halh Al-Serori
- Department
of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, School of Cancer
& Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s
College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Rebekah S. S. Beck
- Department
of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, School of Cancer
& Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s
College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Madjda Bellamri
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - John D. Groopman
- Department
of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | | | | | - Meritxell Huch
- Max
Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jarno Drost
- Princess
Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Oncode Institute, 3584
CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Department
of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K.
| | - Volker M. Arlt
- Department
of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, School of Cancer
& Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s
College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - David H. Phillips
- Department
of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, School of Cancer
& Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s
College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
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2
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Liu Y, Guan H, Feng M, Du C, Zhang Q, Shou Y, Qi G, Yu D, Jin Y. MiR-766-3p and miR-671-5p attenuate aristolochic acid-induced hepatotoxicity by directly targeting the key bioactivating enzyme NQO1. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 261:115103. [PMID: 37285672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid (AA) as an emerging contaminant in herbal medicines or crops has been well-recognized for causing nephropathy since 1990s. Over the last decade, mounting evidence has linked AA to liver injury; however, the underlying mechanism is poorly elucidated. MicroRNAs respond to environmental stress and mediate multiple biological processes, thus showing biomarker potentials prognostically or diagnostically. In the present study, we investigated the role of miRNAs in AA-induced hepatotoxicity, specifically in regulating NQO1, the key enzyme responsible for AA bioactivation. In silico analysis showed that hsa-miR-766-3p and hsa-miR-671-5p were significantly associated with AAI exposure as well as NQO1 induction. A 28-day rat experiment of 20 mg/kg AA exposure demonstrated a 3-fold increase of NQO1 and an almost 50 % decrease of the homologous miR-671 that were accompanied with liver injury, which was consistent with in silico prediction. Further mechanistic investigation using Huh7 cells with IC50 of AAI at 146.5 µM showed both hsa-miR-766-3p and hsa-miR-671-5p were able to directly bind to and down-regulate NQO1 basal expression. In addition, both miRNAs were shown to suppress AAI-induced NQO1 upregulation in Huh7 cells at a cytotoxic concentration of 70 μM, and consequently alleviate AAI-induced cellular effects, including cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. Together, these data illustrate that miR-766-3p and miR-671-5p attenuate AAI-induced hepatotoxicity, and thus have monitoring and diagnostic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Liu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Heyuan Guan
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meiyao Feng
- Department of Environmental Health, Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Chenlong Du
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingqing Shou
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangshuai Qi
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dianke Yu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Jin
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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3
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Das S, Thakur S, Korenjak M, Sidorenko VS, Chung FFL, Zavadil J. Aristolochic acid-associated cancers: a public health risk in need of global action. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:576-591. [PMID: 35854147 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aristolochic acids (AAs) are a group of naturally occurring compounds present in many plant species of the Aristolochiaceae family. Exposure to AA is a significant risk factor for severe nephropathy, and urological and hepatobiliary cancers (among others) that are often recurrent and characterized by the prominent mutational fingerprint of AA. However, herbal medicinal products that contain AA continue to be manufactured and marketed worldwide with inadequate regulation, and possible environmental exposure routes receive little attention. As the trade of food and dietary supplements becomes increasingly globalized, we propose that further inaction on curtailing AA exposure will have far-reaching negative effects on the disease trends of AA-associated cancers. Our Review aims to systematically present the historical and current evidence for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of AA, and the effect of removing sources of AA exposure on cancer incidence trends. We discuss the persisting challenges of assessing the scale of AA-related carcinogenicity, and the obstacles that must be overcome in curbing AA exposure and preventing associated cancers. Overall, this Review aims to strengthen the case for the implementation of prevention measures against AA's multifaceted, detrimental and potentially fully preventable effects on human cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Das
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO, Lyon, France
| | - Shefali Thakur
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO, Lyon, France
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Korenjak
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO, Lyon, France
| | - Viktoriya S Sidorenko
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Felicia Fei-Lei Chung
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO, Lyon, France.
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.
| | - Jiri Zavadil
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO, Lyon, France.
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4
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Maseehullah MD, Zakir M, Anas M, Kazmi MH. Ethno-pharmacology of Asaroon ( Asarum europaeum L.) with special reference to Unani System of Medicine. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 19:181-192. [PMID: 34388332 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2021-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Asaroon is the rhizome of Asarum europaeum L. and is commonly used in Unani medicines for its various pharmacological actions. It is an evergreen plant with glossy foliage. It belongs to the family of Aristolochiaceae and is native to Europe and the United State of America. Some species of Asaroon have been found in the Eastern Himalayan region. Asaroon has actions like Muharrik-i-A'sab (nervine stimulant), Mudirr-i-Bawl (diuretics), Mudirr-i-Hayd (emmenagogue), Musakkin-i-Alam (analgesic), Mufattit-i-sudad (remove obstructions) and Muqawwī-i-Jigar (hepatotonic), etc. It is used in the management of Hummā (fevers), Waja 'al-Mafasil (polyarthritis), Sara (epilepsy), Falij (paralysis), Ihtibās al-Tamth (amenorrhea) and Niqris (gout), etc. as per the Unani system of medicine (USM). It is used as a single herb as well as with a combination of other drugs to manage many diseases. The A. europaeum L. contains volatile oils and flavonoids along with other secondary metabolites. In the Indian market, Valeriana wallichii DC has been sold as Tagar but in some cases, it is sold as Asaroon. It is a clear case of adulteration by replacement of costly foreign drugs with a similar-looking indigenous drug. In this manuscript, we have discussed the Ethno-pharmacology of the A. europaeum L. with special reference to USM and basic differences with V. wallichii DC to show that both drugs are different and their actions and uses are also different from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Maseehullah
- Department of Ilmul Advia, National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorders (NRIUMSD), Hyderabad, India
| | - Mohammad Zakir
- Department of Ilmul Advia, National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorders (NRIUMSD), Hyderabad, India
| | - Mohd Anas
- Department of Ilmul Advia, National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorders (NRIUMSD), Hyderabad, India
| | - Munawwar Husain Kazmi
- Department of Ilmul Advia, National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorders (NRIUMSD), Hyderabad, India
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Abdullah R, Wesseling S, Spenkelink B, Louisse J, Punt A, Rietjens IM. Defining in vivo dose-response curves for kidney DNA adduct formation of aristolochic acid I in rat, mouse and human by an in vitro and physiologically based kinetic modeling approach. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1647-1660. [PMID: 33034907 PMCID: PMC7689901 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid I (AAI) is a well-known genotoxic kidney carcinogen. Metabolic conversion of AAI into the DNA-reactive aristolactam-nitrenium ion is involved in the mode of action of tumor formation. This study aims to predict in vivo AAI-DNA adduct formation in the kidney of rat, mouse and human by translating the in vitro concentration-response curves for AAI-DNA adduct formation to the in vivo situation using physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling-based reverse dosimetry. DNA adduct formation in kidney proximal tubular LLC-PK1 cells exposed to AAI was quantified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Subsequently, the in vitro concentration-response curves were converted to predicted in vivo dose-response curves in rat, mouse and human kidney using PBK models. Results obtained revealed a dose-dependent increase in AAI-DNA adduct formation in the rat, mouse and human kidney and the predicted DNA adduct levels were generally within an order of magnitude compared with values reported in the literature. It is concluded that the combined in vitro PBK modeling approach provides a novel way to define in vivo dose-response curves for kidney DNA adduct formation in rat, mouse and human and contributes to the reduction, refinement and replacement of animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozaini Abdullah
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSelangorMalaysia
| | | | - Bert Spenkelink
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ans Punt
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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6
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Fernando BNTW, Sudeshika TSH, Hettiarachchi TW, Badurdeen Z, Abeysekara TDJ, Abeysundara HTK, Jayasinghe S, Ranasighe S, Nanayakkara N. Evaluation of biochemical profile of Chronic Kidney Disease of uncertain etiology in Sri Lanka. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232522. [PMID: 32365131 PMCID: PMC7197770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) is an endemic, disease that mostly affects young agricultural workers in the rural dry zone of Sri Lanka. This study was designed to identify specific biochemical manifestations of CKDu cases. All (119) non-dialysis definite CKDu patients in Girandurukotte and Wilgamuwa were selected. Blood and urine samples were collected and measured biochemical parameters. All analyses were performed in IBM SPSS statistics version 23 (IBM Corp, USA). The median blood pressure was normal though nearly half of the patients (45.4%) who were in the advanced stages (Stage 3b, 4 and 5) of CKDu. Patients without a history of hypertension before the diagnosis of CKDu (100%) and minimal proteinuria (26%) are similar to the previous findings. Patients without a history of diabetes before the CKDu diagnosis had high percentages of diabetes (15.7%) and pre-diabetes (59.8%) and hence indicated the possibility of uremia induced impaired glucose intolerance in the rural areas of the country. There were 62.2% patients who had low vitamin D and only a minority had evidence of bone mineral diseases. Out of liver disease markers serum glutamic pyruvic transaminases (SGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminases (SGOT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and Lactic acid degydrogenase (LDH) had an inverse correlation with the advancement of the disease indicating subclinical liver disease. Osmolality in serum and urine showed a discrepancy despite > 50% of CKDu patients had increased their serum osmolality. The current study supports most of the previously described manifestations of CKDu. Moreover, some specific patterns have been identified which need to be validated in a larger group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddhi N. T. W. Fernando
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka
- * E-mail:
| | - Thilini S. H. Sudeshika
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Thilini W. Hettiarachchi
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Education, Research and Training on Kidney Diseases (CERTKiD), University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Zeid Badurdeen
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Education, Research and Training on Kidney Diseases (CERTKiD), University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Thilak D. J. Abeysekara
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Education, Research and Training on Kidney Diseases (CERTKiD), University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Hemalika T. K. Abeysundara
- Department of Statistics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Sakunthala Jayasinghe
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Shirani Ranasighe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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7
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Sborchia M, Keun HC, Phillips DH, Arlt VM. The Impact of p53 on Aristolochic Acid I-Induced Gene Expression In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246155. [PMID: 31817608 PMCID: PMC6940885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to aristolochic acid (AA) is linked to kidney disease and urothelial cancer in humans. The major carcinogenic component of the AA plant extract is aristolochic acid I (AAI). The tumour suppressor p53 is frequently mutated in AA-induced tumours. We previously showed that p53 protects from AAI-induced renal proximal tubular injury, but the underlying mechanism(s) involved remain to be further explored. In the present study, we investigated the impact of p53 on AAI-induced gene expression by treating Trp53(+/+), Trp53(+/-), and Trp53(-/-) mice with 3.5 mg/kg body weight (bw) AAI daily for six days. The Clariom™ S Assay microarray was used to elucidate gene expression profiles in mouse kidneys after AAI treatment. Analyses in Qlucore Omics Explorer showed that gene expression in AAI-exposed kidneys is treatment-dependent. However, gene expression profiles did not segregate in a clear-cut manner according to Trp53 genotype, hence further investigations were performed by pathway analysis with MetaCore™. Several pathways were significantly altered to varying degrees for AAI-exposed kidneys. Apoptotic pathways were modulated in Trp53(+/+) kidneys; whereas oncogenic and pro-survival pathways were significantly altered for Trp53(+/-) and Trp53(-/-) kidneys, respectively. Alterations of biological processes by AAI in mouse kidneys could explain the mechanisms by which p53 protects from or p53 loss drives AAI-induced renal injury in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Sborchia
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (M.S.); (D.H.P.)
| | - Hector C. Keun
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
| | - David H. Phillips
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (M.S.); (D.H.P.)
| | - Volker M. Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (M.S.); (D.H.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Yarnell E, Touwaide A. Accuracy of Dioscorides,' De materia medica (First Century C.E.), Regarding Diuretic Activity of Plants. J Altern Complement Med 2018; 25:107-120. [PMID: 30403493 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2018.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assess whether an ancient text on herbal medicine accurately characterizes a class of herbal diuretics. DESIGN The Greek text of Dioscorides De materia medica was assessed for herbs stated to have diuretic activity, and then modern research was sought to determine how accurate the ancient assessment of these herbs was. RESULTS Of the 105 plants cited as having diuretic activity by Dioscorides, 56 (53.3%) genuses are confirmed as being diuretic in animal or human research. For another 38 (36.2%) genuses, no research related to diuresis could be identified. Six (5.7%) genuses had mixed results in modern research, whereas a mere 5 (4.8%) genuses were shown to not have diuretic activity. Considering the 67 genuses that were investigated, 56 (83.6%) were confirmed. CONCLUSION This analysis confirms that Dioscorides was accurate in determining the diuretic nature of herbs, raising the possibility that he was right about other therapeutic suggestions concerning herbs he made. For the remaining herbs that have not been assessed for diuretic effect, it is not yet known if Dioscorides was accurate. Our findings suggest that the 38 herbs Dioscorides categorized as diuretics that have not been studied for diuretic function are candidates for research in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Yarnell
- 1 Department of Botanical Medicine, School of Naturopathic Medicine, Bastyr University, Kenmore, Washington
| | - Alain Touwaide
- 2 Institute for the Preservation of Medical Traditions, Washington, District of Columbia
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New Contributions to Asarum Powder on Immunology Related Toxicity Effects in Lung. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:1054032. [PMID: 30245729 PMCID: PMC6139235 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1054032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Asarum is widely used in clinical practice of Chinese medicine in the treatment of respiratory diseases. Many toxic ingredients (safrole, etc.) had been found in Asarum that show multiple visceral toxicities. In this study, we performed systematic investigation of expression profiles of genes to take a new insight into unclear mechanism of Asarum toxicities in lung. Methods. mRNAs were extracted from lungs of rats after intragastric administration with/without Asarum powders, and microarray assays were applied to investigate gene expression profiles. Differentially expressed genes with significance were selected to carry out GO analysis. Subsequently, quantitative PCRs were performed to verify the differential expression of Tmprss6, Prkag3, Nptx2, Antxr11, Klk11, Rag2, Olr77, Cd7, Il20, LOC69, C6, Ccl20, LOC68, and Cd163 in lung. Changes of Ampk, Bcl2, Caspase 3, Il1, Il20, Matriptase2, Nfκb, Nptx2, and Rag2 in the lung on protein level were verified by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results. Compared with control group, the estimated organ coefficients were relatively increased in Asarum group. Results of GO analysis showed that a group of immune related genes in lung were expressed abnormally. The result of PCRs showed that Ccl20 was downregulated rather than other upregulated genes in the Asarum group. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry images showed that Asarum can upregulate the expression of Ampk, Caspase 3, Il1, Il20, Matriptase2, Nfκb, and Rag2 and downregulate the expression of Bcl2 in lung. Conclusion. Our data suggest that expressions of immune related genes in lung were selectively altered by Asarum. Therefore, inflammatory response was active, by regulating Caspase 3, Il1, Il20, Matriptase2, Nfκb, Rag2, Tmprss6, Prkag3, Nptx2, Antxr1, Klk11, Olr77, Cd7, LOC69, C6, LOC68, Cd163, Ampk, Bcl2, and Ccl20. Our study indicated that inflammatory factors take effect in lung toxicity caused by Asarum, which provides a new insight into molecular mechanism of Asarum toxicities in lung.
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10
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Gao X, Hu J, Zhang X, Zuo Y, Wang Y, Zhu S. Research progress of aconitine toxicity and forensic analysis of aconitine poisoning. Forensic Sci Res 2018; 5:25-31. [PMID: 32490307 PMCID: PMC7241456 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2018.1452346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicines have been extensively used in China and other countries for centuries. Aconitine, a diterpenoid alkaloid extracted from Aconitum plants, has anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, but can also induce severe arrhythmia and neurotoxicity. Aconitine poisoning accidents caused by misuse, suicide, or homicide have been reported in recent years. In China, fatal aconitine poisoning can occasionally happen on account of accidental ingestion of some wild plants or consumption of herbal decoction made from the roots of Aconitum plants. However, it is rather difficult for forensic experts to find the specific results in present forensic autopsy of aconitine-induced death. To further clarify its potential risk following the widespread application of aconitine, toxicological characteristics and pharmacokinetics of aconitine are reviewed. Moreover, gastrointestinal, neurological, and cardiovascular symptoms were observed frequently in aconitine poisoning cases. In addition, the review also aims at providing some convincing evidences for forensic experts to identify unexplained death with postmortem examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangting Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Laboratory of Biomedical Technology, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, China
| | - Xincai Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanyi Zuo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Forensic Sciences, Binhai People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Zhu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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11
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Vervaet BA, D’Haese PC, Verhulst A. Environmental toxin-induced acute kidney injury. Clin Kidney J 2017; 10:747-758. [PMID: 29225803 PMCID: PMC5716161 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human beings are exposed to various potentially toxic agents and conditions in their natural and occupational environments. The kidney, due to its concentrating ability and excretory function, is highly vulnerable to the effects of environmental toxins. Identifying the precise cause and mechanisms of environmentally induced renal injury remains a challenge for which various scientific disciplines need to be involved. Investigations in this field are confronted with the apparent infinite types of toxins, their mutual interaction, handling/metabolization by the body, ways of exposure, etc. Although interdisciplinary efforts and persistence are required to identify, mechanistically unravel and tackle environmental toxin-induced pathologies, research eventually pays off in ameliorated working/living conditions and development of preventive/therapeutic strategies. This review was compiled to particularly emphasize the need for a maintained awareness of environmental threats in general and those targeting the kidney. Different mechanisms of renal toxicity are illustrated and discussed, thereby focusing on three types of environmental toxins, namely aristolochic acid, melamine and heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Vervaet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick C D’Haese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anja Verhulst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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12
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Liu F, Tan X, Han X, Li X, Li N, Kang W. Cytotoxicity of Aconitum alkaloid and its interaction with calf thymus DNA by multi-spectroscopic techniques. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14509. [PMID: 29109516 PMCID: PMC5674014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicities of three aconitum alkaloids- aconitine, hypaconitine and mesaconitine, and their abilities to bind DNA have been explored. Rat myocardial cells H9c2 were treated with aconitum alkaloids and assessed the cytotoxicities by using MTT assay and flow cytometry. Apoptosis was evidenced by the results of the annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assay. Aconitine was found to be the most toxic in rat myocardial cells H9c2 in three aconitum alkaloids. At the same time, DNA adducts were isolated and then analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy after exposure to alkaloids, which indicated that three alkaloids could bind to DNA in rat myocardial cells H9c2. Furthermore, their binding modes were investigated by UV-Visible, fluorescence, DNA melting studies and ionic strength effect. Results indicated that the interaction between three alkaloids and DNA were intercalation coupled with electrostatic effect. The estimated binding constants were between 4.83 × 105 M-1 to 9.85 × 105 M-1 for three alkaloids at 298 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- School of Basic Medical, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiaoxin Tan
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xu Han
- Institute of Viral Disease, Hebei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Weijun Kang
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China.
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13
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Michl J, Bello O, Kite GC, Simmonds MSJ, Heinrich M. Medicinally Used Asarum Species: High-Resolution LC-MS Analysis of Aristolochic Acid Analogs and In vitro Toxicity Screening in HK-2 Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:215. [PMID: 28588481 PMCID: PMC5439001 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of Asarum are used in traditional Chinese medicine and, similar to members of the genus Aristolochia, they contain aristolochic acid analogs (AAAs). These compounds are known for their nephrotoxic and carcinogenic effects. So far, the phytochemistry and nephrotoxicity of species of Asarum is not well studied. A high-resolution LC-MS-based metabolomic approach was used to study the phytochemical variation in medicinally used Asarum species. The cytotoxicity of the samples was assessed using human kidney (HK-2) cells. The majority of samples contained potentially nephrotoxic AAAs, including 9-methoxy aristolactam (AL) IV, AL I, and AL IV. These compounds were present in methanol as well as water extracts. AAAs were detected in all parts of the plant. The majority of the extracts were not cytotoxic to HK-2 cells at the doses tested. However, other mechanisms relating to aristolochic acid nephropathy and cancer development, such as DNA adduct formation may occur. The results of this study provide a model for assessing lesser-known plant species for toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Michl
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines, UCL School of PharmacyLondon, UK
| | - Olusheyi Bello
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines, UCL School of PharmacyLondon, UK
| | | | | | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines, UCL School of PharmacyLondon, UK
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14
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Xiang T, Yang Z, Sun B, Luo H, Zhang S, Ren B, Chen X, Zhou X, Chen Z. Traditional Chinese medicine: Pivotal role of the spleen in the metabolism of aristolochic acid I in rats is dependent on oatp2a1. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3243-50. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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15
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Genotoxicity of Thermopsis turcica on Allium cepa L. roots revealed by alkaline comet and random amplified polymorphic DNA assays. Cytotechnology 2014; 68:829-38. [PMID: 25550040 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9835-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate genotoxic potential of Thermopsis turcica aqueous extracts on the roots of onion bulb (Allium cepa L.) by comet assay and random amplified polymorphic DNA technique. The Allium root growth inhibition test indicated that the EC50 and 2×EC50 values were 8 and 16 mg/ml concentrations of T. turcica aqueous extracts, respectively. The negative control (distilled water), positive control (methyl methane sulfonate, 10 mg/l) and 8 and 16 mg/ml concentrations of T. turcica extracts were introduced to the roots of onion bulbs for 24 and 96 h. The root growth, DNA damage in root cells and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles of root tissue were used as endpoints of the genotoxicity. The comet assay clearly indicated that dose-dependent single strand DNA breaks in the root nuclei of onions were determined for the treatment concentrations of T. turcica extracts. In comparison to RAPD profile of negative control group, RAPD polymorphisms became evident as disappearance and/or appearance of RAPD bands in treated roots. The diagnostic and phenetic numerical analyses of RAPD profiles obviously indicated dose-dependent genotoxicity induced by Thermopsis extracts. In conclusion, the results clearly indicated that water extract of T. turcica has genotoxic potential on the roots of onion bulbs as shown by comet assay and RAPD technique.
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Romanov V, Whyard TC, Waltzer WC, Grollman AP, Rosenquist T. Aristolochic acid-induced apoptosis and G2 cell cycle arrest depends on ROS generation and MAP kinases activation. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:47-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Michl J, Ingrouille MJ, Simmonds MSJ, Heinrich M. Naturally occurring aristolochic acid analogues and their toxicities. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:676-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np70114j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Stiborová M, Frei E, Arlt VM, Schmeiser HH. Knockout and humanized mice as suitable tools to identify enzymes metabolizing the human carcinogen aristolochic acid. Xenobiotica 2014; 44:135-45. [PMID: 24152141 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.848310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
1. Aristolochic acid I (AAI) is the predominant component in plant extract of Aristolochia genus that is involved in development of aristolochic acid nephropathy, Balkan endemic nephropathy and urothelial cancer. The diseases do not develop in all individuals exposed to AAI and patients exhibit different clinical outcomes. Differences in the activities of enzymes catalyzing the metabolism of AAI might be one of the reasons for this individual susceptibility. 2. Understanding which human enzymes are involved in reductive activation of AAI generating AAI-DNA adducts, and/or its detoxication to the O-demethylated metabolite, aristolochic acid Ia (AAIa), is necessary in the assessment of the susceptibility to this compound. 3. This review summarizes the results of the latest studies utilizing genetically engineered mouse models to identify which human and rodent enzymes catalyze the reductive activation of AAI to AAI-DNA adducts and its oxidative detoxication to AAIa in vivo. 4. The use of hepatic cytochrome P450 (Cyp) reductase null (HRN) mice, in which NADPH:Cyp oxidoreductase (Por) is deleted in hepatocytes, Cyp1a1((-/-)), Cyp1a2((-/-)) single-knockout, Cyp1a1/1a2((-/-)) double-knockout and CYP1A-humanized mice revealed that mouse and human CYP1A1 and 1A2, besides mouse NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase, were involved in the activation of AAI but CYP1A1 and 1A2 also oxidatively detoxified AAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
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