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Zhong L, Zhang H, Wu L, Ru H, Wei N, Yao F, Ni Z, Duan X, Li Y. Copper and Zinc Treatments Alter the Thyroid Endocrine System in Zebrafish Embryos/Larvae. TOXICS 2022; 10:756. [PMID: 36548589 PMCID: PMC9788113 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu2+) and zinc (Zn2+) are two kinds of heavy metals essential to living organisms. Cu2+ and Zn2+ at excessive concentrations can cause adverse effects on animals, but little is known about the thyroid-disrupting effects of these metals in fish, especially in the early developmental transition stage from embryos to larvae. Wild-type zebrafish embryos were used to expose to Cu2+ (0, 1.5, 15, and 150 μg/L) and Zn2+ (0, 20, 200, and 2000 μg/L) for 120 h. Thyroid hormone contents and transcriptional changes of the genes connected with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were measured. Results showed that zebrafish embryos/larvae malformation rates were significantly increased in the Cu2+ and Zn2+ groups. Remarkably elevated thyroxine (T4) concentrations and reduced triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were observed in Cu2+ and Zn2+ exposure fish. And the expression patterns of genes connected with the HPT axis were changed after Cu2+ and Zn2+ treatment. Based on principal component analysis (PCA) results, Zn2+ caused significant effects on the thyroid endocrine system at 200 μg/L, while Cu2+ resulted in thyroid disruption as low as 1.5 μg/L. In short, our study demonstrated that exposure to Cu2+ and Zn2+ induced developmental toxicity and thyroid disruption to zebrafish embryos/larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiao Zhong
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of the Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - He Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Universtiy, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Luyin Wu
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of the Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Huijun Ru
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of the Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Nian Wei
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of the Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Fan Yao
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of the Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Zhaohui Ni
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of the Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Xinbin Duan
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of the Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of the Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
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Zhang SQ, Zhao XL, He SW, Xing SY, Cao ZH, Li P, Li ZH. Effects of long-term exposure of norfloxacin on the HPG and HPT axes in juvenile common carp. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:44513-44522. [PMID: 35133590 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18995-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is a relatively lack of relevant research on the interference effect of quinolone antibiotics on the endocrine of aquatic animals. In this study, the toxicity of norfloxacin (NOR) on the endocrine system of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was evaluated, as well as the hematocyte parameters. Specifically, two important endocrine axes were assessed: the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Norfloxacin was used as a representative of quinolone antibiotics. According to the concentration of water pollution areas and considering the bad situation that may be caused by wastewater discharge, a control, 100 ng/L NOR, and 1 mg/L NOR treatment groups were set up. The juvenile carp, as the test animal, was subjected to an exposure experiment for 42 days. Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and related genes in HPT axis and sex hormones (11-ketotestosterone [11-KT] and progesterone [PROG]) and related genes in HPG axis and blood count are tested. It was found that the T4 iodine level and conversion process were enhanced after NOR treatment, which in turn led to the increase of T3 content and biological activity in the blood. One hundred nanograms per liter NOR can inhibit the level of sex hormones and inhibit the expression of HPG axis-related genes. In the 1 mg/L NOR treatment group, long-term exposure over a certain concentration range may lead to the development of adaptive mechanisms, making the changes in hormones and related genes insignificant. In conclusion, this study provides reference data for the endocrine interference of quinolone antibiotics on aquatic organisms, and has ecological significance for assessing the health of fish populations of quinolone antibiotics. However, the specific sites and mechanisms of action related to the effects of NOR on the endocrine system remain unclear and require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qi Zhang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Xue-Li Zhao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Shu-Wen He
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Shao-Ying Xing
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi-Han Cao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China.
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Chronic Toxic Effects of Waterborne Mercury on Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Larvae. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14111774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a kind of heavy metal pollutant widely existing in the aquatic environment, and it is also recognized to have a highly toxic effect on fish. In this study, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) larvae were exposed to 0 (control), 1, 5, and 10 μg/L Hg2+ for 2 weeks. Antioxidant ability, neurotoxicity, and thyroid hormones (THs) content were evaluated. In comparison with the control, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the glutathione (GSH) activity were lower in silver carp exposed to 10 μg/L Hg2+. The lowest catalase (CAT) activity was found in the 10 μg/L Hg2+, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was not significantly different among all groups. Compared with the control, monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and nitric oxide (NO) content were significantly higher in the 10 μg/L Hg2+, while acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity significantly decreased. Compared with the control, triiodothyronine (T3) content was significantly higher in the 1 μg/L Hg2+ and significantly lower in the 10 μg/L Hg2+; the 1 μg/L and 5 μg/L Hg2+ groups had significantly higher thyroxine (T4) content than the other groups. In the 1 μg/L Hg2+, the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index value was the highest. In summary, exposure to Hg could decrease the antioxidant ability, cause changes in neurotoxic parameters, and induce disorders of the thyroid hormone system in silver carp larvae. The results of this study may contribute to the understanding of the adverse effects of chronic mercury poisoning on fish.
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Chen CZ, Li P, Liu L, Li ZH. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) larvae in response to acute waterborne cadmium or mercury stress. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 246:106134. [PMID: 35286993 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) larvae were exposed to the control group, Cd concentrations (0.5 and 2.5 mg/L), and Hg concentrations (0.1 and 0.3 mg/L) for 96 h. Transcriptome analysis showed that 816 and 1599 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in response to 2.5 mg/L Cd2+ and 0.3 mg/L Hg2+, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were mostly associated with immune responses after Cd exposure, such as antigen processing and presentation, phagosome, apoptosis, and lysosome. Similarly, functional enrichment analysis showed that many pathways were mostly involved in metabolism after Hg exposure, such as glutathione metabolism and starch and sucrose metabolism. Results of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) showed that the abundance of 10 protein spots was significantly altered in the Cd2+ treatments. The proteomic analysis demonstrated that Cd toxicity might impair cytoskeletal and cell motility-related protein activity in the liver of G. rarus. Similarly, the abundance of 24 protein spots was significantly altered in the Hg2+ treatments. Hg toxicity regulates the expression of proteins belonging to several functional categories, including cytoskeleton, oxidative stress, digestive system, and energy metabolism. This study provides valuable relevant insight into the molecular mechanisms in response to Cd or Hg toxicity in aquatic organisms and will help screen for potential biomarkers to respond to Cd and Hg pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China.
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Xu C, Li T, Hu C, Guo H, Ye J, Li L, Liu W, Niu L. Waterborne uranium causes toxic effect and thyroid disruption in zebrafish larvae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111585. [PMID: 33396108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Uranium is a radioactive element that is widely present in aquatic environment. However, limited knowledge is available about the effect of uranium on thyroid system, which plays a key role in the development of animals. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to different environmentally relevant concentrations of uranium (2, 20 and 100 μg/L) for 120 h. The bioaccumulation, developmental toxicities, changes of thyroid hormones (THs) and key genes related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in larvae were analyzed after exposure. Results showed that uranium could bioaccumulate in zebrafish larvae, with the bioconcentration factors ranging from 49.6 to 523. Consequently, significant developmental toxicities and changes in locomotor activities were observed with a concentration-dependent manner. The levels of triiodothyronine (T3) levels in larvae were substantially decreased, whereas those of thyroxine (T4) were increased in fish bodies. The levels of THs were regulated by the negative feedback loops through HPT axis related genes, most of which (NIS, Deio1, Deio2, TRα, TSHβ and UGT1ab) were significantly depressed after exposure to uranium. Our results suggest the potential toxicities and thyroid disruption of uranium on zebrafish, which would provide baseline data set for better understanding the impact of waterborne uranium on aquatic organisms and the associated mechanisms. This study also highlights the key role of thyroid disruption in the ecological risk assessment of uranium pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Tianyang Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Chenjian Hu
- Zhejiang Radiation Environment Monitoring Station, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Hangqin Guo
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jing Ye
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 362021, Fujian, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lili Niu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Li ZH, Li P, Wu Y. Effects of temperature fluctuation on endocrine disturbance of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella under mercury chloride stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128137. [PMID: 33297125 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is considered to be one of the most toxic and ubiquitously distributed metals in the aquatic system. Meanwhile, the temperature increase of water bodies due to global climatic changes, may affect ecosystems through alterations of the metal properties or by affecting the susceptibility of organisms. To study the physiological stress of mercury chloride on grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella at different temperatures, we investigated the effects of water temperature and/or mercury chloride (HgCl2) on growth performance (SGR-the specific growth rate, HSI-hepato-somatic index, CF-condition factor) and the thyroid hormones levels (T3-triiodothyronine; T4-thyroxine), as well as the expression levels of related genes involved growth and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Fish (45.37 ± 3.58 g) were acclimated to 15, 20, 25, 30 or 35 °C and co-exposed to 0.0 or 0.039 mg/L HgCl2 for 4 weeks in triplicates. Three-way ANOVA revealed that all variables were significantly affected by water temperature, HgCl2 exposure, exposure time and their interactions. It was found that fish reared in Hg-free group at 25 °C showed the optimum growth. Otherwise, T4 concentrations were decreased, while T3 levels remained constant following exposure to HgCl2, which was explained by the up-regulation of the dio2 gene. Our data provide evidences that increased temperatures can potentiate HgCl2 toxicity, but the exact mechanism of the effects of temperature coupled HgCl2 on fish is not full clear, which should be give more attention in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China; Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China.
| | - Ping Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China.
| | - Yanhua Wu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
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Progress in the Research of the Toxicity Effect Mechanisms of Heavy Metals on Freshwater Organisms and Their Water Quality Criteria in China. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/9010348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Water quality criteria are the scientific basis for formulating water quality standards and environmental management practices. Due to the development of urbanization and industrialization, the problem of heavy metal pollution has become a serious environmental problem. Heavy metals not only have major impacts on aquatic organisms, but also seriously threaten human health. However, the current environmental criteria refer to the maximum value limitations of environmental factors in environmental media where harmful or detrimental effects are not produced on specific protected objects. This study reviewed the sources, hazard levels, toxic effect mechanisms, and the current research status of China’s water quality criteria for heavy metal pollutants. In addition, the focus and direction of future research on the toxic effects of heavy metal on aquatic organisms and the necessary criteria changes were discussed. The present study would provide an important theoretical basis for the future research of water quality criteria and risk assessment of heavy metal pollutants.
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Sun Y, Li Y, Liu Z, Chen Q. Environmentally relevant concentrations of mercury exposure alter thyroid hormone levels and gene expression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis of zebrafish larvae. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:1175-1183. [PMID: 29691693 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is one of the most toxic heavy metals that can cause severe damage to fish. Studies have demonstrated that Hg has a specific affinity for the endocrine system, but little is known about the effects of Hg on thyroid endocrine system in fish. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of 1, 4, and 16 μg/L Hg2+ (added as HgCl2) from 2 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 168 hpf. Thyroid hormone (TH) levels and mRNA expression levels of genes involved in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were determined. The results showed that exposure to 16 μg/L Hg2+ increased the whole-body thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels. The transcription levels of corticotrophin releasing hormone (crh) and thyroid stimulating hormone (tshβ) were up-regulated by Hg2+ exposure. Analysis of the mRNA levels of genes related to thyroid development (hhex, nkx2.1, and pax8) and THs synthesis (nis and tg) revealed that exposure to higher Hg2+ concentrations markedly up-regulated hhex, nkx2.1, nis, and tg expression, while had no significant effect on the transcripts of pax8. For the transcription of two types of deiodinases (deio1 and deio2), deio1 showed no significant changes in all the treatments, whereas deio2 was significantly up-regulated in the 16 μg/L Hg2+ group. In addition, Hg2+ exposure up-regulated thyroid hormone receptor β (trβ) mRNA level, while the transcription of trα was not changed. Overall, our study indicated that environmentally relevant concentrations of Hg2+ exposure could alter TH levels and the transcription of related HPT-axis genes, disturbing the normal processes of TH metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Yingwen Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Qiliang Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
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Zhao J, Niu C, Wang J, Yang H, Du Y, Wei L, Li C. The depressive-like behaviors of chronic unpredictable mild stress-treated mice, ameliorated by Tibetan medicine Zuotai: involvement in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis pathway. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:129-141. [PMID: 29379286 PMCID: PMC5757979 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s151107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zuotai, a famous Tibetan medicinal mixture containing metacinnabar, is traditionally used for the purpose of tranquilizing minds and soothing nerves. However, it still lacks substantial experimental data for it to be approved for use. AIM This study was designed to assess the effects of Zuotai on depressive-like symptoms in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model, and to explore its potential mechanism, particularly the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, Kunming mice were exposed to the CUMS procedure and simultaneously administered Zuotai or imipramine (positive control) by gavage continuously for 6 weeks. Then, depressive-like behaviors of mice in each group were tested with the sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, tail suspension test, and open field test. Meanwhile, the three key neuroendocrine hormones (corticotropin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone) in HPA axis pathway, and the level of the emotion-related monoamine neurotransmitters (5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, total mercury in the hypothalamus and hippocampus were determined using an automatic, direct mercury analyzer. RESULTS Zuotai or imipramine significantly increased the body weight and the sucrose preference ratio in sucrose preference test, and dramatically improved motor activity in forced swimming test, tail suspension test, and open field test in CUMS mice. Zuotai or imipramine remarkably decreased levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and corticosterone in the HPA axis, and increased levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine in the serum in CUMS mice. However, a small amount of mercury was deposited in the hypothalamus and hippocampus in Zuotai-treated mice, which may pose a potential risk to the central nervous system. CONCLUSION Zuotai has a strong ability to ameliorate depressive-like behaviors in CUMS-treated mice through inhibition of the HPA axis and upregulation of monoamine neurotransmitters. These findings provide new insight into the pharmacological effect of Zuotai on depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai
| | - Cuiying Niu
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianv Wang
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Yang
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai
| | - Yuzhi Du
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai
| | - Lixin Wei
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai
- Correspondence: Lixin Wei; Cen Li, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xin-ning Road 23, Xi-ning, Qinghai, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 971 614 3668, Fax +86 971 614 3765, Email ;
| | - Cen Li
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai
- Correspondence: Lixin Wei; Cen Li, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xin-ning Road 23, Xi-ning, Qinghai, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 971 614 3668, Fax +86 971 614 3765, Email ;
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