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Özcan Ö, den Elzen WPJ, Hillebrand JJ, den Heijer M, van Loendersloot LL, Fischer J, Hamer H, de Jonge R, Heijboer AC. The effect of hormonal contraceptive therapy on clinical laboratory parameters: a literature review. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:18-40. [PMID: 37419659 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal contraceptives (HC) are widely used among women in reproductive ages. In this review, the effects of HCs on 91 routine chemistry tests, metabolic tests, and tests for liver function, hemostatic system, renal function, hormones, vitamins and minerals were evaluated. Test parameters were differently affected by the dosage, duration, composition of HCs and route of administration. Most studies concerned the effects of combined oral contraceptives (COC) on the metabolic, hemostatic and (sex) steroids test results. Although the majority of the effects were minor, a major increase was seen in angiotensinogen levels (90-375 %) and the concentrations of the binding proteins (SHBG [∼200 %], CBG [∼100 %], TBG [∼90 %], VDBP [∼30 %], and IGFBPs [∼40 %]). Also, there were significant changes in levels of their bound molecules (testosterone, T3, T4, cortisol, vitamin D, IGF1 and GH). Data about the effects of all kinds of HCs on all test results are limited and sometimes inconclusive due to the large variety in HC, administration routes and dosages. Still, it can be concluded that HC use in women mainly stimulates the liver production of binding proteins. All biochemical test results of women using HC should be assessed carefully and unexpected test results should be further evaluated for both methodological and pre-analytical reasons. As HCs change over time, future studies are needed to learn more about the effects of other types, routes and combinations of HCs on clinical chemistry tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Özcan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy P J den Elzen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jacquelien J Hillebrand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura L van Loendersloot
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Fischer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrike Hamer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert de Jonge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke C Heijboer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kosaruk W, Brown JL, Towiboon P, Pringproa K, Punyapornwithaya V, Tankaew P, Kittisirikul N, Toonrongchang W, Janyamathakul T, Muanghong P, Thitaram C. Seasonal patterns of oxidative stress markers in captive Asian elephants in Thailand and relationships to elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus shedding. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1263775. [PMID: 37795017 PMCID: PMC10546319 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1263775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant activity and accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which can have detrimental effects on animal health. Annual fluctuations in oxidative stress status can occur, increasing disease susceptibility during certain time periods. However, a full understanding of factors related to oxidative stress in Asian elephants and how to mitigate the negative consequences is lacking. Methods This study measured six serum oxidative stress markers [reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), albumin, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase] and two stress markers [serum cortisol and fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM)] in 23 captive Asian elephants in Thailand over a 12 months period to examine relationships with age and season. Results Seasonal variations were observed, with several markers exhibiting significantly higher concentrations in the summer (ROS, MDA, 8-OHdG, albumin) and lower values during the rainy/winter seasons (MDA, 8-OHdG, albumin, catalase). By contrast, GPx was the only marker to be highest during the rainy season. For the stress markers, higher fGCM concentrations were noted during the rainy season, which contrasts with earlier studies showing more activity in the winter (tourist season). Positive correlations were found between the temperature-humidity index and ROS, GPx, and fGCM, while a negative correlation was observed with serum albumin. Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) shedding events were associated with higher concentrations of ROS and MDA. A moderate negative correlation was observed between 8-OHdG and the PCR threshold cycle of EEHV shedding (Ct), indicating DNA damage may be involved in EEHV shedding in elephants. Discussion Results revealed significant age and seasonal effects on several oxidative stress markers, indicating those factors should be considered in study design and data interpretation. There also may be physiological adaptations in oxidative stress conditions in relation to environmental changes that could impact health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worapong Kosaruk
- Doctoral Degree Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Janine L. Brown
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, United States
| | - Patcharapa Towiboon
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pallop Tankaew
- Central Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Narueporn Kittisirikul
- Elephant Hospital, National Elephant Institute, Forest Industry Organization, Lampang, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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3
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Quinn KM, Roberts L, Cox AJ, Borg DN, Pennell EN, McKeating DR, Fisher JJ, Perkins AV, Minahan C. Blood oxidative stress biomarkers in women: influence of oral contraception, exercise, and N-acetylcysteine. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1949-1964. [PMID: 35674828 PMCID: PMC9287208 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04964-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To compare physiological responses to submaximal cycling and sprint cycling performance in women using oral contraceptives (WomenOC) and naturally cycling women (WomenNC) and to determine whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation mediates these responses. Methods Twenty recreationally trained women completed five exercise trials (i.e., an incremental cycling test, a familiarisation trial, a baseline performance trial and two double-blind crossover intervention trials). During the intervention trials participants supplemented with NAC or a placebo 1 h before exercise. Cardiopulmonary parameters and blood biochemistry were assessed during 40 min of fixed-intensity cycling at 105% of gas-exchange threshold and after 1-km cycling time-trial. Results WomenOC had higher ventilation (β [95% CI] = 0.07 L·min−1 [0.01, 0.14]), malondialdehydes (β = 12.00 mmol·L−1 [6.82, 17.17]) and C-reactive protein (1.53 mg·L−1 [0.76, 2.30]), whereas glutathione peroxidase was lower (β = 22.62 mU·mL−1 [− 41.32, − 3.91]) compared to WomenNC during fixed-intensity cycling. Plasma thiols were higher at all timepoints after NAC ingestion compared to placebo, irrespective of group (all p < 0.001; d = 1.45 to 2.34). For WomenNC but not WomenOC, the exercise-induced increase in malondialdehyde observed in the placebo trial was blunted after NAC ingestion, with lower values at 40 min (p = 0.018; d = 0.73). NAC did not affect cycling time-trial performance. Conclusions Blood biomarkers relating to oxidative stress and inflammation are elevated in WomenOC during exercise. There may be an increased strain on the endogenous antioxidant system during exercise, since NAC supplementation in WomenOC did not dampen the exercise-induced increase in malondialdehyde. Future investigations should explore the impact of elevated oxidative stress on exercise adaptations or recovery from exercise in WomenOC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00421-022-04964-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlee M Quinn
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia. .,Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence Unit, Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
| | - Llion Roberts
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.,Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence Unit, Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Amanda J Cox
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - David N Borg
- The Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Evan N Pennell
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Daniel R McKeating
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Joshua J Fisher
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Anthony V Perkins
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Clare Minahan
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
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Effect of Iron Depletion by Bloodletting vs. Observation on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers of Women with Functional Hyperandrogenism Taking a Combined Oral Contraceptive: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133864. [PMID: 35807149 PMCID: PMC9267723 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Women with functional hyperandrogenism show both increased markers of oxidative stress and a mild iron overload. Combined oral contraceptives (COC) may worsen redox status in the general population. Since iron depletion ameliorates oxidative stress in other iron overload states, we aimed to address the changes in the redox status of these women as a consequence of COC therapy and of bloodletting, conducting a randomized, controlled, parallel, open-label clinical trial in 33 adult women with polycystic ovary syndrome or idiopathic hyperandrogenism. After three months of treatment with a COC, participants were randomized (1:1) to three scheduled bloodlettings or observation for another nine months. After taking a COC, participants showed a mild decrease in their plasma electrochemical antioxidant capacity, considering fast-acting antioxidants [MD: −1.51 (−2.43 to −0.60) μC, p = 0.002], and slow-acting antioxidants [MD: −1.90 (−2.66 to −1.14) μC, p < 0.001]. Women submitted to bloodletting showed a decrease in their non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity levels (NEAC) throughout the trial, whereas those individuals in the control arm showed a mild increase in these levels at the end of the study (Wilks’ λ: 0.802, F: 3.572, p = 0.041). Decreasing ferritin and plasma hemoglobin during the trial were associated with worse NEAC levels. COC may impair redox status in women with functional hyperandrogenism. Decreasing iron stores by scheduled bloodletting does not override this impairment.
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Morawska-Tota M, Tota Ł, Tkaczewska J. Influence of 5-Week Snack Supplementation with the Addition of Gelatin Hydrolysates from Carp Skins on Pro-Oxidative and Antioxidant Balance Disturbances (TOS, TAS) in a Group of Athletes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071314. [PMID: 35883805 PMCID: PMC9311642 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The research objective was to assess the effects of 5-week snack supplementation with added enzymatic hydrolysates from carp skins on shifts in pro-oxidative and antioxidant balance among athletes. The study comprised 49 adults (experimental group (E)—17, placebo (P)—16, control (C)—16) practicing endurance disciplines. Selected somatic indices and maximal oxygen uptake/m (VO2max) were measured. Based on VO2max, an individual exercise intensity was selected with predominating eccentric contractions (60% VO2max). The conducted tests consisted of 2 series (1st—graded and eccentric, 2nd—eccentric). The experimental group consumed a snack with added gelatin hydrolysates from carp skins for 5 weeks in between the series, the placebo—a snack without added hydrolysates, and in the control—no supplementation was implemented. Blood samples were taken before, and 1, 24 and 48 h after completion of the eccentric test. TAS and TOC concentrations in the blood plasma were assessed. No significant changes in TOS/TOC and TAS/TAC concentrations were noted between the 1st and the 2nd test series, before or following the eccentric test in the control and placebo groups. In the measurements performed 1, 24 and 48 h after completion, the observed differences were highly significant (p < 0.001). After 5 weeks of snack consumption, an increase from medium to high antioxidant potential was observed for E. Differences between the 1st and the 2nd test series were of high statistical significance (p < 0.001). The demonstrated differences in pro-oxidative-antioxidant balance indices between successive series allow to confirm antioxidant effects and indicate possibilities for its implementation, not only in sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Morawska-Tota
- Department of Sports Medicine & Human Nutrition, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, al. Jana Pawła II 78, 31-537 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-683-11-45
| | - Łukasz Tota
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, al. Jana Pawła II 78, 31-537 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Joanna Tkaczewska
- Department of Animal Product Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, al. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland;
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6
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Quinn KM, Cox AJ, Roberts L, Pennell EN, McKeating DR, Fisher JJ, Perkins AV, Minahan C. Temporal changes in blood oxidative stress biomarkers across the menstrual cycle and with oral contraceptive use in active women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2607-2620. [PMID: 34106325 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the temporal changes in blood oxidative stress biomarkers in recreationally-trained women that were naturally-cycling (WomenNC) or using oral contraceptives (WomenOC) across one month. METHODS Blood samples were acquired at three timepoints of the menstrual cycle (1: early-follicular, 2: late-follicular and 3: mid-luteal) and oral contraceptive packet (1: InactiveOC, 2: Mid-activeOC and 3: Late-activeOC) for determination of estradiol, progesterone, oxidative stress, C-reactive protein (CRP) and other cardiometabolic biomarkers in plasma and serum. RESULTS There was a Group by Time effect on estradiol (p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.64) and progesterone (p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.77). Malondialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxides and CRP concentrations were higher in WomenOC during Late-activeOC compared to InactiveOC (+ 96%, + 23% and + 104%, respectively, p < 0.05). However, there were no changes in these biomarkers across the menstrual cycle in WomenNC (p > 0.05). At all timepoints (i.e., 1, 2 and 3), WomenOC had elevated lipid hydroperoxides (+ 28, + 48% and + 50%) and CRP (+ 71%, + 117% and + 130%) compared to WomenNC (p < 0.05, partial η2 > 0.25). There was no Group by Time effect on non-enzymatic antioxidants or glutathione peroxidase; however, glutathione peroxidase was lower in WomenOC, i.e., main effect of group (p < 0.05, partial η2 > 0.20). CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that WomenOC not only have higher oxidative stress and CRP than WomenNC, but also a transient increase across one month of habitual oral contraceptive use. Since changes in oxidative stress and CRP often relate to training stress and recovery, these outcomes may have implications to workload monitoring practices in female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlee M Quinn
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence Unit, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, 4111, Australia.
| | - Amanda J Cox
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
| | - Llion Roberts
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence Unit, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, 4111, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Evan N Pennell
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
| | - Daniel R McKeating
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
| | - Joshua J Fisher
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
| | - Anthony V Perkins
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
| | - Clare Minahan
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
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7
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Bruinvels G, Lewis NA, Blagrove RC, Scott D, Simpson RJ, Baggish AL, Rogers JP, Ackerman KE, Pedlar CR. COVID-19-Considerations for the Female Athlete. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:606799. [PMID: 33665612 PMCID: PMC7921484 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.606799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) caused the whole sporting calendar to be paused. As we embark on the challenge of navigating through the return to play (RTP) process, there is a necessity to consider the needs of all athletes. This commentary specifically considers recommendations and requirements for the female athlete with a physiological emphasis during and following the COVID-19 pandemic, however, it will be relevant for any similar future scenarios that may present. It is important to acknowledge that there remain many unknowns surrounding COVID-19 and the female athlete both in the short- and long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgie Bruinvels
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom.,Orreco Ltd., Unit 103, Business Innovation Centre, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nathan A Lewis
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom.,Orreco Ltd., Unit 103, Business Innovation Centre, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Richard C Blagrove
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn Scott
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Aaron L Baggish
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John P Rogers
- Department of Sports Medicine, Manchester Institute of High Performance, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E Ackerman
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Charles R Pedlar
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom.,Orreco Ltd., Unit 103, Business Innovation Centre, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
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NERY LUDMILLACDOESPÍRITOSANTO, BRAZ LESLIEC, FERREIRA LETICIAL, VIEIRA FLÁVIAP, SILVA LEANDROLDA, BLANC HELENEN, RAIMUNDO JULIANAM. A combined injectable contraceptive improves plasma redox status and does not induce vascular changes in female rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020201924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Mir AH, Dumka VK, Sultan F, Lonare MK. Genotoxic effects of drospirenone and ethinylestradiol in human breast cells ( in vitro) and bone marrow cells of female mice ( in vivo). Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:1493-1499. [PMID: 33148062 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1843473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen and progesterone congeners as found in various oral contraceptive formulations have been implicated as the cause of cancer in sex and tissue-specific targets. The mechanism of carcinogenesis by sex steroids is still debatable. In this study, we evaluated the genotoxicity induced by two components of one of the commonly used oral contraceptive formulation; drospirenone and ethinylestradiol in human breast cells (MCF-7) in vitro and in bone marrow cells of female mice in vivo. DNA damage was assessed by alkaline comet assay. Both of the drugs produced DNA damage in human breast cells at exposure concentrations which are about 100-fold and above than normally found in human blood after their lowest recommended doses. The DNA damage was produced only after metabolic activation by mice liver S-9 fraction in both cases. The co-exposure with both the compounds at median exposure levels resulted in potentiation of DNA damage. In bone marrow cells of adult female mice, both the compounds produced DNA damage at human equivalent doses after exposure was carried out repeatedly for approximately one estrus cycle (5 days). The co-administration with the compounds resulted in potentiation of DNA damage as indicated by percent tail DNA in comet assay. Thus it is concluded that drospirenone and ethinylestradiol cause DNA damage in certain target specific tissue (mammary epithelial cells) and in female bone marrow cells. The co-exposure with drospirenone and ethinylestradiol results in potentiation of genotoxicity which may pose a threat of cancer development in women taking these drugs for long periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad H Mir
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Vinod K Dumka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Faheem Sultan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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The relationship of blood pressure with uric acid and bilirubin in young lean and overweight/obese men and women: the African-PREDICT study. J Hum Hypertens 2019; 34:648-656. [PMID: 31712713 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-019-0287-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports the central role of oxidative stress and inflammation in obesity and the development of hypertension. However, most studies focusing on the non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as uric acid and bilirubin, and their relationship with obesity and hypertension were done in older populations with overt cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was therefore to compare measures of cardiovascular function (blood pressure and arterial stiffness) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (uric acid and bilirubin) between young healthy lean and overweight/obese men and women and to investigate the link between these variables. We grouped 967 men and women (aged 20-30 years) according to body mass index (BMI) categories (lean BMI < 25 kg/m2; overweight/obese BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). Cardiovascular measurements included 24 h blood pressure and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. Serum samples were used to analyse uric acid and bilirubin. Women and men with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 displayed higher 24 h blood pressure (P < 0.001) and uric acid (P ≤ 0.014) than their lean counterparts; lean women showed higher bilirubin (P < 0.001). In multi-variable adjusted regression analyses we found that 24 h systolic blood pressure was independently associated with uric acid (R2 = 0.10; β = 0.19; P = 0.017) only in overweight/obese women. In lean women a negative association of 24 h systolic blood pressure with bilirubin (R2 = 0.03; β = -0.14; P = 0.018) was found. No associations were found in men. In conclusion, we found adverse associations between blood pressure and uric acid in young healthy women with increased adiposity, but not in lean women or men.
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Hypercysteinemia, A Potential Risk Factor for Central Obesity and Related Disorders in Azores, Portugal. J Nutr Metab 2019; 2019:1826780. [PMID: 31321096 PMCID: PMC6609363 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1826780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In Azores, the standardized mortality rate for coronary artery disease (CAD) is nearly the double when compared to mainland Portugal. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of conventional CAD risk factors, as well as the plasma aminothiol profile (and its major determinants), between two groups of healthy subjects from Ponta Delgada (in Azores) and Lisbon (in mainland) cities, searching for precocious biomarker(s) of the disease. The study groups consisted of 101 healthy volunteers from Ponta Delgada (PDL) and 121 from Lisbon, aged 20–69 years. No differences in the prevalence of classical CAD risk factors were found between the study groups, except in physical inactivity and related central obesity, which were both higher in PDL men than in those from Lisbon. Hypercysteinemia, which seems to result from sulfur-rich amino acid diets and/or vitamin B12 malabsorption, revealed to be significantly more prevalent in PDL vs. Lisbon subjects (18% vs. 4%, P=0.001), namely, in male gender. Moreover, plasma Cys levels predicted waist circumference (β coefficient = 0.102, P=0.032) and concomitant central obesity and were also associated with insulin resistance. Nevertheless, hyperhomocysteinemia prevalence was similar in both groups, despite the fact that PDL subjects exhibited a higher rate of vitamin B12 deficiency compared to those from Lisbon (19% vs. 6%, P=0.003). Owing to the nature of this study design, a cause-effect relationship between high plasma Cys levels and central obesity or CAD risk could not be derived, but results strongly suggest that hypercysteinemia is a potential risk factor for metabolic disorders, i.e., obesity and insulin resistance, and CAD in Azores, a hypothesis that asks for confirmation through further large prospective studies.
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Mohn ES, Kern HJ, Saltzman E, Mitmesser SH, McKay DL. Evidence of Drug-Nutrient Interactions with Chronic Use of Commonly Prescribed Medications: An Update. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E36. [PMID: 29558445 PMCID: PMC5874849 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term use of prescription and over-the-counter drugs can induce subclinical and clinically relevant micronutrient deficiencies, which may develop gradually over months or even years. Given the large number of medications currently available, the number of research studies examining potential drug-nutrient interactions is quite limited. A comprehensive, updated review of the potential drug-nutrient interactions with chronic use of the most often prescribed medications for commonly diagnosed conditions among the general U.S. adult population is presented. For the majority of the interactions described in this paper, more high-quality intervention trials are needed to better understand their clinical importance and potential consequences. A number of these studies have identified potential risk factors that may make certain populations more susceptible, but guidelines on how to best manage and/or prevent drug-induced nutrient inadequacies are lacking. Although widespread supplementation is not currently recommended, it is important to ensure at-risk patients reach their recommended intakes for vitamins and minerals. In conjunction with an overall healthy diet, appropriate dietary supplementation may be a practical and efficacious way to maintain or improve micronutrient status in patients at risk of deficiencies, such as those taking medications known to compromise nutritional status. The summary evidence presented in this review will help inform future research efforts and, ultimately, guide recommendations for patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Mohn
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Hua J Kern
- Nutrition & Scientific Affairs, Nature's Bounty Co., Ronkonkoma, NY 11779, USA.
| | - Edward Saltzman
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Susan H Mitmesser
- Nutrition & Scientific Affairs, Nature's Bounty Co., Ronkonkoma, NY 11779, USA.
| | - Diane L McKay
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Lewandowski Ł, Kepinska M, Milnerowicz H. Inhibition of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase activity by selected environmental xenobiotics. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 58:105-113. [PMID: 29310006 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The function of Cu,Zn-SOD is to dismutate superoxide into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. This task is fulfilled due to structural nuances of the enzyme. Many environmental xenobiotics have been proved to inhibit Cu,Zn-SOD. Those compounds could be found not only in industrial sewage, cigarettes and various chemical agents - some of them are used as drugs, drug production substrates or are the product of drug biotransformation. Cu,Zn-SOD exposition to these compounds leads to inhibition due to: copper ion chelation, unfolding the structure of the enzyme, affecting residues vital for activity maintenance. This review covers a selection of Cu,Zn-SOD inhibitors, referring to in vivo and in vitro study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Lewandowski
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Wroclaw Medical University, Faculty of Pharmacy Borowska 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Kepinska
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Wroclaw Medical University, Faculty of Pharmacy Borowska 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Halina Milnerowicz
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Wroclaw Medical University, Faculty of Pharmacy Borowska 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
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Swanepoel AC, Emmerson O, Pretorius E. Effect of Progesterone and Synthetic Progestins on Whole Blood Clot Formation and Erythrocyte Structure. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:607-617. [PMID: 28480839 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617000484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Combined oral contraceptive (COC) use is a risk factor for venous thrombosis (VT) and related to the specific type of progestin used. VT is accompanied by inflammation and pathophysiological clot formation, that includes aberrant erythrocytes and fibrin(ogen) interactions. In this paper, we aim to determine the influence of progesterone and different synthetic progestins found in COCs on the viscoelasticity of whole blood clots, as well as erythrocyte morphology and membrane ultrastructure, in an in vitro laboratory study. Thromboelastography (TEG), light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were our chosen methods. Our results point out that progestins influence the rate of whole blood clot formation. Alterations to erythrocyte morphology and membrane ultrastructure suggest the presence of eryptosis. We also note increased rouleaux formation, erythrocyte aggregation, and spontaneous fibrin formation in whole blood which may explain the increased risk of VT associated with COC use. Although not all COC users will experience a thrombotic event, individuals with a thrombotic predisposition, due to inflammatory or hematological illness, should be closely monitored to prevent pathological thrombosis.
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Swanepoel AC, Emmerson O, Pretorius E. The Effect of Endogenous and Synthetic Estrogens on Whole Blood Clot Formation and Erythrocyte Structure. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:599-606. [PMID: 28478790 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As erythrocyte and estrogens interact so closely and erythrocytes can indicate the healthiness of an individual, it is essential to investigate the effects of natural estrogens as well as synthetic estrogens on these cells. Whole blood samples were used for thromboelastography (TEG), light microscopy (LM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation. Viscoelastic investigation with TEG revealed that estrogens affected the rate of clot formation without any significant effect on the strength or stability of the clot. Axial ratio analysis with LM showed a statistically significant increase in number of erythrocytes with decreased roundness. Morphological analysis with SEM confirmed the change in erythrocyte shape and revealed both ultrastructural membrane changes and erythrocyte interactions. As erythrocyte shape and membrane flexibility correlates to physiological functioning of these cells in circulation, these changes, indicative of possible eryptosis brought on by estrogens, when experienced by individuals with an underlying inflammatory or hematological illness, could impair erythrocyte functioning and even result in obstructions in circulation. In conclusion, we suggest that whole blood analysis with viscoelastic and morphological techniques could be used as assessment of the hematological healthiness of individuals using estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albe C Swanepoel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences,University of Pretoria,Pretoria 0002,South Africa
| | - Odette Emmerson
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences,University of Pretoria,Pretoria 0002,South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences,University of Pretoria,Pretoria 0002,South Africa
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