Environment friendly approach for size controllable synthesis of biocompatible Silver nanoparticles using diastase

Characterization and Toxicity of Hypoxoside Capped Silver Nanoparticles

The reducing potential of plant extracts in the green synthesis of nanoparticles has been associated with their phytochemicals. Although pharmacologically inactive, a norlignan diglucoside “hypoxoside” (HP) occurs in large quantities in the extract of Hypoxis hemerocallidea (HE). In this work, HP was isolated from HE where both were used in the biosynthesis of the corresponding silver nanoparticles (HP-AgNPs and HE-AgNPs). The AgNPs were fully characterized using various physicochemical techniques and their antimicrobial and anticancer properties were evaluated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed sizes of 24.3 ± 4 nm for the HE-AgNPs and 3.9 ± 1.6 nm for the HP-AgNPs. The HE-AgNPs demonstrated enhanced anti-bactericidal effects on Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 1.95 µg/mL, competing well with the standard drug. The cytotoxic activity showed that the HE-AgNPs reduced cell viability with an IC50 of 0.81 and 4.0 µg/mL, respectively, for the U87 and U251 cells, while the HP-AgNPs displayed 0.20 and 0.55 µg/mL for both cell lines, respectively. Furthermore, while the HE-AgNPs were selective to U87 alone, the HP-AgNPs were selective to both glioblastoma cells tested. The study demonstrated the ability of a single phytoconstituent (hypoxoside), not only as the chief bioreductant in the extract, but also as a standalone reducing and capping agent, producing ultra-small, spherical, and monodispersed AgNPs with enhanced biological properties.

Multitherapeutic Efficacy of Curly Kale Extract Fabricated Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles

Purpose

Due to the biomedical applications universally, the Ag nanoparticles are one of the most commonly investigated nanoparticles (NPs). Curly kale (BroL) leaves contain numerous beneficial nutrients and phytochemicals. The aim of the current study is the fabrication of the Ag nanoparticles using the extracts of curly kale and to investigate their biological potentials.

Methods

The characterization of the generated BroLAgNPs was done through UV-Vis spectro study, Fourier-transform infrared spectro study, scanning electron microscope analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray study, distribution of size and zeta potential investigation, and X-ray powder diffraction study, and their biological effects were evaluated by antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxicity effect.

Results

BroL-Ag nanoparticle displayed surface plasmon resonance at 432 nm. The Zeta potential of BroL (-26.6) AgNPs displayed a highly negative charge. In antidiabetic assay, BroL-AgNPs was highly effective with IC50 value 2.29 µg/mL at 1.0 µg/mL concentration. In cytotoxicity assay, BroL-AgNPs displayed strong activity at 10.0 µg/mL concentration. It showed inhibitory action against three food-borne pathogenic bacteria (9.29-11.44 mm inhibition zone) and displayed moderate antioxidant potential.

Conclusion

This study as a whole report an eco-friendly green synthesis of AgNPs using leafy vegetable aqueous extract and its multi-biological effects which could serve as a promising candidate in pharmacological and related industries.

Silver-Doped Anodic Alumina with Antimicrobial Properties—Synthesis and Characterization

The incessant need for the elimination of pathogenic viruses and multi-drug resistant bacteria has been a critical issue during recent decades, and requires the creation of new antimicrobial materials. Our study describes the production of silver-modified anodic alumina substrates by two methods, and estimation of their bactericidal activity. Aluminum oxide coatings were obtained via an anodization process of low-purity aluminum in an acidic bath for different time periods. The realization of silver infiltration into the pores of the alumina layers was carried out employing two different routes—electrochemical deposition, and in situ thermal reduction. The obtained films were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Changes in the surface morphology and thickness of the initial oxide structures after hot water sealing procedure were observed. The presence of silver inside the pores of the alumina layers was also assessed. It was found that silver electrodeposition resulted in greater surface saturation. Large silver accumulations were observed on the thinner anodic films which experienced electroplating for longer time periods. Finally, the antibacterial activity of the modified alumina structures against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus) bacteria was evaluated. The results demonstrate that silver deposits acquired by the electrochemical technique improve the bactericidal efficiency of the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) layers. On the contrary, alumina structures with chemically embedded Ag particles did not show significant antibacterial properties. Overall, the present studies demonstrate that biological activity of silver-doped AAO films depends on the techniques used for their modification.

Unravelling the role of surface modification in the dermocompatibility of silver nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo

A clearer picture of interactions between differently coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and biological interfaces that are confronted with by the dermal exposure route is of utmost importance for the risk assessment of various AgNPs-based formulations utilized in the medical and dermocosmetic fields. This work sought to understand how surface modification of AgNPs, especially those produced by green synthesis strategy, affects the surface chemistry and dermocompatibility. Phytosynthetized AgNPs diverse in bio-reducing/capping agents i.e. chlorogenic acid, glycyrrhizic acid and gallic acid, were prepared by a bioinspired green approach and characterized in terms of size, shape, crystal phase, surface charge, structure and antioxidant activity. Chemically synthetized AgNPs stabilized by trisodium citrate or polyvinylpyrrolidone were also analyzed for comparison. The biological test results illustrate that varying coating material for AgNP stabilization results in differential toxicity against dermal microbes and HaCaT keratinocytes in vitro and affects dermal absorption through intact/compromised skin in vivo. Among all test samples, the citrate-stabilized AgNPs displayed the maximum cytotoxicity and dermal absorption. It is also of interest to note that the phytosynthetized AgNPs with chlorogenic acid exhibited superior antioxidant activity, attenuated cytotoxicity and minimal skin deposition, while those modified with glycyrrhizic acid demonstrated a preferentially antibacterial activity against the pathogenic (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) over the beneficial strains (Staphylococcus epidermidis) inhabiting human skin. Furthermore, percutaneous absorption of AgNPs into live epidermis was observed on all 7-13 nm sized AgNPs, irrespective of surface coating, with more pronounced skin deposition of silver species occurring for the chemically-synthetized AgNPs within compromised skin. Given all these results, it is concluded that surface modification with particular phytochemicals may render AgNPs with enhanced dermocompatibility or antimicrobial activity. This study provides a basis for risk assessments of phytosynthetized AgNPs in consumer products and suggests the possibility of tailoring AgNPs applicability via green chemistry approach.

Nanoparticles Loaded with a New Thiourea Derivative: Development and In vitro Evaluation Against Leishmania amazonensis

BACKGROUND

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Current treatments are restricted to a small number of drugs that display both severe side effects and a potential for parasites to develop resistance. A new N-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-N'- (2-phenethyl) thiourea compound (thiourea 1) has shown promising in vitro activity against Leishmania amazonensis with an IC₅₀ of 54.14 μM for promastigotes and an IC₅₀ of 70 μM for amastigotes.

OBJECTIVE

To develop a formulation of thiourea 1 as an oral treatment for leishmaniasis, it was incorporated into Nanoparticles (NPs), a proven approach to provide long-acting drug delivery systems.

METHODS

Poly (D,L-Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) polymeric NPs containing thiourea 1 were obtained through a nanoprecipitation methodology associated with solvent evaporation. The NPs containing thiourea 1 were characterized for Encapsulation Efficiency (EE%), reaction yield (% w/w), surface charge, particle size and morphology by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).

RESULTS

NPs with thiourea 1 showed an improved in vitro leishmanicidal activity with a reduction in its cytotoxicity against macrophages (CC₅₀>100 μg/mL) while preserving its IC₅₀ against intracellular amastigotes (1.46 ± 0.09 μg/mL). This represents a parasite Selectivity Index (SI) of 68.49, which is a marked advancement from the reference drug pentamidine (SI = 30.14).

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that the incorporation into NPs potentiated the therapeutic effect of thiourea 1, most likely by improving the selective delivery of the drug to the phagocytic cells that are targeted for infection by L. amazonensis. This work reinforces the importance of nanotechnology in the acquisition of new therapeutic alternatives for oral treatments.

Synthesis of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) capped copper oxide nanocubes for the remediation of organic pollutants using photocatalysis and catalysis

The aim of this report is to synthesize copper oxide nanocubes (CuO NCs) at room temperature, using sodium borohydride as a reducing agent, and Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) as a stabilizing agent. The crystallinity and morphology of the synthesized CuO NCs are investigated via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The optical properties were analyzed by means of UV-visible absorbance and Raman spectroscopy. The existence of specific functional groups and structural stability were established via FTIR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, the catalytic efficiency of the as-prepared CuO NCs was tested using catalytic and photocatalytic studies of para-nitrophenol (p-NP) reduction and methylene blue (MB) degradation, respectively. The catalytic results demonstrated the nanocubes' excellent catalytic and photocatalytic responses with respect to the abatement of p-NP and MB within 50 s and 240 min, with kinetic rate constants of 3.9 × 10^-2 s^-1 and 6.47 × 10^-3 min^-1, respectively.

A Selenium Nanocomposite Protects the Mouse Brain from Oxidative Injury Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage

BACKGROUND

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common neurological crisis leading to high mortality and morbidity. Oxidative stress-induced secondary injury plays a critical role in neurological deterioration. Previously, we synthesized a porous Se@SiO2 nanocomposite and identified their therapeutic role in osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Whether this nanocomposite is neuroprotective remains to be elucidated.

METHODS

A porous Se@SiO2 nanocomposite was synthesized, and its biosafety was determined using a CCK-8 assay. The neuroprotective effect was evaluated by TUNEL staining, and intracellular ROS were detected with a DCFH-DA probe in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to hemin. Furthermore, the effect of the nanocomposite on cell apoptosis, brain edema and blood-brain barrier permeability were evaluated in a collagenase-induced ICH mouse model. The potential mechanism was also explored.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated that Se@SiO2 treatment significantly improved neurological function, increased glutathione peroxidase activity and downregulated malonaldehyde levels. The proportion of apoptotic cells, brain edema and blood-brain barrier permeability were reduced significantly in ICH mice treated with Se@SiO2 compared to vehicle-treated mice. In vitro, Se@SiO2 protected SH-SY5Y cells from hemin-induced apoptosis by preventing intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation.

CONCLUSION

These results suggested that the porous Se@SiO2 nanocomposite exerted neuroprotection by suppressing oxidative stress. Se@SiO2 may be a potential candidate for the clinical treatment of ICH and oxidative stress-related brain injuries.

Biosynthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activities of Procyanidin Capped Silver Nanoparticles

In this study, procyanidin dimers and Leucosidea sericea total extract (LSTE) were employed in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Visible) spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. AgNPs of about 2–7 nm were obtained. DLS and stability evaluations confirmed that the AgNPs/procyanidins conjugates were stable. The formed nanoparticles exhibited good inhibitory activities against the two enzymes studied. The IC₅₀ values against the amylase enzyme were 14.92 ± 1.0, 13.24 ± 0.2, and 19.13 ± 0.8 µg/mL for AgNPs coordinated with LSTE, F1, and F2, respectively. The corresponding values for the glucosidase enzyme were 21.48 ± 0.9, 18.76 ± 1.0, and 8.75 ± 0.7 µg/mL. The antioxidant activities were comparable to those of the intact fractions. The AgNPs also demonstrated bacterial inhibitory activities against six bacterial species. While the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of F1-AgNPs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were 31.25 and 15.63 µg/mL respectively, those of LSTE-AgNPs and F2-AgNPs against these organisms were both 62.50 µg/mL. The F1-AgNPs demonstrated a better bactericidal effect and may be useful in food packaging. This research also showed the involvement of the procyanidins as reducing and capping agents in the formation of stable AgNPs with potential biological applications.

Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles and their protective, antioxidative effects in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) was performed by mixing Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle plant) leaf extract with the solution of selenious acid (H₂SeO₃) under continuous stirring conditions resulting the roselle plant secondary metabolites conjugated Se NPs. The existence of functional groups of roselle plant secondary metabolites on the surface of prepared Se NPs was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The formation of crystalline nanoparticles with anisotropic shape was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. Furthermore, we also studied anti-oxidative and protective effects of Se NPs in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes rats. These STZ induced diabetic rats were daily exposed to Se NPs or/and insulin treatment and the effect of Se NPs on the factors correlated to oxidative damage in the rat testes were evaluated. The biochemical studies showed that the Se NPs are capable to enhance the serum testosterone reduction caused due to STZ induced diabetes. In addition, Se NPs can significantly reduce the oxidative stress indicators of the testicular tissue such as nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation. However, the treatment of Se NPs on the STZ induced diabetic rats increased the activities of antioxidant enzyme as well as the glutathione content in testicular tissues. Furthermore, microscopic studies revealed that the Se NPs are capable of preventing the histological damage in the testes of STZ induced diabetic rats. Altogether, these results explained the possible effects of Se NPs in attenuating oxidative damage induced by diabetes, especially in the testicular tissue.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Ferroptotic Neuronal Cell Death in vitro and in vivo

Purpose

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are one of the most important nanomaterials that are widely used in the food, cosmetic and medical industries. Humans are often exposed to ZnONPs via inhalation, and they may reach the brain where neurotoxic effects could occur via systemic distribution. However, the mechanisms underlying how ZnONPs produce neurotoxic effects in the brain remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the novel mechanism involved in ZnONPs-induced neurotoxicity.

Methods and Results

We demonstrated for the first time that pulmonary exposure to ZnONPs by intratracheal instillation could trigger ferroptosis, a new form of cell death, in the neuronal cells of mouse cerebral cortex. A similar phenomenon was also observed in cultured neuron-like PC-12 cell line. By using a specific inhibitor of ferroptosis ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), our results showed that inhibition of ferroptosis by Fer-1 could significantly alleviate the ZnONPs-induced neuronal cell death both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistic investigation revealed that ZnONPs selectively activated the JNK pathway and thus resulted in the ferroptotic phenotypes, JNK inhibitor SP600125 could reverse lipid peroxidation upregulation and ferroptotic cell death induced by ZnONPs in PC-12 cells.

Conclusion

Taken together, this study not only demonstrates that pulmonary exposure of ZnONPs can induce JNK-involved ferroptotic cell death in mouse cortex and PC-12 cells, but also provides a clue that inhibition of ferroptosis by specific agents or drugs may serve as a feasible approach for reducing the untreatable neurotoxicity induced by ZnONPs.

Quantification of Synergistic Effects of Ceragenin CSA-131 Combined with Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles Against Cancer Cells

BACKGROUND

Therapeutic efficiency of ceragenins against cancers may be limited by lack of their hemocompatibility when high concentrations of molecules are required to reach a desired result. Synergistic effects observed upon administration of anticancer agents and metal nanoparticles may provide an opportunity to limit toxicity of immobilized ceragenins on the surface of metal nanoparticles and to improve their therapeutic efficiency at the same time. The aim of present work is to investigate the anticancer activities and hemocompatibility of nanoformulations consisting of ceragenin CSA-131 united with aminosilane-modified iron oxide-based magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) and prepared by 1) covalent bonding (MNP@CSA-131) or 2) by combining CSA-131 with MNP in 1:1 ratio (CSA-131 + MNP). Possible synergistic interactions between CSA-131 and magnetic nanoparticles were also quantified.

METHODS

MNP@CSA-131 and CSA-131+MNP were tested in vitro against selected lung and colon cancer cells using colorimetric, fluorimetric and flow cytometry methods.

RESULTS

Performed analysis demonstrates that MNP-based nanosystems significantly improve the killing efficiency of tested ceragenin, decreasing the viability of extra 1.37±4.72% to 76.07±15.30% cancer cells when compared to free CSA-131. Quantification of synergistic effects indicates the favorable interactions between CSA-131 and magnetic nanoparticles (CI < 1 for all tested doses), revealing at the same time a reduction in effective doses of ceragenin from 1.17 ± 0.61 to 34.57 ± 12.78 times when combined with MNP. We demonstrate that both MNP@CSA-131 and CSA-131+MNP induce significantly apoptosis of cancer cells and prevent the division of colon cancer cells even at relatively low doses of the active compound (10 µg/mL). Importantly, combining CSA-131 with MNP decreases the hemolytic activity of free ceragenin 4.72 to 7.88 times, which indicates a considerable improvement of hemotoxicity profile.

CONCLUSION

Comparative analyses have revealed that both developed CSA-containing nanoformulations due to the utility of synergistic interactions between MNP and CSA-131, which are effective against lung and colon cancer cells. This indicates the new directions in preparation of MNP-based therapeutics, which are relatively easy to synthetize, cost-effective and safe when intravenously administrated.

Carbon Nanotubes: An Emerging Drug Delivery Carrier in Cancer Therapeutics

BACKGROUND

The scope of nanotechnology has been extended to almost every sphere of our daily life. As a result of this, nanocarriers like Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are gaining considerable attention for their use in various therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the current article is to review various important features of CNTs that make them as efficient carriers for anticancer drug delivery in cancer therapeutics.

METHODS

In this review article, different works of literature are reported on various prospective applications of CNTs in the targeting of multiple kinds of cancerous cells of different organs via; the loading of various anticancer agents.

RESULTS

Actually, CNTs are the 3rd allotropic type of the carbon-fullerenes that are a part of the cylindrical tubular architecture. CNTs possess some excellent physicochemical characteristics and unique structural features that provide an effective platform to deliver anticancer drugs to target specific sites for achieving a high level of therapeutic effectiveness even in cancer therapeutics. For better results, CNTs are functionalized and modified with different classes of therapeutically bioactive molecules via; the formation of stable covalent bonding or by the use of supramolecular assemblies based on the noncovalent interaction(s). In recent years, the applications of CNTs for the delivery of various kinds of anticancer drugs and targeting of tumor sites have been reported by various research groups.

CONCLUSION

CNTs represent an emerging nanocarrier material for the delivery and targeting of numerous anticancer drugs in cancer therapeutics.

Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles and their effect on changes in urinary nanocrystallites in calcium oxalate stone formation

Plant bio constituents have the ability to prepare nanoparticles, and usually, plant polyphenols are tested to reduce sodium selenite to selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). In this work, we showed the biosynthesis of SeNPs using Ocimum tenuiflorum leaf extract. The as obtained SeNPs were in the size range of 15-20 nm and spherical in shape. Also, TEM microscopic images represented the aggregation of crystal structures as extracellular deposits. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy was performed to examine the chemical transition of calcium oxalate (CaC₂O₄) crystal's shape and structure due to the influence of SeNPs. SeNPs inhibited the aggregation and growth of CaC₂O₄ monohydrate crystals and hence the prepared SeNPs could have important prospects in medical and pharmaceutical applications as a potential inhibitor of CaC₂O₄ urinary stones.

RETRACTED: Biosynthesis of Clinacanthus nutans Lindau leaf extract mediated ag NPs, au NPs and their comparative strong muscle relaxant, analgesic activities for pain management in nursing care for using in intensive nursing care unit

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor. After a thorough investigation, the Editor has concluded that the acceptance of this article was partly based upon the positive advice of one illegitimate reviewer report. The report was submitted from an email account which was provided by the corresponding author as a suggested reviewer during the submission of the article. Although purportedly a real reviewer account, the Editor has concluded that this was not of an appropriate, independent reviewer. This manipulation of the peer-review process represents a clear violation of the fundamentals of peer review, our publishing policies, and publishing ethics standards. Apologies are offered to the reviewer whose identity was assumed and to the readers of the journal that this deception was not detected during the submission process.

Biosynthesis of size-controlled gold nanoparticles using M. lucida leaf extract and their penetration studies on human skin for plastic surgery applications

Recently, majority of the studies were focusing on the nanoparticles (NPs) and their abilities of penetrating Stratum Corneum (SC), as they can be prominently utilized in the plastic surgeries. In the current work, we demonstrated the penetrating abilities of gold NPs (AuNPs) through anthropological skin with diameters of 10 and 15 nm, varying in sizes, with the help of Multiphoton Microscopy. In addition, we also demonstrated a rapid facile environment friendly process of synthesizing AuNPs of adjustable sizes with the help of aqueous M. lucida leaf extract. Surface plasmon resonance was performed to confirm the synthesis of AuNPs at 530 nm with the help of UV-vis spectrophotometer. By differentiating the quantities of M. lucida leaf aqueous extracts, we studied the reduction time, morphological differences and size of the AuNPs. By performing Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-vis spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX) and Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED), we characterized the fabricated AuNPs. The further aggregation and growth of AuNPs was protected by the polyphenols in the oxidised form by having a coordination with the surface of AuNPs. Moreover, the experiments of skin penetration showed an effort to deeply examine the factors leading to the penetration of particles into the human skin. These responses indicate that NPs at the determined size ranges penetrate the SC in the same pattern of the drug molecules, mostly by the intercellular paths. These responses attained were essential for developing a unique transdermal transporter as well as for understanding the basic interaction of skin-NPs for the application of plastic surgeries.

Synthesis of surface modified Fe3O4 super paramagnetic nanoparticles for ultra sound examination and magnetic resonance imaging for cancer treatment

In the present work, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles with superparamagnetic properties were prepared and capped by using Chitosan. The synthesized NPs were studied by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Average particle size and surface charge of the synthesized NPs were characterized by using Malvern Zetasizer instrument. TEM images showed the morphology and size distribution of uncoated Fe₃O₄ NPs, exhibiting the uniform sized NPS with an average particle size of about 10 nm. Vibrating Scanning Magnetometry (VSM) experiments, showed the superparamagnetic nature of the prepared nanoparticles. Fe₃O₄ NPs showed ferromagnetic magnetization which is very sensitive towards the sample's nanostructure. The results of paramagnetic studies exhibited the substantial reduction in paramagnetic behavior after Chitosan coating but sufficient for responding in magnetic field. Further, the in-vitro ability of the Chitosan coated Fe₃O₄ NPs as contrast agents in efficient Ultra sound/Magnetic resonance (US/MR) imaging was investigated. These findings demonstrated that the Chitosan coated super para magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) have reported significant contrast-enhanced imaging potential for dual-mode US/MR imaging. Hence, the prepared Chitosan coated SPION composites administration serve as potential guide in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers.

Synthesis of mulberry leaf extract mediated gold nanoparticles and their ameliorative effect on Aluminium intoxicated and diabetic retinopathy in rats during perinatal life

The present report showed the green synthesis of Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Mulberry leaf extract via an environment friendly approach and investigated to know the probable ameliorative effect via biochemical assessment on retinopathy of rats that are maternally subjected to Al intoxication and diabetes. Mulberry leaf extract biomolecules act as capping and reducing agent for fabrication of AgNPs. Later, the fabricated AgNPs were characterized by using spectroscopic and microscopic instrumental techniques such as HR-TEM, UV-Vis, XRD and FT-IR. EDS, XRD and TEM have confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. HRTEM results exhibited that the formed AgNPs are polydispersed and spherical in nature with mean particle size of 35 nm. Microscopic observation of retina in Al-intoxicated and diabetic mother rats showed abnormal changes in retinal cell layers. Yet, the retina of rats that are maternally received AgNPs plus diabetes or Al-intoxicated exhibited noticeable amelioration. However, lower ameliorations were found in rat's retina that are maternally undergone for combined exposure. Additionally, biochemical assessment revealed that the application of AgNPs caused the amelioration of the changes in Al concentration and maternal serum glucose. The present study revealed that AgNPs are active against diabetic and Aluminium-persuaded developmental retinopathy.

Synthesis of photoluminescent carbon dots and its effect on chondrocytes for knee joint therapy applications

In the process of natural precursors examining for the carbon dots (CDs) synthesis, a bio-friendly and highly luminescent CDs synthesis is being reported herein. For the first time, we are reporting CDs synthesis using Selenicereus grandiflorus plant materials without any use of additional oxidizing agents like ethanol which was used in the earlier mentioned reports. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron (HR-TEM) microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. This method is entirely safe to use in all biological practices because no toxic chemicals were used in this method. Further, we studied the toxicity of CDs against chondrocytes obtained from the knee joint. In order to inquire about the feasible harmful effects of exposing CD on the knee cells, we carried out CD treatment in SW-1353 chondrocytes. Cytotoxicity outcomes displayed a dosage-dependent reduction of cell viability. Therefore, we studied the toxic effects of CDs on the knee, indicating the important prospectives of CDs in future knee therapy.

Biosynthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles and their application for treatment of brain injury-An in-vitro toxicity study towards central nervous system

In the current study, a facile green synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) utilizing the leaf extract of Lippia citriodora as a stabilizing and reducing agent was reported. The prepared TiO₂ NPs were studied using XRD, UV, HRTEM, FTIR, Raman and EDS analysis. TEM analysis confirmed that the nanoparticles size is in 20-40 nm range. FTIR and UV-Visible spectra represented the TiO₂ NPs formation. Similarly, the analysis of XRD and EDS validated the crystalline rutile structure of TiO₂NPs formed. In addition, this investigation was shown to examine the TiO₂NPs toxicity on the CNS central nervous system in vitro. In the extracted cell cultures from the rats ECB embryonic cortical brain, substantial decline in the neuroblasts has been noticed once after incubating with TiO₂NPs for 24 h to 96 h (5 to 20 μg/ml). This study also demonstrates the decline of neuroblast proliferation. In the conclusion, our investigation illustrated evidently the TiO₂NPs toxic effect on the neuronal cells and rat brain also mentioned about toxicity effects of TiO₂ which were not yet described, for example the decline in vitro neuroblast proliferation.

NIR absorbing reduced graphene oxide for photothermal radiotherapy for treatment of esophageal cancer

Theranostic agents were drawing a huge attention in the personalized medication. In this study, we established a facile technique, plant extract-based technique for the synthesis of reduced nano-graphene oxide (RNGO) with low cytotoxicity. We formed platforms of photothermal (PT) therapy and further explained that the synthesized RNGO can be utilized as ready to use PT therapy without any additional surface adjustment. In the meantime, with the help of a constant-wave NIR laser (near-infrared), in vitro esophageal adenocarcinoma cell line (OE-19) cancer cells were effectively ablated, because of the PT impact of RNGO. The outcomes propose that the RNGO was appropriate for PT therapy and photoacoustic imaging of the tumor, which is assuring for theranostic nanomedicine.

Biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) by plants and microbes: their cellular uptake, biocompatibility, and biomedical applications

Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) with their diverse physical and chemical properties have been applied in various biomedical domains. The increasing demand for MNPs has attracted researchers to develop straightforward, inexpensive, simple, and eco-friendly processes for the enhanced production of MNPs. To discover new biomedical applications first requires knowledge of the interactions of MNPs with target cells. This review focuses on plant and microbial synthesis of biological MNPs, their cellular uptake, biocompatibility, any biological consequences such as cytotoxicity, and biomedical applications. We highlighted the involvement of biomolecules in capping and stabilization of MNPs and the effect of physicochemical parameters particularly the pH on the synthesis of MNPs. Recently achieved milestones to understand the role of synthetic biology (SynBiol) in the synthesis of tailored MNPs are also discussed.

Biosynthesis of sorafenib coated graphene nanosheets for the treatment of gastric cancer in patients in nursing care

Sorafenib (SRF) is a well-known tyrosine kinase inhibiting anticancer drug which iseffectual against multiple carcinomas especially gastric cancers by targeting the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk cascade pathway and blocking the tumor cell proliferation. In the present work, we have reduced graphene oxide (GO) in presence of sorafenib using ascorbic as green reducing agent for the treatment of gastric cancers. Sorafenib reduced graphene oxide (SRGO) were obtained with a transparent and smoothmorphology. The drug loaded SRGO has presented significant cytotoxic effect against SGC7901 cancer cells when compared to that of the free SRF and blank NPs in the equivalent concentrations. Additionally, from the Hoechst 33382 staining study it was evident that the cells in untreated groups remained intact with its round shape and intact nuclei while the SRGO treated cells have shown a cell transformation with apoptosis of gastric cancer cell lines. Based on these results, we can conclude that SRGO might extend an enormous prospective in the treatment of gastric cancers.

Biosynthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles and their loading with N-acetylcarnosine for cataract treatment

The present work showed the biofabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using Coccinia grandis bark extract. The fabricated NPs were well characterized by using different microscopic an spectroscopic techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Ultra violet - visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR). TEM results showed that the prepared AuNPs are spherical in shape with uniformity in size. The calculated average size of the AuNPs is 20 nm. The NAC drug molecule that is used for cataract treatment was successfully encapsulated into Au NPs to increase its bioavailability. Also, the in-vitro cytotoxicity of NAC and NAC - Au NPs were studied against fibroblast cells, and the results showed that encapsulation of NAC into Au NPs did not showed cytotoxicity after encapsulation. NAC molecules do not exhibit toxicity at lower concentrations, While, there is a reduction in the number of viable cells at higher concentration of NAC. Also, the encapsulation of the drug onto Au NPs is considerably increased biocompatibility and bioavailability. In future, this research results may be helpful for the development of drugs for treatment of cataract with high stability and reactivity.