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Wattanasuntorn P, Phuektes P, Poapolathep S, Mimapan S, Tattiyapong M, Fink-Gremmels J, Oswald IP, Poapolathep A. Individual cytotoxicity of three major type A trichothecene, T-2, HT-2, and diacetoxyscirpenol in human Jurkat T cells. Toxicon 2024; 243:107718. [PMID: 38614246 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic, fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate agricultural commodities, food, and feed. Among them, T-2, HT-2, and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS; the major type A trichothecene) are primarily produced from Fusarium species. These mycotoxins exert numerous toxicological effects in animals and humans, such as dermatotoxicity, haematotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. In the present study, human Jurkat T cells were used as a model to investigate apoptotic cell death induced by T-2, HT-2, and DAS. The results showed that T-2, HT-2, and DAS decreased cell viability and increased production of Reactive Oxygen Species in a time- and dose-dependency. Based on their IC50 values, they could be ranked in decreasing order of cytotoxicity as T-2 > HT-2 > DAS. All tested mycotoxins caused DNA fragmentation, up-regulated cytochrome C, caspase 3, and caspase 9 mRNA levels, and down-regulated the relative expression of Bcl-2 and caspase 8. The effects of these trichothecenes on apoptosis were determined based on flow cytometry. At the IC50 concentrations, the percentages of apoptotic cells were significantly higher than for the controls. Taken together, these data suggested that T-2, HT-2, and DAS could induce apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phattarawadee Wattanasuntorn
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Patchara Phuektes
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khonkaen University, Khonkaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Sontana Mimapan
- National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Muncharee Tattiyapong
- National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Johanna Fink-Gremmels
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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2
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Liu T, Liu G, Xu Y, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Xu Y. Zearalenone Induces Blood-Testis Barrier Damage through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Paraptosis of Sertoli Cells in Goats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:553. [PMID: 38203724 PMCID: PMC10778680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is present worldwide as a serious contaminant of food and feed and causes male reproductive toxicity. The implication of paraptosis, which is a nonclassical paradigm of cell death, is unclear in ZEA-induced male reproductive disorders. In this study, the toxic effects of ZEA on the blood-testis barrier (BTB) and the related mechanisms of paraptosis were detected in goats. ZEA exposure, in vivo, caused a significant decrease in spermatozoon quality, the destruction of seminiferous tubules, and damage to the BTB integrity. Furthermore, ZEA exposure to Sertoli cells (SCs) in vitro showed similar dysfunction in structure and barrier function. Importantly, the formation of massive cytoplasmic vacuoles in ZEA-treated SCs corresponded to the highly swollen and dilative endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and paraptosis inhibition significantly alleviated ZEA-induced SC death and vacuolization, which indicated the important contribution of paraptosis in ZEA-induced BTB damage. Meanwhile, the expression of ER stress marker proteins was increased after ZEA treatment but decreased under the inhibition of paraptosis. The vacuole formation and SC death, induced by ZEA, were remarkably blocked by ER stress inhibition. In conclusion, these results facilitate the exploration of the mechanisms of the SC paraptosis involved in ZEA-induced BTB damage in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (G.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Gengchen Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (G.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yinghuan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (G.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuqi Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Yunxuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (G.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yongjie Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (G.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yongping Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (G.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.Z.)
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3
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Gao S, Wang K, Xiong K, Xiao S, Wu C, Zhou M, Li L, Yuan G, Jiang L, Xiong Q, Yang L. Unraveling the Nrf2-ARE Signaling Pathway in the DF-1 Chicken Fibroblast Cell Line: Insights into T-2 Toxin-Induced Oxidative Stress Regulation. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:627. [PMID: 37999490 PMCID: PMC10674583 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The T-2 toxin (T2) poses a major threat to the health and productivity of animals. The present study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanism of Nrf2 derived from broilers against T2-induced oxidative damage. DF-1 cells, including those with normal characteristics, as well as those overexpressing or with a knockout of specific components, were exposed to a 24 h treatment of 50 nM T2. The primary objective was to evaluate the indicators associated with oxidative stress and the expression of downstream antioxidant factors regulated by the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway, at both the mRNA and protein levels. The findings of this study demonstrated a noteworthy relationship between the up-regulation of the Nrf2 protein and a considerable reduction in the oxidative stress levels within DF-1 cells (p < 0.05). Furthermore, this up-regulation was associated with a notable increase in the mRNA and protein levels of antioxidant factors downstream of the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway (p < 0.05). Conversely, the down-regulation of the Nrf2 protein was linked to a marked elevation in oxidative stress levels in DF-1 cells (p < 0.05). Additionally, this down-regulation resulted in a significant decrease in both the mRNA and protein expression of antioxidant factors (p < 0.05). This experiment lays a theoretical foundation for investigating the detrimental impacts of T2 on broiler chickens. It also establishes a research framework for employing the Nrf2 protein in broiler chicken production and breeding. Moreover, it introduces novel insights for the prospective management of oxidative stress-related ailments in the livestock and poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lingchen Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China; (S.G.); (K.W.); (K.X.); (S.X.); (C.W.); (M.Z.); (L.L.); (G.Y.); (L.J.); (Q.X.)
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Chen F, Wang Y, Chen Y, Fan J, Zhang C, He X, Yang X. JNK molecule is a toxic target for IPEC-J2 cell barrier damage induced by T-2 toxin. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115247. [PMID: 37453270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The most prevalent contaminated mycotoxin in feed and grain is T-2 toxin. The T-2 toxin's primary action target is the gut because it is the main organ of absorption. T-2 toxin can cause intestinal damage, but, few molecular mechanisms have been elucidated. It is important to discover the key pathways by which T-2 toxin causes enterotoxicity. In this research, IPEC-J2 cells are used as a cell model to investigate the function of the MAPK signaling pathway in T-2 toxin-induced intestinal epithelial cell damage. Throughout this research, T-2 toxin results in functional impairment in IPEC-J2 cells by reducing the TJ proteins Claudin, Occludin-1, ZO-1, N-cadherin, and CX-43 expression. T-2 toxin significantly reduced the survival of IPEC-J2 cells and increased LDH release in a dose-dependent way. T-2 toxin induced IPEC-J2 cell oxidative stress by raising ROS and MDA content, and mitochondrial damage was indicated by a decline in MMP and an increase in the opening degree of MPTP. T-2 toxin upregulated the expression of ERK, P38 and JNK, which triggered the MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, T-2 toxin caused IPEC-J2 cell inflammation responses reflected by increased the levels of inflammation-related factors IL-8, p65, P-p65 and IL-6, and down-regulated IL-10 expression level. Inhibition JNK molecule can ease IPEC-J2 cell functional impairment and inflammatory response. In conclusion, as a consequence of the T-2 toxin activating the JNK molecule, oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage are induced, which impair cellular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002 Henan, China
| | - Youshuang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002 Henan, China
| | - Yunhe Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002 Henan, China
| | - Jiayan Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002 Henan, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002 Henan, China
| | - Xiuyuan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002 Henan, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002 Henan, China.
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Li J, Wang Y, Deng Y, Wang X, Wu W, Nepovimova E, Wu Q, Kuca K. Toxic mechanisms of the trichothecenes T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol on protein synthesis. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:113044. [PMID: 35452771 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The toxic mechanisms of trichothecenes, including T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON), are closely related with their effects on protein synthesis. Increasing lines of evidence show that T-2 toxin can reduce the levels of tight junction proteins, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) by disrupting cellular barriers and the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) and Nrf2/heme oxygenase (HO)-1 pathways. Moreover, it can inhibit aggrecan synthesis, thus causing Kashin-Beck disease. Regarding type B trichothecene, DON inhibits activation marker and β-catenin synthesis by acting on immune cells and the wingless/integrated (Wnt) pathway; it also inhibits cell proliferation and immune surveillance. In addition, DON has been shown to destroy tight junctions, glucose transport, and tumor endothelial marker 8, thus disturbing intestinal function and changing cell migration. This review summarizes the inhibitory effects of the trichothecenes T-2 toxin and DON on different protein synthesis, while discussing their underlying mechanisms. Focus is given to the effects of these toxins on tight junctions, aggrecan, activation markers, and hormones including testosterone under the influence of steroidogenic enzymes. This review can extend the current understanding of the effects of trichothecenes on protein synthesis and help to further understand their toxic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefeng Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Yating Wang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Ying Deng
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Wenda Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, 50003, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, 50003, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, 50003, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, 50003, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Cytotoxicity of Mycotoxins and Their Combinations on Different Cell Lines: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040244. [PMID: 35448853 PMCID: PMC9031280 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of molds and mainly produced by species of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. They can be synthesized on the field, during harvest as well as during storage. They are fairly stable compounds and difficult to remove. Among several hundreds of mycotoxins, according to the WHO, ochratoxin A, aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, patulin, fumonisins as well as T-2 and HT-2 toxins deserve special attention. Cytotoxicity is one of the most important adverse properties of mycotoxins and is generally assessed via the MTT assay, the neutral red assay, the LDH assay, the CCK-8 assay and the ATP test in different cell lines. The apoptotic cell ratio is mainly assessed via flow cytometry. Aside from the assessment of the toxicity of individual mycotoxins, it is important to determine the cytotoxicity of mycotoxin combinations. Such combinations often exhibit stronger cytotoxicity than individual mycotoxins. The cytotoxicity of different mycotoxins often depends on the cell line used in the experiment and is frequently time- and dose-dependent. A major drawback of assessing mycotoxin cytotoxicity in cell lines is the lack of interaction typical for complex organisms (for example, immune responses).
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Yang X, Liu P, Zhang X, Zhang J, Cui Y, Song M, Li Y. T-2 toxin causes dysfunction of Sertoli cells by inducing oxidative stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 225:112702. [PMID: 34478974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is an inevitable mycotoxin in food products and feeds. It is a proven toxicant impairing the male reproductive system. However, previous studies have concentrated on the toxic effect of T-2 toxin on Leydig cells, with little attention on the Sertoli cell cytotoxicity. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the toxic mechanism of T-2 toxin on Sertoli cells. The Sertoli cell line (TM4 cell) was cultured and exposed to different concentrations of T-2 toxin with/without N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) for 24 h. A CCK-8 assay then measured the cell viability. In addition, the expression of TM4 cell biomarkers (FSHR and ABP) and functional factors (occludin (Ocln), zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1), Connexin 43 (Cx-43), and N-Cadherin (N-cad)) were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The oxidative stress status (ROS, MDA, CAT, and SOD) and apoptosis rate, including the caspase-9, 8, and 3 activities in TM4 cells, were analyzed. We established that (1): T-2 toxin decreased TM4 cells viability and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration was 8.10 nM. (2): T-2 toxin-induced oxidative stress, evidenced by increased ROS and MDA contents, and inhibited CAT and SOD activities. (3): T-2 toxin inhibited FSHR, ABP, ocln, ZO-1, Cx-43, and N-Cad expressions. (4): T-2 toxin promoted TM4 cell apoptosis and caspase-9, 8, and 3 activities. (5): N-acetyl-L-cysteine relieved oxidative stress, functional impairment, and apoptosis in TM4 cells treated with T-2 toxin. Thus, T-2 toxin induced TM4 cell dysfunction through ROS-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Pengli Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xuliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yilong Cui
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Miao Song
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Tvrdá E, Greifová H, Ďuračka M, Ondruška Ľ, Halenár M, Kolesárová A. Comparative analysis of the detrimental in vitro effects of three fusariotoxins on the selected structural and functional characteristics of rabbit spermatozoa. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:2519-2527. [PMID: 34380342 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1962690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the in vitro effects of 1-50 μM zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin (T-2) on rabbit spermatozoa for as much as 8 h of in vitro exposure. Our results indicate that all sperm quality parameters were negatively affected by these fusariotoxins in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The most prominent structure affected by ZEA was the plasma membrane, exhibiting alterations consistent with the onset of apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. This correlated with the most prominent decline of the sperm motility among all selected fusariotoxins. Significant necrotic changes and mitochondrial dysfunction were primarily responsible for the sperm damage in the presence of T-2. Finally, exposure of spermatozoa to DON led to a significant decrease in the DNA integrity. This study may provide new information on the specific mechanisms of action involved in the in vitro toxic behavior of fusariotoxins on male gametes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tvrdá
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Hana Greifová
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Michal Ďuračka
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Ľubomír Ondruška
- Institute of Small Farm Animals, Research Institute for Animal Production, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Marek Halenár
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Adriana Kolesárová
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
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Kılıç Süloğlu A, Selmanoglu G, Gündoğdu Ö, Kishalı NH, Girgin G, Palabıyık S, Tan A, Kara Y, Baydar T. Evaluation of isoindole derivatives: Antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity in the HT-29 colon cancer cells. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000065. [PMID: 32779211 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Norcantharimides have an isoindole skeleton structure, and some isoindoline derivatives have positive effects on inflammatory pathologies, including cancers. The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of four synthesized isoindoline derivatives (NCTD1-4). HT-29 cells exposed to 10, 50, 100, and 200 µM doses of each derivative were incubated for 24 and 48 h, respectively. The cytotoxicity of the new derivatives was analyzed using the cell growth inhibition assay and the cell membrane damage test. In vitro antioxidant activity studies showed that the derivatives have free radical-scavenging effects in a dose-dependent manner. NCTD3 and NCTD4 apparently have antioxidant effects when compared with the control group treated with dimethyl sulfoxide. Furthermore, NCTD4 inhibited the growth of the HT-29 cells due to membrane damage and exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on colon adenocarcinoma cells. The findings suggest that NDTD4 has the highest potential for colon cancer treatment and may be interpreted as a candidate anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Kılıç Süloğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Güldeniz Selmanoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özlem Gündoğdu
- Department of Food Technology, Kaman Vocational School, Ahi Evran University, Kırsehir, Turkey
| | - Nurhan H Kishalı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Gözde Girgin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sezin Palabıyık
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Mus Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey
| | - Yunus Kara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Terken Baydar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Yang X, Liu P, Cui Y, Xiao B, Liu M, Song M, Huang W, Li Y. Review of the Reproductive Toxicity of T-2 Toxin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:727-734. [PMID: 31895560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin, an inevitable environmental pollutant, is the most toxic type A trichothecene mycotoxin. Reproductive disruption is a key adverse effect of T-2 toxin. Herein, this paper reviews the reproductive toxicity of T-2 toxin and its mechanisms in male and female members of different species. The reproductive toxicity of T-2 toxin is evidenced by decreased fertility, disrupted structures and functions of reproductive organs, and loss of gametogenesis in males and females. T-2 toxin disrupts the reproductive endocrine axis and inhibits reproductive hormone synthesis. Furthermore, exposure to T-2 toxin during pregnancy results in embryotoxicity and the abnormal development of offspring. We also summarize the research progress in counteracting the reproductive toxicity of T-2 toxin. This review provides information toward a comprehensive understanding of the reproductive toxicity mechanisms of T-2 toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , 600 Changjiang Road , Xiangfang District, Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pengli Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , 600 Changjiang Road , Xiangfang District, Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yilong Cui
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , 600 Changjiang Road , Xiangfang District, Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bonan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , 600 Changjiang Road , Xiangfang District, Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , 600 Changjiang Road , Xiangfang District, Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Song
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , 600 Changjiang Road , Xiangfang District, Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wanyue Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , 600 Changjiang Road , Xiangfang District, Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , 600 Changjiang Road , Xiangfang District, Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
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11
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T-2 Toxin-Induced Oxidative Stress Leads to Imbalance of Mitochondrial Fission and Fusion to Activate Cellular Apoptosis in the Human Liver 7702 Cell Line. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12010043. [PMID: 31936883 PMCID: PMC7020450 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin, as a highly toxic mycotoxin to humans and animals, induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in various cells and tissues. Apoptosis and mitochondrial fusion/fission are two tightly interconnected processes that are crucial for maintaining physiological homeostasis. However, the role of mitochondrial fusion/fission in apoptosis of T-2 toxin remains unknown. Hence, we aimed to explore the putative role of mitochondrial fusion/fission on T-2 toxin induced apoptosis in normal human liver (HL-7702) cells. T-2 toxin treatment (0, 0.1, 1.0, or 10 μg/L) for 24 h caused decreased cell viability and ATP concentration and increased production of (ROS), as seen by a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm) and increase in mitochondrial fragmentation. Subsequently, the mitochondrial dynamic imbalance was activated, evidenced by a dose-dependent decrease and increase in the protein expression of mitochondrial fusion (OPA1, Mfn1, and Mfn2) and fission (Drp1 and Fis1), respectively. Furthermore, the T-2 toxin promoted the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytoplasm and induced cell apoptosis triggered by upregulation of Bax and Bax/Bcl-2 ratios, and further activated the caspase pathways. Taken together, these results indicate that altered mitochondrial dynamics induced by oxidative stress with T-2 toxin exposure likely contribute to mitochondrial injury and HL-7702 cell apoptosis.
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Wu J, Yang C, Liu J, Chen J, Huang C, Wang J, Liang Z, Wen L, Yi JE, Yuan Z. Betulinic Acid Attenuates T-2-Toxin-Induced Testis Oxidative Damage Through Regulation of the JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway in Mice. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120787. [PMID: 31779213 PMCID: PMC6995557 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin is one of the most toxic type A trichothecene mycotoxins in nature, and it exhibits reproductive toxicity. Betulinic acid (BA) is a natural pentacyclic triterpene compound found in species of Betula, and it has been reported to have antioxidant activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of BA on T-2-toxin-induced testicular injury in mice and explore its molecular mechanism. Sixty adult male mice were randomly divided into groups. The mice were pretreated orally with BA (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg) daily for 14 days, and the T-2 toxin (4 mg/kg body weight) was administered via intraperitoneal injection to induce oxidative stress after the last administration of BA. BA pretreatment significantly increased the secreted levels of testosterone and sperm motility. Moreover, BA pretreatment significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), the activity of SOD and CAT, and the content of GSH, and it reduced the content of MDA. Furthermore, BA relieved testicular injury and reduced the number of apoptotic cells, and it significantly decreased the protein expression of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3), caspsae-3, and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax). BA also increased the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). We suggest that BA reduced the oxidative damage induced by T-2 toxin, and that these protective effects may be partially mediated by the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (C.Y.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (C.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Chenglin Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (C.Y.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (C.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Juan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (C.Y.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (C.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (C.Y.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (C.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Chao Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (C.Y.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (C.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Ji Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (C.Y.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (C.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Zengenni Liang
- Department of Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Lixin Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (C.Y.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (C.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Jin-e Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (C.Y.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (C.H.); (L.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.-e.Y.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhihang Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (C.Y.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (C.H.); (L.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.-e.Y.); (Z.Y.)
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El Khoury D, Fayjaloun S, Nassar M, Sahakian J, Aad PY. Updates on the Effect of Mycotoxins on Male Reproductive Efficiency in Mammals. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E515. [PMID: 31484408 PMCID: PMC6784030 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are ubiquitous and unavoidable harmful fungal products with the ability to cause disease in both animals and humans, and are found in almost all types of foods, with a greater prevalence in hot humid environments. These mycotoxins vary greatly in structure and biochemical effects; therefore, by better understanding the toxicological and pathological aspects of mycotoxins, we can be better equipped to fight the diseases, as well as the biological and economic devastations, they induce. Multiple studies point to the association between a recent increase in male infertility and the increased occurrence of these mycotoxins in the environment. Furthermore, understanding how mycotoxins may induce an accumulation of epimutations during parental lifetimes can shed light on their implications with respect to fertility and reproductive efficiency. By acknowledging the diversity of mycotoxin molecular function and mode of action, this review aims to address the current limited knowledge on the effects of these chemicals on spermatogenesis and the various endocrine and epigenetics patterns associated with their disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diala El Khoury
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh 2207, Lebanon
| | - Salma Fayjaloun
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh 2207, Lebanon
| | - Marc Nassar
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh 2207, Lebanon
| | - Joseph Sahakian
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh 2207, Lebanon
| | - Pauline Y Aad
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh 2207, Lebanon.
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Yang X, Zhang X, Zhang J, Ji Q, Huang W, Zhang X, Li Y. Spermatogenesis disorder caused by T-2 toxin is associated with germ cell apoptosis mediated by oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:372-379. [PMID: 31091501 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is an unavoidable contaminant in human food, animal feeds, and agricultural products. T-2 toxin has been found to impair male reproductive function. But, few data is available that reveals the reproductive toxicity mechanism. In the study, male Kunming mice were orally administrated with T-2 toxin at the doses of 0, 0.5, 1 or 2 mg/kg body weight for 28 days. The body and reproductive organs weight, the concentration, malformation rate and ultrastructure of sperm in cauda epididymis were detected. Oxidative stress biomarkers and apoptosis were also measured in testes. Histological change of testes was performed by H&E and TUNEL staining. T-2 toxin down-regulated body and reproductive organs (testis, epididymis and seminal vesicle) weight, sperm concentration, increased sperm malformation rate and damaged the ultrastructure of sperm and structure of testes. T-2 toxin treatment increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde content, while, decreased the total anti-oxidation capacity (T-AOC) and the superoxide dismutase activity in testes. T-2 toxin exposure increased the TUNEL-positive germ cells, the activities and mRNA expressions of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9, the mRNA expression of Bax, and inhibited the Bcl-2 mRNA expression. Furthermore, the expressions of caspase-3, caspase-8 caspase-9 and Bax were positively correlated with ROS level, but negatively correlated with T-AOC in testis. In summary, T-2 toxin caused spermatogenesis disorder associated with the germ cell apoptosis medicated by oxidative stress, impairing the male reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xuliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Qiang Ji
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Wanyue Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- Northeast Agricultural University Hospital, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Bi S, Huang Z, Wang Y, Nie F, Wang X, Sun L, Zhu Z, Gooneratne R. Effects of T-2 toxin on histopathology, fatty acid and water distribution of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) muscle. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 54:416-423. [PMID: 30777787 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1574172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin (T-2), one of the naturally occurring mycotoxins, often accumulates in aquatic animals from contaminated feed. Shrimp (n = 30 per group) were fed with different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.5, 4.5 and 13.5 mg kg-1) of T-2 for 20 days. Changes in histopathology, fatty acid and water distribution of shrimp muscle were analyzed. Histopathology of shrimp muscle showed dose-dependent marked degenerative and necrotic changes on exposure to dietary T-2. The T-2 significantly (P < 0.05) affected the muscle fatty acid composition. ∑SFA, ∑MUFA and ∑PUFA initially decreased and then increased slowly in the high-dosed groups. C16:0, C18:1n-9 and C18:2n-6 were the main saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), respectively. Also, T-2 significantly affected water distribution in shrimp muscle. High doses of T-2 reduced free water content, resulting in a reduction in the water holding capacity and hence changes to the shrimp muscle quality. Collectively, these results illustrated that T-2 significantly affects the fatty acid and water distribution, and also muscle histopathology, all of which would result in a reduction in the quality and nutritional value of shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Bi
- a Ski Teaching and Training Base Post-doctoral Research Station of Harbin Sport University , Harbin , China
- b College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution , Guangdong Ocean University , Zhanjiang , China
| | - Zhanrui Huang
- b College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution , Guangdong Ocean University , Zhanjiang , China
| | - Yaling Wang
- b College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution , Guangdong Ocean University , Zhanjiang , China
| | - Fanghong Nie
- b College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution , Guangdong Ocean University , Zhanjiang , China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- b College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution , Guangdong Ocean University , Zhanjiang , China
| | - Lijun Sun
- b College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution , Guangdong Ocean University , Zhanjiang , China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhu
- a Ski Teaching and Training Base Post-doctoral Research Station of Harbin Sport University , Harbin , China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- c Department of Wine Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences , Lincoln University , Lincoln, Canterbury , New Zealand
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Zhang YF, Yang JY, Meng XP, Qiao XL. l-arginine protects against T-2 toxin-induced male reproductive impairments in mice. Theriogenology 2018; 126:249-253. [PMID: 30590246 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
l-arginine is beneficial for reproductive health; however, whether l-arginine may confer protection against T-2 toxin-induced reproductive impairment is not known. To address this, we used a mice model treated with T-2 toxin to investigate protective effects of l-arginine. Experimentally, we pre-treated mice with designed diet of l-arginine supplementation prior to the T-2 toxin-injected intraperitoneally exposure and then assessed semen quality, fertility and serum testosterone concentration. The results showed that l-arginine improved semen quality (e.g., live spermatozoa, abnormal spermatozoa, and acrosomal integrity of spermatozoa), testicular and cauda epididymal sperm counts, efficiency of sperm production and serum testosterone concentration in mice treated with T-2 toxin. In addition, l-arginine could increase pregnancy rate and decrease fetal resorption rate in females mated with T-2 toxin exposed males. Collectively, these findings suggest that dietary l-arginine supplementation may protect male reproductive impairments in mice treated with T-2 toxin through improving semen quality and serum testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fa Zhang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471023, China; College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471023, China.
| | - Jian Ying Yang
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471023, China.
| | - Xiang Ping Meng
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471023, China
| | - Xiao Lan Qiao
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471023, China
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Ahn M, Ko HJ, Kim J, Jang Y, Shin T. Evaluation of the inflammatory response to Kudoa septempunctata genotype ST3 isolated from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Caco-2 cells. Parasite 2018; 25:12. [PMID: 29533763 PMCID: PMC5849418 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Kudoa septempunctata (Myxosporea, Multivalvulida) is a parasite of the trunk muscle of cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). We investigated whether K. septempunctata genotype ST3 spores induce cell damage and the secretion of inflammatory mediators in Caco-2 cells, which exhibit characteristics similar to human intestinal epithelial cells. Purified K. septempunctata spores were heated at 95 °C for 5 min. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was measured to determine the efficacy of denaturation. Naïve and heated spores, lipopolysaccharide (positive control) and vehicle (negative control) were added to Caco-2 cells. Cells were subjected to the cytotoxic LDH assay and western blot analysis to examine the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Supernatants were collected to measure nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Most spores were denaturated by heating, and the spore morphology was found to be wrinkled with shell valves and polar capsules. In addition, cytotoxicity and inflammatory mediators, such as NO, PGE2, iNOS, and COX-2, remained unchanged in Caco-2 cells following exposure to naïve and heated spores compared with the positive controls. Collectively, the findings of this study imply that spores of K. septempunctata genotype ST3 do not cause inflammation in Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meejung Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University,
Jeju
63243 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Ko
- It’s Hanbul Co., Ltd. Research Institute 4, Nonhyeon-dong 249, Gangnam-gu,
Seoul
06101 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University,
Jeju
63243 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeounghwan Jang
- Ocean and Fisheries Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Pyoseon-myeon, Segwipo-si,
Jeju
63629 Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyun Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University,
Jeju
63243 Republic of Korea
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