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Singh P, Jaime R, Puckett RD, Lake J, Papagelis A, Gabri VM, Michailides TJ. Ochratoxin A Contamination of California Pistachios and Identification of Causal Agents. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:1591-1601. [PMID: 38115568 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-23-1233-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium spp., which contaminates many crops, including pistachios. Pistachios contaminated with OTA may be subjected to border rejections resulting in significant economic losses to the United States agricultural revenues. The current study examined prevalence of OTA in California-grown pistachios and identified its causal agents. OTA was detected in 20% of samples from 2018 to 2021 (n = 809), with 18% of samples exceeding the European Union regulatory limit of 5 μg/kg. Fungi potentially responsible for OTA contamination were isolated from leaves, nuts, and soil collected from 14 pistachio orchards across California. A total of 1,882 isolates of Aspergillus section Nigri and 85 isolates of section Circumdati were recovered. Within section Nigri, 216 (11.5%) isolates were identified as potential OTA producers using a boscalid-resistance assay. Phylogenetic analyses of partial gene sequences for β-tubulin and calmodulin genes resolved section Circumdati into four species: A. ochraceus (33%), A. melleus (28%), A. bridgeri (21%), and A. westerdijkiae (19%). A. westerdijkiae produced the highest levels of OTA in inoculated pistachios (47 μg/g), followed by A. ochraceus (9.6 μg/g) and A. melleus (3.3 μg/g). A. bridgeri did not produce OTA. OTA production by section Circumdati was optimal from 20 to 30°C. All 216 boscalid-resistant isolates from section Nigri were identified as A. tubingensis, and representative isolates (n = 130) produced 3.8 μg/kg OTA in inoculated pistachios. This is the first detailed report on OTA contamination and causal fungi in California pistachios and will be helpful in devising effective management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pummi Singh
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis/Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Ramon Jaime
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis/Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Ryan D Puckett
- University of California Agricultural and Natural Resources, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - John Lake
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis/Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Apostolos Papagelis
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis/Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Victor M Gabri
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis/Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Themis J Michailides
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis/Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
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Moghaddam M, Mehdizadeh L. Comments on Letter to editor on "Macro- and microelement content and health risk assessment of heavy metals in various herbs of Iran" by Taghizadeh, Seyedeh Faezeh (ESPR-D-22-16984) (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07789-2). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:51380-51384. [PMID: 36849687 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moghaddam
- Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box, Mashhad, 91775-1163, Iran.
| | - Leila Mehdizadeh
- Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box, Mashhad, 91775-1163, Iran
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Abugu HO, Ezugwu AL, Ihedioha JN. Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contamination of Fruits, Leaves, and Soil within Automobile Repair Workshops in Nsukka Metropolis. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2149567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Onyeka Abugu
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Sadeghi E, Solaimanimehr S, Mirzazadeh M, Jamshidpoor S. The effect of gamma irradiation, microwaves, and roasting on aflatoxin levels in pistachio kernels. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pistachio is the second largest non-oil export in Iran. The most important problem in pistachio export is its contamination with aflatoxin. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of several physical and chemical methods on the qualitative, qualitative and sensory properties of pistachios from Iran as well as the associated residual aflatoxin levels. This study investigated the effects of roasting (temperature 120 °C for 20 and 40 min), gamma radiation (2.5 and 5 KGy), and microwave (1 and 2 min) methods on pistachios and their qualitative characteristics, including moisture, colour, and sensory properties. In addition, aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxins were artificially added to pistachios to determine the level of aflatoxin remaining after chemical and physical methods. The results showed that the lowest residual level of aflatoxin B1 was related to combined microwave and irradiation methods. Further, the combined methods showed the lowest total aflatoxins residue so the lowest total aflatoxins residue after chemical contamination of 8 μg/kg aflatoxin was related to the combined methods of 5 KGy irradiations with 2 min of the microwave. In addition, the microwaved and irradiated samples did not differ significantly from the control samples in terms of sensory characteristics (P<0.05). It can be concluded that these methods can be successfully applied without adversely affecting the characteristics of pistachios. Considering the position of pistachios in domestic and global markets, these processes can be used to reduce aflatoxins, improve the quality of pistachios, and increase export.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Sadeghi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 6715768199 Kermanshah, Iran
| | - S. Solaimanimehr
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 6714853649 Kermanshah, Iran
| | - M. Mirzazadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - S. Jamshidpoor
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Effect of Harvesting Time and Delay in the Hulling Process on the Aflatoxin Content of Pistachio Nuts. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7831016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Harvesting time is one of the important factors that affect the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pistachio nuts. Delaying in harvest time decreased intact nut percentage and increased cracked nut percentage. Furthermore, harvest time had significant effects on overmaturity, and the highest and lowest values were observed at the last time (Oct. 22) and at the first harvest time (Sep. 6). Results of harvesting time on aflatoxin contamination (without delay in processing) showed that the highest aflatoxin content was 0.33 ppb on October 22 and the lowest was 0.1 ppb on Sep. 6. Effects of processing delays on aflatoxin content showed that 0 and two-delay hours had no significant effects, but 12, 24, and 48-hour delays caused a significant increase in aflatoxin content. Delaying the harvest time increased the splitting percentage. Delay in processing time, increased nut staining, and aflatoxin content. The effects of harvest time and delays in processing showed that the highest stained nuts (11.3%) were found at the last harvest time and after a 48-hour delay in processing time. The lowest measured aflatoxin content at harvest was 0.1 ppb and the highest was 66.10 ppb on Sep. 6 (without delay in processing) and Oct. 22 (with 48 hours’ delay in processing), respectively. The hulling process of the harvested pistachio nuts must be carried out immediately after harvest. Processing delays must not be more than 24 hours after harvest. Considering the lowest early splitting, hull cracking, over maturity, shell staining, and aflatoxin content, September 6 is recommended as the best time to harvest pistachio nuts.
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Dini A, Esmaeili Nadimi A, Behmaram K. The Effect of Monitoring System on Risk Assessment of Aflatoxins in Iran's Pistachio Nuts Exported to the E.U. During 2012 - 2018. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH 2022; 21:e123951. [PMID: 35765509 PMCID: PMC9191219 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr.123951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pistachio has high nutritional value and popularity. The susceptibility of pistachio to aflatoxin contamination caused establishing a monitoring system introduced and implemented by the Ministry of Health in Iran to ensure consumers' access to safe and hygienic pistachios. In this research, aflatoxin contamination level in all consignments (7298) exporting to E.U. was examined using HPLC with fluorescence detection after immunoaffinity column clean up from Nov 2012 to Oct 2018. The average recoveries ranged 78.6% - 97.6%, with a relative standard deviation for reproducibility below 8.5% and expanded uncertainty of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) at spiked levels 1, 4, and 8 ng/g were 0.17, 0.57, 0.89 ng/g, respectively. The results showed that aflatoxin B1 and total (AFT) were detected in 1921 (23.4%) and 1927 cases (23.5%), with the mean values ranging from 2.18 - 4.6 ng/g and 2.8 - 5.1 ng/g during six consecutive years, respectively. Implementing an effective monitoring system for pistachio nuts could determine consignments contaminated with aflatoxins. Concerning AFB1, risk assessments recorded for dietary exposure dose, margin of exposure (MOE), Hazard Index (HI), estimated liver cancer risk, and cancer incidence attributable to dietary ranged 0.0132 - 0.1180 ng/kg.bw/day, 1441 - 12843, 0.21 - 1.84, 0.00071 - 0.00633 cases/105 population/year, 0.02 - 0.2%, respectively. Identification and rejection of contaminated cargos lead to an increase in MOE (> 10000), and it also guarantees that pistachio consumption is safe from a toxicology point of view. Due to the monitoring system, the estimation of liver cancer incidence attributable to dietary AFB1 was reduced (≤ 0.02%). It indicates that the consumption of pistachio poses no health risk for Europeans and Iranians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dini
- Pistachio Safety Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Pistachio Safety Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Ali Esmaeili Nadimi
- Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Khosro Behmaram
- Pistachio Safety Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Naeem I, Ismail A, Rehman AU, Ismail Z, Saima S, Naz A, Faraz A, de Oliveira CAF, Benkerroum N, Aslam MZ, Aslam R. Prevalence of Aflatoxins in Selected Dry Fruits, Impact of Storage Conditions on Contamination Levels and Associated Health Risks on Pakistani Consumers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:3404. [PMID: 35329090 PMCID: PMC8954913 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dry fruits and nuts are nutritious foods with several health-promoting properties. However, they are prone to contamination with aflatoxins at all stages of production and storage. The present study aimed to determine the natural occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), and total aflatoxins (AFT) in dates, pistachios, and walnuts collected from four districts of South Punjab (Pakistan), and to assess the associated health risks as estimated by dietary exposure and the Margin of Exposure (MoE) determinations. The contents of AFB1 and AFT in these food products were monitored during storage under three different conditions (open-air, hermetically closed jars, and refrigeration at 4 °C) to determine the most efficient conditions in preventing aflatoxin accumulation. HPLC-fluorescence analysis of 60 samples of these products for aflatoxin contamination showed that 52 (86.7%) samples were contaminated at different levels, with a maximum of 24.2 ng/g. The overall (all samples) mean concentrations of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and AFT were 3.39 ± 2.96, 1.39 ± 1.68, 1.63 ± 1.48. 1.12 ± 1.23, and 7.54 ± 6.68, respectively. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and MoE of aflatoxins through the consumption of the products ranged from 0.06 ng/kg bw/day to 2.0 ng/kg bw/day and from 84.84 to 2857.13, respectively, indicating that consumers are at high health risk. Significant differences were recorded between aflatoxin levels in the samples stored under different storage conditions, with storage under refrigeration (4 °C) being the most effective in controlling aflatoxin accumulation, although storage in closed jars was also efficient and offers a more flexible alternative to retailers. The findings of the study urge official authorities of Pakistan to implement appropriate regulatory and control measures and surveillance program to alleviate the potential public health risks associated with the consumption of dry fruits and nuts in the scope of their increased consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Naeem
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (I.N.); (A.U.R.); (Z.I.)
| | - Amir Ismail
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (I.N.); (A.U.R.); (Z.I.)
| | - Awais Ur Rehman
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (I.N.); (A.U.R.); (Z.I.)
| | - Zubair Ismail
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (I.N.); (A.U.R.); (Z.I.)
| | - Shehzadi Saima
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Ambreen Naz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Asim Faraz
- Department of Livestock & Poultry Production, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | | | - Noreddine Benkerroum
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 93 Mount Edward Rd Charlottetown, Charlottetown, PE C1A 5T1, Canada
| | | | - Rashida Aslam
- Cytogenetics Section, Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
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Taghizadeh SF, Azizi M, Rezaee R, Giesy JP, Karimi G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and metals in olive: analysis and probabilistic risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:39723-39741. [PMID: 33759105 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, levels of 22 pesticides, eight metals, and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 1800 Iranian olive samples (20 cultivars from six different cultivation zones), were determined; then, health risk posed by oral consumption of the olive samples to Iranian consumers was assessed. Quantification of PAHs and pesticides was done by chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and metal levels were determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). There were no significant differences among the cultivars and zones in terms of the levels of the tested compounds. Target hazard quotients (THQ) were <1.0 for all pesticides, and total hazard indices (HI) indicated di minimis risk. At the 25th or 95th centiles, Incremental Life Time Cancer Risks (ILCRs) for carcinogenic elements, arsenic, and lead and noncarcinogenic metals did not exhibit a significant hazard (HI <1.0 for both cases). At the 25th or 95th centiles, ILCR and margins of exposure (MoE) for PAHs indicated di minimis risk. Sensitivity analysis showed that concentrations of contaminants had the most significant effect on carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Faezeh Taghizadeh
- Department of Horticultural Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box, 1365-91775, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Azizi
- Department of Horticultural Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box, 1365-91775, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Barzegar F, Kamankesh M, Mohammadi A. Recent Development in Formation, Toxic Effects, Human Health and Analytical Techniques of Food Contaminants. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1929303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Barzegar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Kamankesh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kowalska G, Kowalski R. Occurrence of mycotoxins in selected agricultural and commercial products available in eastern Poland. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study was the estimation of the content of 13 mycotoxins (diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenone X, aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone) in various products from the eastern part of Poland. The content of mycotoxins in the analysed samples was assayed using the extraction method combined with HPLC-MS/MS analysis. We found mycotoxins in 25 of the 92 samples tested (27%). Contamination with mycotoxins was noted most frequently in samples of cereals – 56% – and also in samples of flour and cocoa, in which a content of mycotoxins was noted in 24 and 16% of the samples, respectively. The most frequently identified were the following – deoxynivalenol detected in 18 samples (72%), zearalenone detected in eight samples (32%), toxin HT-2 detected in four samples (16%), ochratoxin A identified in three samples (12%), and toxin T-2 detected in one sample (4%). In one analysed sample of mixed flour and in one analysed sample of wheat and rye flour, the maximum allowable concentration was exceeded in the case of two identified mycotoxins – deoxynivalenol (2,250 μg/kg) and ochratoxin A (15.6 and 17.1 μg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Kowalska
- Department of Tourism and Recreation, University of Life Sciences in Lublin , 15 Akademicka Street , 20-950 Lublin , Poland
| | - Radosław Kowalski
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, University of Life Sciences in Lublin , 8 Skromna Street , 20-704 Lublin , Poland
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Taghizadeh SF, Rezaee R, Azizi M, Hayes AW, Giesy JP, Karimi G. Pesticides, metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in date fruits: A probabilistic assessment of risk to health of Iranian consumers. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Health Benefits of Turmeric and Curcumin Against Food Contaminants. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1328:171-197. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73234-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Onen P, Watmon J, Omara T, Ocira D. Aflatoxin content and health risks associated with consumption of some herbal products sold in Kampala, Uganda. FRENCH-UKRAINIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.17721/fujcv9i1p1-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persuasive adverts and exaggeration of health benefits from consumption of herbal products as well as the mental picture of ‘natural’ is ‘safe’ has boosted traditional medicine use in Uganda. However, herbal products may be unsafe due to the possibility of their contamination with mycotoxins. In this study, we quantified the levels of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) in Real Koff product, Eddagala ly’e kifuba n’e senyiga, Omusujja, Cough mixture and Fever herbal products sold in Kampala, Uganda using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The associated consumption health risks were assessed using the hazard index method. Only aflatoxin B1 was detected in 60% of the samples, with 40% of these surpassing WHO guidelines of ≤ 5 µg/kg. The hazard indices were all less than 1, implying that Ugandans who heavily rely on the herbal products are exposed to aflatoxins at sublethal doses which may lead to chronic effects in the long run. Studies using a larger sample size should assess whether the current observation is a routine occurrence or a sporadic event.
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Abstract
: Mycotoxin contamination of rice has been introduced as a big challenge for public health in developing countries in numerous studies. Rice consumption is also considered the main source of secondary metabolites in Iran. Given the diversity of climatic conditions in this region as well as unsuitable storage conditions, including high temperature and humidity, rice can be extremely contaminated via various fungi. The current study is a review of the occurrence of mycotoxins in rice in Iran. In this regard, some investigations had revealed that rice could be contaminated by mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFTs) (B1, B2, G1, and G2), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin (FM) (B1 and B2), ochratoxin A (OTA), T-2 toxin, and zearalenone (ZEN). Moreover, the amount of mycotoxins in rice was reported in varying ranges in different provinces and regions and normally less than Iranian maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Given the importance of rice in the Iranian diet, it was finally recommended to screen consumed rice to find about fungal contaminations and mycotoxins.
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Heavy metal and pesticide levels in dairy products: Evaluation of human health risk. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111844. [PMID: 33152470 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cattle milk's health benefits can be compromised by the presence of contaminants. The levels of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc, and residues of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) were determined in soil, milk and cheese samples collected from cow farms from 3 Romanian areas with industrial and agriculture tradition. A new methodology was applied for the determination of the corrected estimated daily intake (cEDI) corresponding to the aggregate dietary exposure. For the risk assessment, we calculated the source hazard quotient (HQs) for each contaminant and the adversity specific hazard index (HIA). Cadmium, copper, lead and zinc, and the sum of DDT levels in soil samples were below maximum residue levels (MRLs). The MRLs of lead and DDD were exceeded in milk and cheese samples from all the 3 areas. The MRLs of copper and zinc were exceeded in cheese samples from area 2 and 3. HQs >10 for lead indicates increased risk, while HQ > 1 for copper and sum of DDT indicates moderate risk for both milk and cheese. By calculating the HIA, we identified a moderate and increase risk for nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, hematotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and reproduction toxicity after consumption of the dairy products from the 3 areas.
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Taghizadeh SF, Rezaee R, Badibostan H, Karimi G. Probabilistic carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metal ingestion through consumption of different walnut cultivars: An Iranian study. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:599. [PMID: 32856100 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metal levels in six walnut cultivars from five geographical zones of Iran were measured. An assessment of risks was conducted by calculating the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) by use of the Monte Carlo simulation method. The highest amounts of As and Pb were reported in Farouj samples. Also, the highest levels of Cr, Zn, Cu and Mn were determined in samples collected from Tuyserkan. Accordingly, 50th and 95th ILCRs for general population due to consumption of walnut were 1.03 × 10-4 and 3.11 × 10-4 (for As), 4.10 × 10-6 and 1.1 × 10-5 (for Cr) and 4.71 × 10-9 and 1.05 × 10-8 (for Pb), respectively. In addition, the 50th and 95th centiles of the HIs for walnut ingestion by Iranians were 1.02 and 2.05, respectively, indicating a minor chance of non-cancer effects. Based on the calculated 95% ILCR, dietary exposure to As through the consumption of walnut poses a risk to Iranian consumer health. However, ILCR values of other heavy metals (HMs) were in acceptable ranges (ILCR < 1 × 10-4), representing no toxicological concern for consumers. The most significantly influential parameters were determined by sensitivity analysis during the MCS. According to THQ and ILCR methods, concentration was the most sensitive parameters. For THQ method the concentration effects were ranged from 72.4 to 85.1%. Moreover, for ILCR method the effects of concentration in As, Cr, and Pb were 87.1, 79.1 and 83.54%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Faezeh Taghizadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 1365-91775. I, Mashhad, .R, Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hasan Badibostan
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 1365-91775. I, Mashhad, .R, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Carcinogenic, ethanol, acetaldehyde and noncarcinogenic higher alcohols, esters, and methanol compounds found in traditional alcoholic beverages. A risk assessment approach. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1057-1065. [PMID: 32923372 PMCID: PMC7475172 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic beverages (both bottled and bulk) may introduce risk to human health, for carcinogenic compounds (MOET). Bottled alcoholic beverages are safer than those produced in buck quantities, for noncarcinogenic compounds (HRI). Commercial fermentation and distillation processes provide a controlled environment compared to home made distillates.
Greek fermentation and distillation industries produce traditional spirit beverages, such as tsipouro and tsikoudia, consumed both in bottles and bulk quantities by the general population or tourists. The same spirits are also produced by individuals at home since previous centuries, as a part of the local culture but mainly due to the Greek agricultural sector unique characteristics (small cultivation areas with great number of farmers). In this study, the concentrations of carcinogenic compounds: ethanol and acetaldehyde; and noncarcinogenic: higher alcohols (1-propanol, isobutanol, and isoamyl alcohol), esters (ethyl acetate), and methanol were measured to estimate the potential cancer risk and daily intake of these compounds. The margin of exposure (MOE) of carcinogenic compounds was found to be less than 500 (mean value), well below the toxic threshold of 10,000, above which there is not public concern, as suggested by the European Food Safety Authority. Additionally, through risk assessment of noncarcinogenic compounds, we identified two specific compounds in-bulk spirits (produced by individuals), namely ethyl acetate and isobutanol, with health risk index (HRI) greater than 1 (indicating a possibility to induce side effects by consumption of high amounts). Our results indicate that bottled spirits, which are produced in a controlled environment (alcohol industries), showed higher human safety level in terms of both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk assessment studies, comparing to bulk beverages produced by individuals (with out strict regulations).
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Key Words
- Acetaldehyde
- Alcoholic beverages
- BMDL, benchmark dose (lower confidence limit)
- DI, daily intake
- EDI, estimated daily intake
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- Esters
- Ethanol
- GC-FID, gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector
- HRI, health risk index
- Higher alcohols
- IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer
- IRIS, Integrated Risk Information System
- MDEQ, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
- MOE, margin of exposure
- MOET, combined margin of exposure
- Methanol
- NOAEL, no-observed-adverse-effect-level
- OAC, odor-active compounds
- RfD, oral reference dose
- Risk assessment
- SD, standard deviation
- SEAOP, Greek Federation of Spirits Producers
- US EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency
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Hathout AS, Abel-Fattah SM, Abou-Sree YH, Fouzy ASM. Incidence and exposure assessment of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in Egyptian wheat. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:867-873. [PMID: 32760654 PMCID: PMC7390814 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A occur frequently in grains and are associated with carcinogenic, and nephrotoxic properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the level of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A contamination in wheat samples obtained from different Egyptian governorates and to assess the effect of gamma irradiation on AFB1 in spiked wheat samples, as well as to evaluate the estimated daily intake and hazard index. Thirty-six wheat grain samples purchased from different sale points were analyzed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Data revealed that 33.33 % of the wheat grain samples were contaminated by aflatoxin B1, whereas only 16.66 % of the wheat samples were above the maximum limits (2 μg/kg) set by the European Commission. Ochratoxin A was only detected in two wheat grain samples, and the results were considered below the maximum limit (5 μg/kg) set by the European Commission. On studying the effect of gamma irradiation on wheat samples spiked by aflatoxin B1 (20 μg/kg), results revealed that aflatoxin B1 was reduced to 1.22 and 0.94 μg/kg for samples gamma-irradiated at a dose of 10 and 20 KGy respectively. Estimated daily intake of ochratoxin A in wheat samples was found to be higher than that of the tolerable daily intake; however, hazard index values were below one, thus demonstrating no threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal S Hathout
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shaaban M Abel-Fattah
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yehia H Abou-Sree
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S M Fouzy
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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A preliminary assessment of dietary exposure of ochratoxin A in Central Anatolia Region, Turkey. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:327-337. [PMID: 32621108 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine dietary exposure to ochratoxin A (OTA) in Turkish adults. In this study, 500 food samples (50 rice, 50 wheat bread, 50 pasta, 50 raisins, 50 dried figs, 50 pistachios, 50 hazelnuts, 50 almonds, 50 chilli, 25 coffee, and 25 cocoa) collected from Turkey were analysed with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Moreover, a total of 370 analytical results (110 cereal-based snacks, 95 wine, 35 beer, and 130 chocolate) collected from our previous observations were also used in the evaluation of exposure estimates. OTA was found in 52% of cocoa, 42% of raisins, 40% of coffee, 34% of chilli, 14% of dried figs, 10% of pasta, 8% of pistachios, 6% of wheat bread, 4% of rice, and 4% of hazelnuts. The chronic dietary exposure to OTA for Turkish adults, using lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) concentrations, varied from 0.683 to 4.487 ng/kg body weight (b.w.) per week for mean estimate and from 3.976 to 5.760 ng/kg b.w. per week for the 95th percentile (P95) estimate. Cereals and cereal-based products made the largest contribution (75.3-85.7%) to OTA exposure. Both mean and P95 chronic exposure to OTA were greatly below the tolerable weekly intake of 120 ng/kg b.w. per week and thus not a health concern for Turkish adults.
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20
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Taghizadeh SF, Rezaee R, Mehmandoust M, Badibostan H, Karimi G. Assessment of in vitro bioactivities of Pis v 1 (2S albumin) and Pis v 2.0101 (11S globulin) proteins derived from pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2019. [PMCID: PMC7149036 DOI: 10.1007/s11694-019-00355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Faezeh Taghizadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, P. O. Box, 1365-91775, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Mehmandoust
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University of Shirvan, Shirvan, Iran
| | - Hasan Badibostan
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, P. O. Box, 1365-91775, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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21
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Taghizadeh SF, Rezaee R, Badiebostan H, Giesy JP, Karimi G. Occurrence of mycotoxins in rice consumed by Iranians: a probabilistic assessment of risk to health. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 37:342-354. [PMID: 31810432 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1684572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Risks based on cancer and non-cancer endpoints, to Iranians from exposure to several mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin, deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin) following consumption of rice were evaluated. Point estimates of hazard were made for each mycotoxin and a hazard index (HI) and probabilistic estimates were based on results of Monte Carlo Simulations (MCS). All known 17 peer-reviewed studies, published in databases included in Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, as well as grey literature published in Google Scholar from 2008 to 2017 were considered. The 95th and 50th centiles of Hazard Index (HI) in Iranians due to ingestion of rice were estimated to be 2.5 and 0.5, respectively. The 95th and 50th centiles of people with positive surface antigens for hepatitis B (HBsAg+) risk characterisation for AFB1 in Iranian consumers of rice were 81 and 79.1, respectively. The 95th and 50th centiles for risks of Iranians negative for the surface antigen of hepatitis B HBsAg (HBsAg-) were 4.4 and 2.6, respectively. Based on results of the MCS for risks to cancer effects, the 95th and 50th centiles of margins of exposure (MOE) were 233 and 231, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended to update agricultural approaches and storage methods and implement monitoring and regulations based on risks to health posed by consumption of rice by the Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Faezeh Taghizadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Hasan Badiebostan
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Ali N. Aflatoxins in rice: Worldwide occurrence and public health perspectives. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1188-1197. [PMID: 31768330 PMCID: PMC6872864 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate dietary staples worldwide, including maize, rice and groundnuts. Dietary exposure to aflatoxins is a public health concern due to their carcinogenic, acute and chronic effects. Rice is an important staple food consumed widely and consists of a major part of the diets for half of the world population. Human exposure to these mycotoxins is a serious problem especially in developing countries where hot and humid climates favor the fungal growth and where food storage conditions are poor and lack of regulatory limits enforcement. The recent developments of biomarkers have provided opportunities in assessing aflatoxins exposure and related health effects in the high-risk population groups. This review describes the worldwide occurrence of aflatoxins in rice during the period from 1990 to 2015 and biomarkers-based evidence for human exposure to aflatoxins and their adverse health effects. Aflatoxin is a potent hepatocarcinogen and humans may expose to it at any stage of life. Epidemiological studies reported an association between aflatoxin intake and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in some sub-Saharan and Asian countries. Even daily high intake of rice with a low level of contamination is of health concern. Thus, it is necessary to implement effective strategies to prevent contamination and fungal growth in rice. A good agricultural and manufacturing practice should be applied during handling, storage and distribution of rice to ensure that aflatoxins contamination level is lower in the final product. Moreover, a regular survey for aflatoxins occurrence in rice and biomarkers-based studies is recommended to prevent and reduce the adverse health effects in the world population.
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23
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Cumulative risk assessment of pesticide residues in different Iranian pistachio cultivars: Applying the source specific HQS and adversity specific HIA approaches in Real Life Risk Simulations (RLRS). Toxicol Lett 2019; 313:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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24
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Echodu R, Maxwell Malinga G, Moriku Kaducu J, Ovuga E, Haesaert G. Prevalence of aflatoxin, ochratoxin and deoxynivalenol in cereal grains in northern Uganda: Implication for food safety and health. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1012-1017. [PMID: 31673503 PMCID: PMC6816138 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of cereals is a significant health risk for humans and animals, particularly in developing countries. To gain insight into food safety related to agricultural practices, we assessed levels of mycotoxin contamination in 105 samples of food grains raised and stored for consumption by rural households in the post-conflict districts of Kitgum and Lamwo in Northern Uganda. Aflatoxin, ochratoxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination was assessed by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Total aflatoxin in the foods analyzed varied from nd (not detected) to 68.2 μg/Kg. Ochratoxin ranged from 0.1 to 16.4 μg/Kg. DON ranged from nd to 2606 μg/Kg. The mean concentration of total aflatoxins was significantly higher (P = 0.002) in sorghum than in millet, maize and sesame seeds. Frequency of co-occurrence of two mycotoxins ranged from 8.3 to 100%, with the highest being aflatoxin and ochratoxin in sorghum. Co-occurrence of all three mycotoxins ranged from 8.3 to 35.3%, with the highest again being in sorghum. Mean levels of aflatoxins concentration in sorghum samples were 11.8 μg/Kg, exceeding the Ugandan national regulatory limits of 10 μg/Kg. Furthermore, 46.5% of the sorghum consumed in both districts exceeded this limit, and 86.1% of sorghum samples exceeded the European Union (E.U.) maximum tolerable limit of 4 μg/Kg. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Hazard Indices (HI) values were in the range of 1.2 × 10-5-91.521 and 1.3 × 10-7 to 0.0059, respectively. In conclusion, our results provide evidence of high levels of mycotoxin contamination and co-occurrence in food grains in Northern Uganda with aflatoxins and ochratoxins at high levels in all the cereal types analyzed. Consumption of cereals cultivated in this region poses no health risk of mycotoxins exposure since HI values obtained were less than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Echodu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
- Gulu University Bioscience Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Geoffrey Maxwell Malinga
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Joyce Moriku Kaducu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Emilio Ovuga
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
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25
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Badibostan H, Feizy J, Daraei B, Shoeibi S, Rajabnejad SH, Asili J, Taghizadeh SF, Giesy JP, Karimi G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in infant formulae, follow-on formulae, and baby foods in Iran: An assessment of risk. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110640. [PMID: 31233871 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-seven samples of infant formulae and follow-on formulae and fifteen samples of baby food from Iranian markets were analyzed for concentrations of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH4) determined by use of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrophotometry. An assessment of risks posed to infants and toddlers was conducted by calculating the margin of exposure and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) by use of the Monte Carlo Simulation Method. Benzo (a) anthracene, was not detected in any of the samples, while approximately 64.3% samples contained detectable amounts of benzo (a) pyrene, while chrysene was observed in three samples and benzo (b) fluoranthene was detected in one sample. One of the samples contained 1.43 μg PAH4/kg, which was greater than the maximum tolerable limit (MTL; 1 μg/kg) stated in Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/1125. Accordingly, the 95% ILCRs in the infants/toddlers due to ingestion of milk powder and baby foods were determined to be 1.3 × 10-6 and 7.3 × 10-7, respectively. Also, the 95th centiles of the MOEs, due to ingesting milk powder or baby foods by infants/toddlers were estimated to be 3.6 × 104 and 7.2 × 104, respectively. In Iran, infants and toddlers are not at serious health risk (MOE ≥ 1 × 104 and ILCR < 1 × 10-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Badibostan
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Javad Feizy
- Research Institute of Food Science and Technology, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bahram Daraei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahram Shoeibi
- Food and Drug Reference Control Laboratories Center, Food and Drug Organization, MOH & ME, Tehran, Iran; Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, MOH & ME, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Javad Asili
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | | | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Goumenou M, Tsatsakis A. Proposing new approaches for the risk characterisation of single chemicals and chemical mixtures: The source related Hazard Quotient (HQ S) and Hazard Index (HI S) and the adversity specific Hazard Index (HI A). Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:632-636. [PMID: 31334033 PMCID: PMC6616343 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A hazard quotient (HQ) for a single chemical and the hazard index (HI) for a mixture of chemicals were first described as approaches for risk characterisation by the EPA. HQ is defined as the ratio of exposure to an appropriate reference dose such as the ADI. HI is the sum of the HQs of the chemicals in a mixture. HQ and HI have been used to characterise risk after various exposure scenarios. However, both approaches have a significant limitation in the way they are used. The accurate use of HQ or HI requires estimation of aggregate exposure, that is, exposure to a given chemical(s) from all possible relevant sources. In many studies, risk is assessed assuming exposure from a specific source such as, consumption of water or a specific food item, in which chemical(s) concentration(s) have been measured. In this case the classic HQ/HI approach can result in significant underestimation of risk. For this purpose, we developed an alternative approach, named as Source Related HQ (HQs) where HQS is the ratio of the exposure from the specific source of interest to the respected reference values. According to our approach the HQS, before being compared to the reference dose, should be adjusted by a correction factor, in order to simulate aggregated exposure. A correction factor can be calculated based on the permitted exposure contribution from the specific source to the permitted aggregated exposure. Another important limitation specific to the HI approach is the use of chemical specific ADIs that do not correspond to the same critical effect. In this study, we present an analysis based on the individual critical effects, in order to derive the critical effect and an adversity specific Hazard Index (HIA) and risk characterisation for the whole mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Goumenou
- Centre of Toxicology Science and Research, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Crete, Greece
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Omotayo OP, Omotayo AO, Babalola OO, Mwanza M. Comparative study of aflatoxin contamination of winter and summer ginger from the North West Province of South Africa. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:489-495. [PMID: 31194138 PMCID: PMC6554596 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in staple food can have adverse effect that result in ill health and associated socio-economic losses. Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxins produced by certain fungi and can be found in staple food plants such as ginger. Ginger is a renowned medicinal plant that is extensively used for cooking and healing. However, this medicinal plant is with little information about its possible mycotoxins contamination. This study determined the occurrence and prevalence of Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 and Ochratoxin A contamination in raw ginger sold around Mahikeng, North West Province, South Africa. Samples were collected purposively from various retailers over winter and summer. The analytical procedure optimized was based on immunoaffinity column cleanup (IAC), followed by High performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence (HPLC-FLC) detection. ELISA was also used for mycotoxin screening. On HPLC, the limits of detection and quantification for the four Aflatoxins were 3.9 × 10-7-1.4 × 10 -3 and 1.3 × 10-6 - 4.7 × 10-3 for samples collected in winter, and 3.7 × 10-7- 1.4 × 10-3, LOQ 1.2 × 10-6 - 4.6 × 10-3 for the summer samples. The average recoveries at three spiking levels ranged from 62 to 91% for the summer samples and 70-93% for those collected in winter. A linearity was observed for the analytes whose correlation coefficients were within the range of 0.9995 and 1.000 for the winter samples and 0.9995 and 1.000 for those collected in summer. The results showed that the contamination levels, especially for samples collected in summer were greater than the legally permissible limits. The t-test analysis shows that the mean and standard deviation of the four types of Aflatoxins considered were higher in summer than in winter. The findings of the study indicated that ginger, as for all agricultural commodities, are prone to mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadara Pelumi Omotayo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Abiodun Olusola Omotayo
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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Kroker-Lobos MF, Alvarez CS, Rivera-Andrade A, Smith JW, Egner P, Torres O, Lazo M, Freedman ND, Guallar E, Graubard BI, McGlynn KA, Ramírez-Zea M, Groopman JD. Association between aflatoxin-albumin adduct levels and tortilla consumption in Guatemalan adults. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:465-471. [PMID: 31193789 PMCID: PMC6541741 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a known human hepatocarcinogen and a recent study reported elevated AFB1 levels, measured by serum albumin biomarkers, among Guatemalan adults. While AFB1 can contaminate a variety of foodstuffs, including maize, Guatemala's main dietary staple, the relationship of maize intake to serum AFB1-albumin adducts levels in Guatemala has not been previously examined. As a result, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 461 Guatemalan adults living in five geographically distinct departments of the country. Participants provided a serum sample and completed a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to estimate the least square means (LSQ) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of log-transformed AFB1-albumin adducts by quintiles of maize consumption in crude and adjusted models. Additionally, analyses of tortilla consumption and levels of maize processing were conducted. The median maize intake was 344.3 g per day [Interquartile Range (IQR): 252.2, 500.8], and the median serum AFB1-albumin adduct level was 8.4 pg/mg albumin (IQR: 3.8, 22.3). In adjusted analyses, there was no association between overall maize consumption and serum AFB1-albumin levels. However, there was a statistically significant association between tortilla consumption and AFB1-albumin levels (ptrend = 0.01). The LSM of AFB1-albumin was higher in the highest quintile of tortilla consumption compared to the lowest quintile [LSM:9.03 95%CI: 7.03,11.70 vs 6.23, 95%CI: 4.95,8.17, respectively]. These findings indicate that tortilla may be an important source of AFB1 exposure in the Guatemalan population. Therefore, efforts to control or mitigate AFB1 levels in contaminated maize used for tortillas may reduce overall exposure in this population.
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Key Words
- AFB1 – lys, covalent adduction of aflatoxins B1 to lysine residues in serum albumin
- AFB1, aflatoxins B1
- Aflatoxins
- BMI, body mass index
- CI, confidence intervals
- Consumption
- FFQ, food frequency questionnaire
- Guatemala
- IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer
- IQR, interquartile range
- IRB, institutional review board
- Kcal, kilocalories
- Kg, kilograms
- LSM, least square means
- Maize
- Tortilla
- g, grams
- mg, milligram
- mt, meters
- pg, picogram
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Affiliation(s)
- María F. Kroker-Lobos
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Christian S. Alvarez
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alvaro Rivera-Andrade
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Joshua W. Smith
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Patricia Egner
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Olga Torres
- Laboratorio Diagnóstico Molecular, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Mariana Lazo
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Neal D. Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Eliseo Guallar
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Barry I. Graubard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Katherine A. McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Manuel Ramírez-Zea
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - John D. Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Room E7547, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Korley Kortei N, Akomeah Agyekum A, Akuamoa F, Baffour VK, Wiisibie Alidu H. Risk assessment and exposure to levels of naturally occurring aflatoxins in some packaged cereals and cereal based foods consumed in Accra, Ghana. Toxicol Rep 2018; 6:34-41. [PMID: 30560059 PMCID: PMC6289905 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungal origin that contaminate agricultural commodities before, during and after harvest periods. A total of fifty-three (53) different foods (27 rice brands, 20 cereal based food brands and 6 pasta brands) were randomly obtained from the market and assessed for their different aflatoxin constitution (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) as well as the total levels of the aflatoxins using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. For the rice grain category, RS4 recorded the highest aflatoxin quantities of 65.77, 19.27, 1.02 μg/kg for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 respectively and a total of 86.06 μg/kg which significantly differed (p < 0.05) from the other brands of foods. For the cereal based food category, CBS11 recorded the greatest quantities of 35.46, 4.92, 3.39 and 0.32 μg/kg for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 respectively and a total of 45.1 μg/kg. For the pasta category, PS1 recorded the greatest quantities of 0.94 and 0.85 μg/kg for AFB1 and AFB2 respectively. Total aflatoxin quantities detected in some foods were above the acceptable limits set by the European Union which makes them unsafe and dangerous for human consumption. Recorded Estimated Daily Intakes (EDI) and Hazard Indices (HI) values were in the range of 3.9 × 10-3 - 0.899 and 3.9 × 10-4 - 0.0899 respectively. The risk was low since HI values obtained were less than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nii Korley Kortei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Akwasi Akomeah Agyekum
- Applied Radiation Biology Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box AE 1, Atomic, Accra, Ghana
| | - Felicia Akuamoa
- Applied Radiation Biology Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box AE 1, Atomic, Accra, Ghana
| | - Vincent Kyei Baffour
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Chemistry, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research- Food Research Institute, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana
| | - Huseini Wiisibie Alidu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
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