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Wang Y, Zhai J, Tang B, Dong Y, Sun S, He S, Zhao W, Lancuo Z, Jia Q, Wang W. Metagenomic comparison of gut communities between wild and captive Himalayan griffons. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1403932. [PMID: 38784654 PMCID: PMC11112026 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1403932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Himalayan griffons (Gyps himalayensis), known as the scavenger of nature, are large scavenging raptors widely distributed on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and play an important role in maintaining the balance of the plateau ecosystem. The gut microbiome is essential for host health, helping to maintain homeostasis, improving digestive efficiency, and promoting the development of the immune system. Changes in environment and diet can affect the composition and function of gut microbiota, ultimately impacting the host health and adaptation. Captive rearing is considered to be a way to protect Himalayan griffons and increase their population size. However, the effects of captivity on the structure and function of the gut microbial communities of Himalayan griffons are poorly understood. Still, availability of sequenced metagenomes and functional information for most griffons gut microbes remains limited. Methods In this study, metagenome sequencing was used to analyze the composition and functional structures of the gut microbiota of Himalayan griffons under wild and captive conditions. Results Our results showed no significant differences in the alpha diversity between the two groups, but significant differences in beta diversity. Taxonomic classification revealed that the most abundant phyla in the gut of Himalayan griffons were Fusobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes_A, Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, and Campylobacterota. At the functional level, a series of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) functional pathways, carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) categories, virulence factor genes (VFGs), and pathogen-host interactions (PHI) were annotated and compared between the two groups. In addition, we recovered nearly 130 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). Discussion In summary, the present study provided a first inventory of the microbial genes and metagenome-assembled genomes related to the Himalayan griffons, marking a crucial first step toward a wider investigation of the scavengers microbiomes with the ultimate goal to contribute to the conservation and management strategies for this near threatened bird.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Jundie Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Boyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Yonggang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Shengzhen Sun
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Shunfu He
- Xining Wildlife Park of Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Wenxin Zhao
- Xining Wildlife Park of Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Zhuoma Lancuo
- College of Finance and Economics, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Qiangqiang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
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Adawaren EO, Labuschagne C, Abera A, Naidoo V. A premature stop codon in the CYP2C19 gene may explain the unexpected sensitivity of vultures to diclofenac toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 482:116771. [PMID: 38013149 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The unintended environmental exposure of vultures to diclofenac has resulted in the deaths of millions of old-world vultures on the Asian subcontinent. While toxicity has been since associated with a long half-life of elimination and zero order metabolism, the actual constraint in biotransformation is yet to be clarified. For this study we evaluated if the evident zero order metabolism could be due to defects in the CYP2C9/2C19 enzyme system. For this, using whole genome sequencing and de-novo transcriptome alignment, the vulture CYP2C19 open reading frame was identified through Splign analysis. The result sequence analysis revealed the presence of a premature stop codon on intron 7 of the identified open reading frame. Even if the stop codon was not present, amino acid residue analysis tended to suggest that the enzyme would be lower in activity than the equivalent human enzyme, with differences present at sites 105, 286 and 289. The defect was also conserved across the eight non-related vultures tested. From these results, we conclude that the sensitivity of the old-world vultures to diclofenac is due to the non-expression of a viable CYP2C19 enzyme system. This is not too dissimilar to the effects seen in certain people with a similar defective enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Oluwasegun Adawaren
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Christiaan Labuschagne
- Iqaba Biotechnical Industries (Pty), 525 Justice Mahomed St, Muckleneuk, 0002 Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Aron Abera
- Iqaba Biotechnical Industries (Pty), 525 Justice Mahomed St, Muckleneuk, 0002 Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
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Mathesh K, Manickam K, Mallord JW, Mahendran K, Kumar M A, Saikia D, Mohan S C, V B, Lakshmi P S, Prakash N, Shringarpure R, Pawde AM, Green RE, Naidoo V, Prakash V. Experimental safety testing confirms that the NSAID nimesulide is toxic to Gyps vultures in India. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 103:104284. [PMID: 37775075 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Population declines of Gyps vultures throughout South Asia were caused by unintentional poisoning by the NSAID diclofenac, which was subsequently banned. However, other vulture-toxic NSAIDs are available, including nimesulide, which, in experiments carried out in South Africa, was shown to be toxic to Gyps vultures. We report on safety-testing of nimesulide carried out on Himalayan Griffons G. himalayensis. We gave two vultures a dose of nimesulide by oral gavage at the maximum level of exposure, with two controls dosed with benzyl alcohol. In the two tested birds, plasma nimesulide concentrations peaked after six hours, while serum uric acid concentrations increased steadily up until 24 h post-treatment, after which both birds died, displaying severe visceral gout. The control birds showed no adverse clinical or biochemical signs. We confirm that nimesulide is toxic to Gyps vultures. Veterinary use of nimesulide should be banned in all Gyps vulture range countries in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karikalan Mathesh
- Centre for Wildlife, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Kesavan Manickam
- Centre for Wildlife, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - John W Mallord
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK.
| | - K Mahendran
- Centre for Wildlife, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Asok Kumar M
- Centre for Wildlife, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Debasish Saikia
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Mumbai 400023, India
| | - Chandra Mohan S
- Centre for Wildlife, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Beena V
- Regulatory Toxicology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sree Lakshmi P
- Centre for Wildlife, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Nikita Prakash
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Mumbai 400023, India
| | | | - Abhijit M Pawde
- Centre for Wildlife, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Rhys E Green
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK; Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Gauteng 0110, South Africa
| | - Vibhu Prakash
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Mumbai 400023, India
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Zhai J, Wang Y, Tang B, Zheng S, He S, Zhao W, Chen H, Lin J, Li F, Bao Y, Lancuo Z, Sharshov K, Liu C, Wang W. Comparative analysis of gut DNA viromes in wild and captive Himalayan vultures. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1120838. [PMID: 37601346 PMCID: PMC10433386 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1120838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Himalayan vultures (Gyps hinalayensis) are widely distributed on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance by feeding on decayed corpses of wild and domestic animals. Large-scale culture and metagenomics studies have broadened our understanding of viral diversity in animals' gastrointestinal tracts. However, despite the importance of gut viral communities in regulating bacterial diversity and performing symbiotic functions, no gut viral study has been conducted on Himalayan vultures. Furthermore, the impact of captivity on the gut virome of these vultures remains unknown. Methods In this study, metagenomic sequencing methods targeting DNA of virus-like particles enriched from feces were used to characterize the gut DNA viromes of wild and captive Himalayan vultures. Results In total, 22,938 unique viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUs) were identified and assigned to 140 viral genera in 41 viral families. These families included viruses associated with bacteria, animals, plants, insects, and archaea. Phage communities, including Siphoviridae, Microviridae, Myoviridae, Inoviridae, and Herelleviridae, dominated the gut virome of Himalayan vultures. Wild vultures exhibited higher viral richness and diversity compared with those in captivity. The functional capacity of the gut virome was characterized by identifying 93 KEGG pathways, which were significantly enriched in metabolism and genetic information processing. Abundant auxiliary metabolic genes, such as carbohydrate-active enzyme, and antibiotic resistance genes, were also found in the vultures' gut virome. Discussion Our findings reveal the complex and diverse viral community present in the gut virome of Himalayan vultures, which varies between wild, and captive states. The DNA virome dataset establishes a baseline for the vultures' gut virome and will serve as a reference for future virus isolation and cultivation. Understanding the impact of captivity on the gut virome contributes to our knowledge of vultures' response to captivity and aids in optimizing their rehabilitation and implementing protective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jundie Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - You Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Boyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Sisi Zheng
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Shunfu He
- Xining Wildlife Park of Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Wenxin Zhao
- Xining Wildlife Park of Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Hanxi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Jun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Yuzi Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Zhuoma Lancuo
- College of Finance and Economics, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Chuanfa Liu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
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Pirastru M, Mereu P, Manca L, Bebbere D, Naitana S, Leoni GG. Anthropogenic Drivers Leading to Population Decline and Genetic Preservation of the Eurasian Griffon Vulture ( Gyps fulvus). Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101038. [PMID: 34685409 PMCID: PMC8540517 DOI: 10.3390/life11101038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activities are having increasingly devastating effects on the health of marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Studying the adaptive responses of animal species to changes in their habitat can be useful in mitigating this impact. Vultures represent one of the most virtuous examples of adaptation to human-induced environmental changes. Once dependent on wild ungulate populations, these birds have adapted to the epochal change resulting from the birth of agriculture and livestock domestication, maintaining their essential role as ecological scavengers. In this review, we retrace the main splitting events characterising the vultures’ evolution, with particular emphasis on the Eurasian griffon Gyps fulvus. We summarise the main ecological and behavioural traits of this species, highlighting its vulnerability to elements introduced into the habitat by humans. We collected the genetic information available to date, underlining their importance for improving the management of this species, as an essential tool to support restocking practices and to protect the genetic integrity of G. fulvus. Finally, we examine the difficulties in implementing a coordination system that allows genetic information to be effectively transferred into management programs. Until a linking network is established between scientific research and management practices, the risk of losing important wildlife resources remains high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Pirastru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (L.M.)
| | - Paolo Mereu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (L.M.)
| | - Daniela Bebbere
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.B.); (S.N.); (G.G.L.)
| | - Salvatore Naitana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.B.); (S.N.); (G.G.L.)
| | - Giovanni G. Leoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.B.); (S.N.); (G.G.L.)
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Nethathe B, Chipangura J, Hassan IZ, Duncan N, Adawaren EO, Havenga L, Naidoo V. Diclofenac toxicity in susceptible bird species results from a combination of reduced glomerular filtration and plasma flow with subsequent renal tubular necrosis. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12002. [PMID: 34513332 PMCID: PMC8388555 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diclofenac caused the death of millions of vultures on the Asian subcontinent. Other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have since also been shown to be toxic to vultures with the exception of meloxicam. For this study, we evaluated the effect of diclofenac on renal uric acid transport and glomerulus filtration in an acute toxicity model. In a two-phase study with the same birds, healthy chickens (a validated model species) were treated intravenously with para-amino hippuric acid (PAH) and iohexol (IOH) in combination in phase 1. In phase 2, the same PAH and IOH combination was then combined with diclofenac (10 mg/kg). In both phases, blood and faeces were sequentially collected. In phase 1, the birds showed no signs of ill health. Moreover, PAH, IOH and uric acid clearance was rapid. In phase 2, two chickens showed early signs of hyperuricemia 8 hours after exposure and died approximately 24h later. Necropsy showed classic signs of renal damage and gout. Diclofenac had a rapid plasma half-life of elimination of less than 2 hours indicating that toxicity was likely due to an irreversible destruction of a physiological process. All the birds in phase 2 had decreased uric acid, PAH and IOH clearance in comparison to phase 1. The decrease in PAH clearance was variable between the birds (average of 71%) but was near 98% reduced in the two birds that died. It is concluded that diclofenac alters both renal perfusion and renal plasma flow, with death associated with tubular secretion being reduced to negligible functionality for a prolonged period. This would support previous in vitro findings of early cell death from ROS accumulation. However, further evaluation is needed to elucidate this final step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bono Nethathe
- Department of Paraclinical Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Venda for Science and Technology, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
| | - John Chipangura
- Department of Paraclinical Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ibrahim Zubairu Hassan
- Department of Paraclinical Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Neil Duncan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Lauren Havenga
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Department of Paraclinical Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
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Adawaren EO, Du Plessis M, Suleman E, Kindler D, Oosthuizen AO, Mukandiwa L, Naidoo V. The complete mitochondrial genome of Gyps coprotheres (Aves, Accipitridae, Accipitriformes): phylogenetic analysis of mitogenome among raptors. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10034. [PMID: 33240589 PMCID: PMC7666543 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three species of Old World vultures on the Asian peninsula are slowly recovering from the lethal consequences of diclofenac. At present the reason for species sensitivity to diclofenac is unknown. Furthermore, it has since been demonstrated that other Old World vultures like the Cape (Gyps coprotheres; CGV) and griffon (G. fulvus) vultures are also susceptible to diclofenac toxicity. Oddly, the New World Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) and pied crow (Corvus albus) are not susceptible to diclofenac toxicity. As a result of the latter, we postulate an evolutionary link to toxicity. As a first step in understanding the susceptibility to diclofenac toxicity, we use the CGV as a model species for phylogenetic evaluations, by comparing the relatedness of various raptor species known to be susceptible, non-susceptible and suspected by their relationship to the Cape vulture mitogenome. This was achieved by next generation sequencing and assembly. The Cape vulture mitogenome had a genome size of 16,908 bp. The mitogenome phylogenetic analysis indicated a close evolutionary relationship between Old World vultures and other members of the Accipitridae as indicated by bootstrap value of 100% on the phylogenetic trees. Based on this, we postulate that the other species could also be sensitive to the toxic effects of diclofenac. This warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Oluwasegun Adawaren
- Department of Paraclinical Science/Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Morne Du Plessis
- Bioinformatics and Comparative Genomics, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Essa Suleman
- Molecular Diagnostics, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.,Current affiliation: Bioinformatics and Comparative Genomics, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Duodane Kindler
- Molecular Diagnostics, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Almero O Oosthuizen
- Bioinformatics and Comparative Genomics, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Lillian Mukandiwa
- Department of Paraclinical Science/Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Paraclinical Science/Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
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Evaluation of histophysiological alterations associated with ketoprofen administration in albino NMRI mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393:1033-1039. [PMID: 31907584 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01806-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the changes caused by the administration of ketoprofen to albino NMRI mice on some hematological, biochemical, and structural parameters. For this purpose, the mice were divided into two lots: a control batch and an experimental batch to which ketoprofen was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight per day for 7 days. A decrease in erythrocyte number and hemoglobin was observed altogether with the increase in white blood cells. Blood biochemistry indicates increased blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Enzyme values (AST, ALT, and ALP) show a significant increase. Hepatic pathology reveals the enlargement of sinusoidal capillaries, the presence of leukocyte infiltrates associated with necrosis zones.
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Adawaren EO, Mukandiwa L, Chipangura J, Wolter K, Naidoo V. Percentage of faecal excretion of meloxicam in the Cape vultures (Gyps corprotheres). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 215:41-46. [PMID: 30336288 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Asian Gyps vulture species are gradually recovering from the devastating effect of diclofenac being present in contaminated carcasses. This drug was responsible for the death of over 10 million vultures in India, Nepal and Pakistan. To prevent the extinction of vultures, meloxicam was introduced after the ban of veterinary diclofenac. Meloxicam's safety in vultures was attributed to its short elimination half-life in contrast with diclofenac. The reason for the rapid elimination of meloxicam is yet to be explained. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of biotransformation in the elimination of meloxicam. Six Cape griffon vultures (Gyps coprotheres) were treated with 2 mg/kg meloxicam intramuscularly for faecal and plasma quantification of meloxicam concentration over time. In the plasma meloxicam was characterised by a half-life, mean residence time, clearance and volume of distribution at steady state of 0.37 ± 0.10 h, 0.90 ± 0.12 h, 0.02 ± 0.00 l/h kg and 0.02 ± 0.00 l/kg respectively (presented as geometric mean). Over the 24 h monitoring period, the total non-metabolised meloxicam in the faeces was 1.35 ± 0.71% of the total concentration in the plasma. Based on the short meloxicam elimination half-life and low cumulative concentration of total faecal meloxicam over a period in excess of 10 half-lives, this study indicates that Cape griffon vultures are efficient metaboliser of meloxicam, which is suggestive of different set of cytochrome enzymes being involved in the metabolism to that for diclofenac in this species. Identification of orthologous human CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 enzyme families in vultures will be an important further step in explaining the differences in the metabolic pathway(s) of meloxicam and diclofenac for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lillian Mukandiwa
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - John Chipangura
- Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kerri Wolter
- Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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