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Lamonica D, Charvy L, Kuo D, Fritsch C, Coeurdassier M, Berny P, Charles S. A brief review on models for birds exposed to chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34628-5. [PMID: 39133414 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
"A Who's Who of pesticides is therefore of concern to us all. If we are going to live so intimately with these chemicals eating and drinking them, taking them into the very marrow of our bones - we had better know something about their nature and their power."-Rachel Carson, Silent Spring. In her day, Rachel Carson was right: plant protection products (PPP), like all the other chemical substances that humans increasingly release into the environment without further precaution, are among our worst enemies today (Bruhl and Zaller, 2019; Naidu et al., 2021; Tang et al., 2021; Topping et al., 2020). All compartments of the biosphere, air, soil and water, are potential reservoirs within which all species that live there are impaired. Birds are particularly concerned: PPP are recognized as a factor in the decline of their abundance and diversity predominantly in agricultural landscapes. Due to the restrictions on vertebrates testing, in silico-based approaches are an ideal choice alternative given input data are available. This is where the problem lies as we will illustrate in this paper. We performed an extensive literature search covering a long period of time, a wide diversity of bird species, a large range of chemical substances, and as many model types as possible to encompass all our future need to improve environmental risk assessment of chemicals for birds. In the end, we show that poultry species exposed to pesticides are the most studied at the individual level with physiologically based toxicokinetic models. To go beyond, with more species, more chemical types, over several levels of biological organization, we show that observed data are crucially missing (Gilbert, 2011). As a consequence, improving existing models or developing new ones could be like climbing Everest if no additional data can be gathered, especially on chemical effects and toxicodynamic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lamonica
- University Lyon 1, Laboratory of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology - UMR CNRS5558, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne Cedex, 69622, France.
- Research Institute for Development, BotAny and Modeling of Plant Architecture and Vegetation - UMR AMAP, TA A51/PS2, Montpellier Cedex 05, 34398, France.
| | - Lison Charvy
- INSA Lyon, Biosciences department, 20 avenue Albert Einstein, Villeurbanne, 69100, France
| | - Dave Kuo
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (GIEE), National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Clémentine Fritsch
- UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement, CNRS - Université de Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, Besançon cedex, 25030, France
| | - Michaël Coeurdassier
- UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement, CNRS - Université de Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, Besançon cedex, 25030, France
| | - Philippe Berny
- UR ICE, VetAgro Sup Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, Marcy l'étoile, F-69280, France
| | - Sandrine Charles
- University Lyon 1, Laboratory of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology - UMR CNRS5558, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne Cedex, 69622, France
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Adawaren EO, Labuschagne C, Abera A, Naidoo V. A premature stop codon in the CYP2C19 gene may explain the unexpected sensitivity of vultures to diclofenac toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 482:116771. [PMID: 38013149 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The unintended environmental exposure of vultures to diclofenac has resulted in the deaths of millions of old-world vultures on the Asian subcontinent. While toxicity has been since associated with a long half-life of elimination and zero order metabolism, the actual constraint in biotransformation is yet to be clarified. For this study we evaluated if the evident zero order metabolism could be due to defects in the CYP2C9/2C19 enzyme system. For this, using whole genome sequencing and de-novo transcriptome alignment, the vulture CYP2C19 open reading frame was identified through Splign analysis. The result sequence analysis revealed the presence of a premature stop codon on intron 7 of the identified open reading frame. Even if the stop codon was not present, amino acid residue analysis tended to suggest that the enzyme would be lower in activity than the equivalent human enzyme, with differences present at sites 105, 286 and 289. The defect was also conserved across the eight non-related vultures tested. From these results, we conclude that the sensitivity of the old-world vultures to diclofenac is due to the non-expression of a viable CYP2C19 enzyme system. This is not too dissimilar to the effects seen in certain people with a similar defective enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Oluwasegun Adawaren
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Christiaan Labuschagne
- Iqaba Biotechnical Industries (Pty), 525 Justice Mahomed St, Muckleneuk, 0002 Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Aron Abera
- Iqaba Biotechnical Industries (Pty), 525 Justice Mahomed St, Muckleneuk, 0002 Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
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Duncan AE, Adokoh C, Osei-Marfo M, Barnie S, Sakyi AG, Adjei J. Analysis and risk assessment of pharmaceutical residues in fish from three water bodies in Ghana. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:1703-1715. [PMID: 38017600 PMCID: wh_2023_208 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Illegal mining has overshadowed pharmaceutical pollution even though exposure to pharmaceutical waste is high. Consumption of fish potentially polluted with pharmaceuticals from the rivers continues with little concern or potential threat it poses. In the present study, the residues of one antibiotic (Chloramphenicol), five hormones (progesterone, 17-beta Estradiol, Estrone, 17a-Ethynylestradiol, and one), three environmental contaminants (4-para-nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol, and Bisphenol A), one barbiturate (Primidone) and one analgesic (Diclofenac sodium salt), were investigated from fish samples from the rivers Pra, Narkwa, and the Volta. The results show a high concentration of drugs in River Pra in comparison to those in Rivers Narkwa and Volta. The hazard quotients (HQs) for the environmental contaminants were all above 1, except Bisphenol A. Furthermore, the HQs from this study suggest that consumers of fish from any of the three rivers stand a hazard risk of Chloramphenicol (19), 17a-Ethynylestradiol (4), Estrone (1.366), Diclofenac sodium salt (3.29), Progesterone (4.598), 4-tert-octylphenol (87.2), and 4-para-nonylphenol (7.252), but negligible risk against E2 (0.687), Primidone (0.014), Testosterone (0.16), and Bisphenol A (0.642). Of the fish species studied, the highest concentration of all pharmaceuticals put together is found in Clarias gariepinus, Labeo senegalensis, and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus in that order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Ebo Duncan
- Department of Water and Sanitation, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana E-mail:
| | - Christian Adokoh
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Martha Osei-Marfo
- Department of Water and Sanitation, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Samuel Barnie
- Department of Water and Sanitation, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Aboagye George Sakyi
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Josephe Adjei
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Locke S, Naidoo V, Hassan I, Duncan N. Effect of cytochrome P450 inhibition on toxicity of diclofenac in chickens: Unravelling toxicity in Gyps vultures. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2022; 89:e1-e8. [PMID: 35792606 PMCID: PMC9257893 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v89i1.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diclofenac was responsible for the decimation of Gyps vulture species on the Indian subcontinent during the 1980s and 1990s. Gyps vultures are extremely sensitive (the lethal dose 50 [LD50] ~ 0.1 mg/kg – 0.2 mg/kg), with toxicity appearing to be linked to metabolic deficiency, demonstrated by the long T1/2 (~12 h – 17 h). This is in striking comparison to the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), in which the LD50 is ~10 mg/kg and the T1/2 is ~1 h. The phase 1 cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C subfamily has been cited as a possible reason for metabolic deficiency. The aim of this study was to determine if CYP2C9 homolog pharmacogenomic differences amongst avian species is driving diclofenac toxicity in Gyps vultures. We exposed each of 10 CYP-inhibited test group chickens to a unique dose of diclofenac (as per the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD] toxicity testing guidelines) and compared the toxicity and pharmacokinetic results to control group birds that received no CYP inhibitor. Although no differences were noted in the LD50 values for each group (11.92 mg/kg in the CYP-inhibited test group and 11.58 mg/kg in the control group), the pharmacokinetic profile of the test group was suggestive of partial inhibition of CYP metabolism. Evaluation of the metabolite peaks produced also suggested partial metabolic inhibition in test group birds, as they produced lower amounts of metabolites for one of the three peaks demonstrated and had higher diclofenac exposure. This pilot study supports the hypothesis that CYP metabolism is varied amongst bird species and may explain the higher resilience to diclofenac in the chicken versus vultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Locke
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
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Sun C, Zhu T, Zhu Y, Li B, Zhang J, Liu Y, Juan C, Yang S, Zhao Z, Wan R, Lin S, Yin B. Hepatotoxic mechanism of diclofenac sodium on broiler chicken revealed by iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e56. [PMID: 35698810 PMCID: PMC9346521 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background At the therapeutic doses, diclofenac sodium (DFS) has few toxic side effects on mammals. On the other hand, DFS exhibits potent toxicity against birds and the mechanisms remain ambiguous. Objectives This paper was designed to probe the toxicity of DFS exposure on the hepatic proteome of broiler chickens. Methods Twenty 30-day-old broiler chickens were randomized evenly into two groups (n = 10). DFS was administered orally at 10 mg/kg body weight in group A, while the chickens in group B were perfused with saline as a control. Histopathological observations, serum biochemical examinations, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to assess the liver injury induced by DFS. Proteomics analysis of the liver samples was conducted using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) technology. Results Ultimately, 201 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained, of which 47 were up regulated, and 154 were down regulated. The Gene Ontology classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis were conducted to screen target DEPs associated with DFS hepatotoxicity. The regulatory relationships between DEPs and signaling pathways were embodied via a protein-protein interaction network. The results showed that the DEPs enriched in multiple pathways, which might be related to the hepatotoxicity of DFS, were “protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum,” “retinol metabolism,” and “glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism.” Conclusions The hepatotoxicity of DFS on broiler chickens might be achieved by inducing the apoptosis of hepatocytes and affecting the metabolism of retinol and purine. The present study could provide molecular insights into the hepatotoxicity of DFS on broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxi Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tianyi Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yuwei Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Bing Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Changning Juan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Shifa Yang
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zengcheng Zhao
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Renzhong Wan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Shuqian Lin
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bin Yin
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Jinan 250100, China
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Nambirajan K, Muralidharan S, Ashimkumar AR, Jadhav S. Nimesulide poisoning in white-rumped vulture Gyps bengalensis in Gujarat, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:57818-57824. [PMID: 34097213 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Population of white-rumped vulture has not recovered in India to a desired level even after diclofenac was banned in 2006. During 2019, there were two known separate incidents of white-rumped vulture mortality involving four white-rumped vultures in Gujarat. After post-mortem examinations, tissues of all four vultures were received for toxicological investigation at the National Centre for Avian Ecotoxicology, SACON. Tissues were screened for a set of toxic pesticides, and none of them was at detectable level. Subsequently, the tissues were analysed for thirteen NSAIDs and paracetamol. Of all the drugs tested, only nimesulide was detected in all the tissues (17-1395 ng/g) indicative of exposure. Visceral gout was also observed in all the four vultures during post-mortem. Residues of nimesulide in tissues with symptoms of gout indicated that the vultures died due to nimesulide poisoning. Although, other than diclofenac, many NSAIDs are suspected to be toxic to white-rumped vultures, only nimesulide is reported in the recent past with clear symptom of gout in wild dead white-rumped vultures similar to diclofenac. Since, nimesulide appears to act similar to diclofenac in exerting toxic effects, if veterinary use of nimesulide continues, white-rumped vulture are bound to suffer. Hence, it is recommended that nimesulide should be banned by the government to conserve white-rumped vulture in the Indian subcontinent. Further, an effective system is recommended to be put in place to collect the tissues of dead vultures for toxicological investigations and eventual conservation of the critically endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanthan Nambirajan
- Division of Ecotoxicology, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, 641108, India.
| | - Subramanian Muralidharan
- Division of Ecotoxicology, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, 641108, India
| | - Aditya Roy Ashimkumar
- Division of Ecotoxicology, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, 641108, India
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Sun C, Lin S, Li Z, Liu H, Liu Y, Wang K, Zhu T, Li G, Yin B, Wan R. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals the toxic mechanism of diclofenac sodium on the kidney of broiler chicken. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 249:109129. [PMID: 34229076 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diclofenac sodium (DS) is one of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which exhibits potent toxicity to birds. To search the molecular mechanism of DS induced nephrotoxicity in broiler chicken, 20 apparently healthy 30-day old broiler chickens were separated randomly into two groups (n = 10): Group A was kept as control while DS was administered at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg body weight in group B through oral gavage. Kidney samples were collected, and the proteins were identified and quantified by iTRAQ. 434 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were screened, including 277 up-regulated DEPs and 157 down-regulated DEPs. The functional annotation and classification results indicated that DEPs were significantly enriched in apoptosis and metabolism-related pathways via GO and KEGG analysis. Compared with the control group, the most significant enrichment pathways are "ribosome", "metabolic pathways" and "protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum". Based on the proteomic results and relevant literature, some DEPs that potentially related to the toxicity of DS were screened. The mRNA transcript levels of these DEPs were characterized by qRT-PCR, and the results showed that Slc22a7, Gatm, Glud1, Agxt2 and Gldc were significantly down-regulated, while Gsl, Gpt2 and Asns were significantly up-regulated. We speculate that the toxic mechanism of DS to chicken might be that it induces kidney cell apoptosis, interferes with purine metabolism and inhibits the expression of OAT2. The current study provides a reference for elucidating the nephrotoxic mechanism of diclofenac sodium to broiler chicken from the molecular perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxi Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271001, Shandong, China; Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Shuqian Lin
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271001, Shandong, China; Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Huazheng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271001, Shandong, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271001, Shandong, China
| | - Keke Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271001, Shandong, China
| | - Tianyi Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271001, Shandong, China
| | - Guiming Li
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Yin
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China.
| | - Renzhong Wan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271001, Shandong, China.
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