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Mujahid M, Latif S, Ahmed M, Shehzadi W, Imran M, Ahmad M, Asari A, Jehangir M, Mahmud Z. Modified matrix solid phase dispersion-HPLC method for determination of pesticide residue in vegetables and their impact on human health: A risk assessment. Front Chem 2022; 10:1084350. [PMID: 36569961 PMCID: PMC9772880 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1084350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of pesticides is unavoidable in agricultural practices. This class of chemicals is highly toxic for the environment as well as for humans. The present work was carried out to assess the presence of some pesticides (diafenthiuron, lufenuron, azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, and chlorothalonil) residues in five of the very commonly used vegetables (eggplant, capsicum, apple gourd, cauliflower, and sponge gourd). Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) technique was used to extract the pesticides and subsequently their quantification was performed through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) detector. The elution was accomplished at wavelength of 254 nm by injecting 20 µL of standards or samples into chromatographic system. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water (80:20 v/v), where the flow rate was adjusted at 1.0 ml/min. The linearity was good (R 2 ≥ 0.994) over a concentration range from 20 to 100 μg/ml for the investigated pesticides. The low detection limits showed a quite appreciable potential of the method to detect (1.12-1.61 μg/L) and quantify (3.73-5.36 μg/ml) the pesticides under study. The accuracy was demonstrated in terms of percent recovery which ranged between 88.5% and 116.9% for all the pesticides under investigation. These results justify the suitability of the technique for the intended purpose. The concentration of difenoconazole in apple gourd (20.97 mg/kg), cauliflower (10.28 mg/kg), and sponge gourd (40.32 mg/kg) whereas diafenthiuron in cauliflower (0.66 mg/kg) exceeded the maximum residue level (MRLs) as defined by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). Target hazard quotient (THQ) values of difenoconazole and diafenthiuron (except for adults) were more than one which indicates the significant effect on human health on consumption of apple gourd, cauliflower, and sponge gourd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majida Mujahid
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shoomaila Latif
- School of Physical Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan,*Correspondence: Shoomaila Latif, ; Mahmood Ahmed,
| | - Mahmood Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan,*Correspondence: Shoomaila Latif, ; Mahmood Ahmed,
| | - Warda Shehzadi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Centre for Inorganic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asnuzilawati Asari
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Jehangir
- Novamed Pharmaceuticals (Pvt) Limited, Lahore, Pakistan,The Department of Chemistry, FC College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zaid Mahmud
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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Park E, Lee J, Lee HS, Kim JH, Shin Y. Simple and rapid method for 336 multiresidual pesticide analysis in saliva, determination of their chemical stabilities, and biomonitoring of farmers. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136725. [PMID: 36208804 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous multiresidual pesticide analysis of saliva samples was performed using scaled-down QuEChERS extraction with LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. The optimum extraction procedure using acidified acetonitrile was applicable to 336 pesticides (287 for LC-MS/MS and 49 for GC-MS/MS). To determine pesticide multiresidues in saliva, 100 μL of the sample was extracted with 200 μL of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile, and the initial extract was partitioned with 40 mg of MgSO4 and 10 mg of NaCl. The organic supernatants (120 μL) were then mixed with acetonitrile (30 μL) for matrix-matching (4:1, v/v), and the final extract solution was injected into the LC-MS/MS (4 μL) and GC-MS/MS (2 μL) systems. The established analytical method showed a good LOQs between 5 and 25 ng/mL with reliable accuracy/precision values and recovery results (50-140%) for the target pesticides. Under the two different storage conditions, most of the analytes did not undergo chemical changes in the saliva samples, whereas some pesticides were more stable in freeze-thaw processes than those left at room temperature. Biomonitoring of farmers (ten mixers and ten sprayers) was successfully applied using the validated method, and two carbamates (fenobucarb and propamocarb) were determined at trace concentrations (12.5-675.0 ng/mL from 11 positively detected samples).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Park
- Pesticide Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jiho Lee
- Pesticide Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Han Kim
- Pesticide Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongho Shin
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
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Magnetic silicon carbide nanocomposite as a sorbent in magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction followed by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction in the gas chromatographic determination of pesticides. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bakaraki Turan N, Zaman BT, Chormey DS, Onkal Engin G, Bakırdere S. Atrazine: From Detection to Remediation – A Minireview. ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1937196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nouha Bakaraki Turan
- Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Buse Tuğba Zaman
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Dotse Selali Chormey
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Güleda Onkal Engin
- Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
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