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Rajapaksha AU, Selvasembian R, Ashiq A, Gunarathne V, Ekanayake A, Perera VO, Wijesekera H, Mia S, Ahmad M, Vithanage M, Ok YS. A systematic review on adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions: Recent advances. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:152055. [PMID: 34871684 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of natural resources by hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) originating from natural and anthropogenic activities is a serious environmental concern. Although many articles on chromium remediation have been published, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in remediation with different sorbents is not yet available. In this systematic review, the performance and applicability of several adsorptive materials for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous media are discussed, along with a detailed analysis of the mechanisms involved. Statistical analysis is applied to compare the efficacies of different adsorbents, while a similar approach is used to determine the effects of sorbent properties and experimental conditions on the adsorption capacity. A detailed analysis of the factors involved in fixed-bed column studies is also presented. A suitable desorption approach to the regeneration of the spent adsorbent and its adsorption performance in reuse is also examined. Among the different sorbents, nanoparticles and mineral-doped biochar were found to be the most effective sorbents, while the adsorption was higher at low pH (~4.0) than that at intermediate pH (6-8). Contrary to our expectation, adsorption was high for sorbents with low specific surface areas, suggesting that the adsorption of Cr(VI) is largely influenced by the chemical properties of the sorbents. The optimum adsorption in fixed-bed column systems is obtained at a lower Cr(VI) ion concentration, a lower influent flow rate, and a higher bed height. Since most of the studies reviewed herein were merely experimental and utilized ideal conditions with the presence of a single contaminant, i.e. Cr(VI) in water, further studies on adsorption dynamics with the presence of other interfering ions are suggested. This review is promising for the further development of Cr(VI) removal strategies and closes the research gaps pertaining to their challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka; Instrument Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
| | - Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Ahamed Ashiq
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka; Hydrometallurgy and Environment Laboratory, Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Viraj Gunarathne
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka; University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Anusha Ekanayake
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - V O Perera
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Hasintha Wijesekera
- Department of Natural Resources, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka
| | - Shamin Mia
- Department of Agronomy, Patuakhali Science and Technology, University of Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Mahtab Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Banik S, Rahman MM, Sikder MT, Saito T, Kurasaki M. Protective effects of ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) extract against cadmium-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in PC12 cells. J Herb Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Handa K, Jindal R. Genotoxicity induced by hexavalent chromium leading to eryptosis in Ctenopharyngodon idellus. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125967. [PMID: 32069732 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The initiation of eryptosis as a result of genotoxic action of Cr(VI), seen through micronucleus and comet assay in the peripheral erythrocytes of Ctenopharyngodon idellus was evaluated through RT-qPCR. For this, fish was exposed to sublethal concentration of hexavalent chromium (5.30 and 10.63 mg/L), and the blood was sampled on different endpoints (15, 30 and 45 days). Accumulation of chromium in the erythrocytes was also studied, which depicted a significant increase in toxicant concentration and time dependent manner. Both concentrations of hexavalent chromium induced DNA damage, visible in the form of comet tails. The presence of micronuclei in the erythrocytes was accompanied with occurrence of nuclear bud (NBu), lobed nucleus (Lb), notched nucleus (Nt), vacuolated nucleus (Vn), binucleated cell (Bn) as nuclear abnormalities; and acanthocytes (Ac), echinocytes (Ec), notched cells (Nc), microcytes (Mc) and vacuolated cytoplasm (Vc) as cytoplasmic abnormalities. The expression of genes related to intrinsic apoptotic pathway induced by Cr(VI) presented significant (p < 0.05) upregulation in the expression of p53, Bax, Apaf-1, caspase9 and caspase3, and downregulation of Bcl2; inferring the initiation of apoptotic pathway. The ration of Bax and Bcl2 also appended the apoptotic state of the erythrocytes. From the present investigation, it can be concluded that genotoxicity induced by hexavalent chromium lead to eryptosis in C. idellus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Handa
- Aquatic Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Rajinder Jindal
- Aquatic Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Wang Y, Su H, Gu Y, Song X, Zhao J. Carcinogenicity of chromium and chemoprevention: a brief update. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:4065-4079. [PMID: 28860815 PMCID: PMC5565385 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s139262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromium has two main valence states: hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) and trivalent chromium (Cr[III]). Cr(VI), a well-established human carcinogen, can enter cells by way of a sulfate/phosphate anion-transport system, and then be reduced to lower-valence intermediates consisting of pentavalent chromium (Cr[V]), tetravalent chromium (Cr[IV]) or Cr(III) via cellular reductants. These intermediates may directly or indirectly result in DNA damage or DNA–protein cross-links. Although Cr(III) complexes cannot pass easily through cell membranes, they have the ability to accumulate around cells to induce cell-surface morphological alteration and result in cell-membrane lipid injuries via disruption of cellular functions and integrity, and finally to cause DNA damage. In recent years, more research, including in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies, has been conducted to evaluate the genotoxicity/carcinogenicity induced by Cr(VI) and/or Cr(III) compounds. At the same time, various therapeutic agents, especially antioxidants, have been explored through in vitro and in vivo studies for preventing chromium-induced genotoxicity/carcinogenesis. This review aims to provide a brief update on the carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) and chemoprevention with different antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Wang
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanliang Gu
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Song
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China.,Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Nascimento SN, Göethel G, Baierle M, Barth A, Brucker N, Charão MF, Moro AM, Gauer B, Sauer E, Durgante J, Arbo MD, Thiesen FV, Pierre TDS, Gioda A, Moresco R, Garcia SC. Environmental exposure and effects on health of children from a tobacco-producing region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:2851-2865. [PMID: 27838906 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Children may be environmentally exposed to several hazards. In order to evaluate the health of children living in a tobacco-producing region, different biomarkers of exposure and effect, as well as hematological parameters, were evaluated. Biomarkers of exposure to the following xenobiotics were assessed: pesticides, nicotine, toxic elements, and organic solvents. Oxidative damage markers malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls (PCO), vitamin C, microalbuminuria (mALB) levels, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity were also evaluated. Peripheral blood samples and urine were collected from 40 children (6-12 years), at two different crop periods: in the beginning of pesticide applications (period 1) and in the leaf harvest (period 2). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired data was used to evaluate the differences between both periods. Biomarkers of exposure cotinine in urine and blood chromium (Cr) levels were increased in period 1 when compared to period 2. Moreover, a significant reduced plasmatic activity of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) was observed in period 2 in relation to period 1. Blood Cr levels were above the recommended by WHO in both evaluations. The biomarkers MDA and PCO as well as the kidney dysfunction biomarker, mALB, presented levels significantly increased in period 1. Additionally, decreased lymphocytes and increased basophils were also observed. Cotinine was positively associated with PCO, and Cr was positively associated with PCO and MDA. The increased Cr levels were associated with decreased lymphocytes and increased basophils. Our findings demonstrate that children environmentally exposed to xenobiotics in rural area may present early kidney dysfunction, hematological alterations, as well as lipid and protein damages, associated with co-exposure to different xenobiotics involved in tobacco cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N Nascimento
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90610-000, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Göethel
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90610-000, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marília Baierle
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Anelise Barth
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Natália Brucker
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Mariele F Charão
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90610-000, Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela M Moro
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Bruna Gauer
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90610-000, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elisa Sauer
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90610-000, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliano Durgante
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo D Arbo
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90610-000, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Flavia V Thiesen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana D Saint' Pierre
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gioda
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael Moresco
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Solange Cristina Garcia
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90610-000, Brazil.
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Ávila RID, Mattos Alvarenga CB, Ávila PHMD, Moreira RC, Arruda AF, Fernandes TDO, Rodrigues BDS, Andrade WM, Batista AC, Paula JRD, Valadares MC. Eugenia dysenterica DC. (Myrtaceae) exerts chemopreventive effects against hexavalent chromium-induced damage in vitro and in vivo. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2652-2663. [PMID: 27241623 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1178306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Eugenia dysenterica DC. (Myrtaceae) has been widely used in the folk medicine and it presents phytochemicals constituents associated to antioxidant properties. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of E. dysenterica leaf hydroalcoholic extract (EDE) in vitro and in vivo using AMJ2-C11 cells and Swiss mice exposed to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS AMJ2-C11 cells were pretreated with EDE and exposed to Cr(VI) to evaluate cytotoxicity and the pathways involved in the chemopreventive effects of the extract. Mice were daily pretreated with EDE and then exposed to Cr(VI). Survival analysis, histopathological examination and determination of Cr levels in biological tissues were carried out. RESULTS In vitro studies showed that pretreatment of the AMJ2-C11 cells with EDE protected against the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by Cr(VI). Consequently, the pretreatment with EDE reduced reactive oxygen species and apoptosis triggered by Cr(VI), probably by a marked antioxidant and chelating activities demonstrated by EDE. Regarding in vivo studies, pretreatment for 10 days with EDE increased survival of the mice exposed to Cr(VI). In addition, EDE prevented liver and kidney pathological damages, in parallel with reduction in chromium levels found in these organs and plasma. EDE also showed a marked antioxidant potential associated with the presence of polyphenols, especially flavonoids and tannins, as confirmed by HPLC-PDA. CONCLUSION The study showed that EDE protects against Cr(VI)-induced damage in vitro and in vivo supporting further studies for the development of therapeutic products applied to prevent the damage induced by toxic metals, especially Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ivan de Ávila
- a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Cátia Belo Mattos Alvarenga
- a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Marcelino de Ávila
- a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Roger Cardoso Moreira
- b Laboratório de Espectroanalítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Andréa Fernandes Arruda
- b Laboratório de Espectroanalítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Thaís de Oliveira Fernandes
- a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Bruna Dos Santos Rodrigues
- a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Wanessa Machado Andrade
- a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Aline Carvalho Batista
- c Laboratório de Patologia Bucal, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - José Realino de Paula
- d Laboratório de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais - LPPN, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
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Novotnik B, Ščančar J, Milačič R, Filipič M, Žegura B. Cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of Cr(VI), Cr(III)-nitrate and Cr(III)-EDTA complex in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 154:124-131. [PMID: 27043378 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) are common environmental pollutants and can be present in high concentrations in surface waters at the same time. Therefore, chelation of Cr with EDTA can occur and thereby stable Cr(III)-EDTA complex is formed. Since there are no literature data on Cr(III)-EDTA toxicity, the aim of our work was to evaluate and compare Cr(III)-EDTA cytotoxic and genotoxic activity with those of Cr(VI) and Cr(III)-nitrate in human hepatoma (HepG2) cell line. First the effect of Cr(VI), Cr(III)-nitrate and Cr(III)-EDTA on cell viability was studied in the concentration range from 0.04 μg mL(-1) to 25 μg mL(-1) after 24 h exposure. Further the influence of non-cytotoxic concentrations of Cr(VI), Cr(III)-nitrate and Cr(III)-EDTA on DNA damage and genomic stability was determined with the comet assay and cytokinesis block micronucleus cytome assay, respectively. Cell viability was decreased only by Cr(VI) at concentrations above 1.0 μg mL(-1). Cr(VI) at ≥0.2 μg mL(-1) and Cr(III) at ≥1.0 μg mL(-1) induced DNA damage, while after Cr(III)-EDTA exposure no formation DNA strand breaks was determined. Statistically significant formation of micronuclei was induced only by Cr(VI) at ≥0.2 μg mL(-1), while no influence on the frequency of nuclear buds nor nucleoplasmic bridges was observed at any exposure. This study provides the first evidence that Cr(III)-EDTA did not induce DNA damage and had no influence on the genomic stability of HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breda Novotnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Ščančar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Radmila Milačič
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Filipič
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Feng W, Wu H, Li Q, Zhou Z, Chen Y, Zhao T, Feng Y, Mao G, Li F, Yang L, Wu X. Evaluation of 90-day Repeated Dose Oral Toxicity, Glycometabolism, Learning and Memory Ability, and Related Enzyme of Chromium Malate Supplementation in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 168:181-95. [PMID: 25900579 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that chromium malate improved the regulation of blood glucose in mice with alloxan-induced diabetes. The present study was designed to evaluate the 90-day oral toxicity of chromium malate in Sprague-Dawley rats. The present study inspected the effect of chromium malate on glycometabolism, glycometabolism-related enzymes, lipid metabolism, and learning and memory ability in metabolically healthy Sprague-Dawley rats. The results showed that all rats survived and pathological, toxic, feces, and urine changes were not observed. Chromium malate did not cause measurable damage on liver, brain, and kidney. The fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, insulin resistance index, C-peptide, hepatic glycogen, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucokinase, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels of normal rats in chromium malate groups had no significant change when compared with control group and chromium picolinate group under physiologically relevant conditions. The serum and organ content of Cr in chromium malate groups had no significant change compared with control group. No significant changes were found in morris water maze test and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and true choline esterase (TChE) activity. The results indicated that supplementation with chromium malate did not cause measurable toxicity and has no obvious effect on glycometabolism and related enzymes, learning and memory ability, and related enzymes and lipid metabolism of female and male rats. The results of this study suggest that chromium malate is safe for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Feng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huiyu Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Feng
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanghua Mao
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Li
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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Sonar PK, Singh R, Saraf SK. Phytochemical, chromatographic and spectroscopic investigation of Carum copticum seeds and their potential as immunomodulatory agents. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:494-502. [PMID: 26030463 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1050116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Carum copticum seeds have been prescribed in the traditional system of medicine for the treatment of immune disorders, such as asthma and rheumatism. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine immunomodulatory effects of the alcoholic extract and isolated compounds in Swiss albino mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seeds of C. copticum were extracted with 95% v/v alcohol. The immunomodulatory activity of the crude extract was evaluated at the doses of 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg body weight of mice, administered in mice once daily (orally) for 25 days. Volatile oil of C. copticum was isolated by steam distillation and was characterized by GLC and HPLC. Bio-assay-guided fractionation and isolation were carried out and the isolated compounds were characterized and subjected to immunomodulatory activity studies. RESULTS The n-hexane fraction yielded p-cymene, carvacrol, and α-pinene. The LD50 value of the crude extract was found to be 4500 mg/kg and the values reported for p-cymene, carvacrol, and α-pinene in the literature were 4750, 810, and 3700 mg/kg, respectively. The oral administration of crude extract, n-hexane fraction (HEF), and isolated oils at the dose of 500, 150, and 50 mg/kg body weight, respectively, showed a significant increase in the HA titers, DTH-response, and phagocytosis. The stimulatory effect observed, on humoral and cellular immunity, was compared with the standard (levamisole treated) and control groups. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results obtained in the study endorse the traditional use of the seeds of C. copticum and the isolated constituents act as immunostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj K Sonar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Ranjit Singh
- b Government College of Pharmacy , Rohru, Dist. Shimla , Himachal Pradesh , India , and
| | - Shailendra K Saraf
- c Faculty of Pharmacy , Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
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de Oliveira Fernandes T, de Ávila RI, de Moura SS, de Almeida Ribeiro G, Naves MMV, Valadares MC. Campomanesia adamantium (Myrtaceae) fruits protect HEPG2 cells against carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity. Toxicol Rep 2014; 2:184-193. [PMID: 28962350 PMCID: PMC5598383 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Campomanesia adamantium (Myrtaceae) is an antioxidant compounds-rich Brazilian fruit popularly known as gabiroba. In view of this, it was evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of pulp (GPE) or peel/seed (GPSE) hydroalcoholic extracts of gabiroba on injured liver-derived HepG2 cells by CCl4 (4 mM). The results showed the presence of total phenolic in GPSE was (60%) higher when compared to GPE, associated with interesting antioxidant activity using DPPH• assay. Additionally, HPLC chromatograms and thin layer chromatography of GPE and GPSE showed the presence of flavonoids. Pretreatment of HepG2 cells with GPE or GPSE (both at 800–1000 μg/mL) significantly (p < 0.0001) protected against cytotoxicity induced by CCl4. Additionally, the cells treated with both extracts (both at 1000 μg/mL) showed normal morphology (general and nuclear) contrasting with apoptotic characteristics in the cells only exposed to CCl4. In these experiments, GPSE also was more effective than GPE. In addition, CCl4 induced a marked increase in AST (p < 0.05) and ALT (p < 0.0001) levels, while GPE or GPSE significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced these levels, reaching values found in the control group. In conclusion, the results suggest that gabiroba fruits exert hepatoprotective effects on HepG2 cells against the CCl4-induced toxicity, probably, at least in part, associated with the presence of antioxidant compounds, especially flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís de Oliveira Fernandes
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Goiás, rua 227, quadra 68, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, 74.605-080 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular – FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, rua 240 esquina com 5ª Avenida, s/n, Setor Universitário, 74.605-220 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Soraia Santana de Moura
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular – FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, rua 240 esquina com 5ª Avenida, s/n, Setor Universitário, 74.605-220 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Gerlon de Almeida Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais – LPPN, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, rua 240 esquina com 5ª Avenida, s/n, Setor Universitário, 74.605-220 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Maria Margareth Veloso Naves
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Goiás, rua 227, quadra 68, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, 74.605-080 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 62 3209 6270.
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular – FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, rua 240 esquina com 5ª Avenida, s/n, Setor Universitário, 74.605-220 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 62 3209 6044x227; fax: +55 62 3209 6044x227.
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Alavinezhad A, Boskabady MH. Antiinflammatory, Antioxidant, and Immunological Effects of Carum copticum
L. and Some of Its Constituents. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1739-48. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azam Alavinezhad
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
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Carum copticum L.: a herbal medicine with various pharmacological effects. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:569087. [PMID: 25089273 PMCID: PMC4096002 DOI: 10.1155/2014/569087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carum copticum L. commonly known as “Ajwain” is cultivated in many regions of the world including Iran and India, states of Gujarat and Rajasthan. Traditionally, C. copticum has been used in the past for various therapeutic effects including bloating, fatigue, diarrhea, abdominal tumors, abdominal pain, respiratory distress, and loss of appetite. It has other health benefits such as antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiparasitic, and hypolipidemic effects. This plant contains different important components such as carbohydrates, glucosides, saponins and phenolic compounds (carvacrol), volatile oils (thymol), terpiene, paracymene and beta-pinene, protein, fat, fiber, and minerals including calcium, phosphorus, iron, and nicotinic acid (niacin). In the previous studies, several pharmacological effects were shown for C. copticum. Therefore, in this paper, the pharmacological effects of the plant were reviewed.
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Ávila RID, Guerra MT, Borges KDAS, Vieira MDS, Oliveira Júnior LMD, Furtado H, Mota MFD, Arruda AF, Valadares MC. Punica granatum L. protects mice against hexavalent chromium-induced genotoxicity. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502013000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the chemoprotective effects of Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) fruits alcoholic extract (PGE) on mice exposed to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. Animals were pretreated with PGE (25, 50 or 75 mg/kg/day) for 10 days and subsequently exposed to a sub-lethal dose of Cr(VI) (30 mg/kg). The frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow was investigated and the Cr(VI) levels were measured in the kidneys, liver and plasm. For the survival analysis, mice were previously treated with PGE for 10 days and exposed to a single lethal dose of Cr(VI) (50 mg/kg). Exposure to a sub-lethal dose of Cr(VI) induced a significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated cells. However, the prophylactic treatment with PGE led to a reduction of 44.5% (25 mg/kg), 86.3% (50 mg/kg) and 64.2% (75 mg/kg) in the incidence of micronuclei. In addition, the 50 mg/kg dose of PGE produced a higher chemoprotective effect, since the survival rate was 90%, when compared to that of the non-treated group. In these animals, reduced amounts of chromium were detected in the biological materials, in comparison with the other groups. Taken together, the results demonstrated that PGE exerts a protective effect against Cr(VI)-induced genotoxicity.
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Ben Hamida F, Troudi A, Sefi M, Boudawara T, Zeghal N. The protective effect of propylthiouracil against hepatotoxicity induced by chromium in adult mice. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:235-45. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713498446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and occupational exposure to chromium compounds, especially hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), is widely recognized as potentially hepatotoxic in humans and animals. Its toxicity is associated with overproduction of free radicals, which induces oxidative damage. This study focused on the possible protective effect of propylthiouracil (PTU) against potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). Female mice were divided into four groups (groups I–IV) with seven animals in each group. Group I served as a control, which received tap water; group II received K2Cr2O7 alone (75 mg kg−1 body weight (b.w.)) via drinking water; group III received both K2Cr2O7 via drinking water and PTU by intramuscular injection at a dose 2.5 mg/100 g−1 b.w. twice a week, and group IV received PTU alone twice a week for 30 days. Exposure of mice to Cr promoted oxidative stress with an increase in malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and advanced oxidation protein product levels. Nonenzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione, nonprotein thiol, vitamin C levels and enzymatic antioxidant activities such as glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were decreased, while catalase activity was increased. Biomarkers of liver injury such as aspartate and alanine transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase activities, bilirubin, albumin, and glucose levels were increased, while triglyceride and cholesterol levels decreased. Coadministration of PTU restored the above-mentioned parameters to near-normal values. The histological findings confirmed the biochemical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ben Hamida
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Afef Troudi
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Madiha Sefi
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Tahia Boudawara
- Histopathology Laboratory, CHU Habib Bourguiba, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Najiba Zeghal
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Polari L, Ojansivu P, Mäkelä S, Eckerman C, Holmbom B, Salminen S. Galactoglucomannan extracted from spruce (Picea abies) as a carbohydrate source for probiotic bacteria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:11037-43. [PMID: 23067113 DOI: 10.1021/jf303741h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A prebiotic is a nonviable food component that confers a health benefit on the host associated with modulation of the microbiota. Hemicelluloses are the second most common group of polysaccharides in nature and they occur in plant cell walls. The predominant hemicellulose in softwood species is galactoglucomannan, and based on its chemical structure and information available about similar saccharides, galactoglucomannan may be postulated to have prebiotic properties. In this study we demonstrated that Bifidobacterium species are able to ferment hemicellulose-derived saccharides. Significant stimulatory effects on the growth rates of bifidobacteria were found when galactoglucomannan or its hydrolysis products were present. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strain Bb12, a commonly used probiotic, was able to adapt to the galactoglucomannan leading to more efficient utilization of hemicellulose-derived saccharides. Our study demonstrates prebiotic properties for galactoglucomannan and warrants the next step, that is, characterization of the effects of galactoglucomannan in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Polari
- Institute of Biomedicine and Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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