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Gok M, Cicek C, Bodur E. Butyrylcholinesterase in lipid metabolism: A new outlook. J Neurochem 2024; 168:381-385. [PMID: 37129444 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cholinesterase enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are traditionally associated with the termination of acetylcholine mediated neural signaling. The fact that these ubiquitous enzymes are also found in tissues not involved in neurotransmission has led to search for alternative functions for these enzymes. Cholinesterases are reported to be involved in many lipid related disease states. Taking into view that lipases and cholinesterases belong to the same enzyme class and by comparing the catalytic sites, we propose a new outlook on the link between BChE and lipid metabolism. The lipogenic substrates of BChE that have recently emerged in contrast to traditional cholinesterase substrates are explained through the hydrolytic capacity of BChE for ghrelin, 4-methyumbelliferyl (4-mu) palmitate, and arachidonoylcholine and through endogenous lipid mediators such as cannabinoids like anandamide and essential fatty acids. The abundance of BChE in brain, intestine, liver, and plasma, tissues with active lipid metabolism, supports the idea that BChE may be involved in lipid hydrolysis. BChE is also regulated by various lipids such as linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid or dioctanoylglycerol, whereas AChE is inhibited. The finding that BChE is able to hydrolyze 4-mu palmitate at a pH where lipases are less efficient points to its role as a backup in lipolysis. In diseases such as Alzheimer, in which elevated BChE and impaired lipid levels are observed, the lipolytic activity of BChE might be involved. It is possible to suggest that fatty acids such as 4-mu palmitate, ghrelin, arachidonoylcholine, essential fatty acids, and other related lipid mediators regulate cholinesterases, which could lead to some sort of compensatory mechanism at high lipid concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muslum Gok
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Cicek
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ebru Bodur
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Pan Y, Li Z, Zhao X, Du Y, Zhang L, Lu Y, Yang L, Cao Y, Qiu J, Qian Y. Screening of Active Substances Regulating Alzheimer's Disease in Ginger and Visualization of the Effectiveness on 6-Gingerol Pathway Targets. Foods 2024; 13:612. [PMID: 38397589 PMCID: PMC10888025 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginger has been reported to potentially treat Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the specific compounds responsible for this biological function and their mechanisms are still unknown. In this study, a combination of network pharmacology, molecular docking, and dynamic simulation technology was used to screen active substances that regulate AD and explore their mechanisms. The TCMSP, GeneCards, OMIM, and DisGeNET databases were utilized to obtain 95 cross-targets related to ginger's active ingredients and AD as key targets. A functional enrichment analysis revealed that the pathways in which ginger's active substances may be involved in regulating AD include response to exogenous stimuli, response to oxidative stress, response to toxic substances, and lipid metabolism, among others. Furthermore, a drug-active ingredient-key target interaction network diagram was constructed, highlighting that 6-Gingerol is associated with 16 key targets. Additionally, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was mapped for the key targets, and HUB genes (ALB, ACTB, GAPDH, CASP3, and CAT) were identified. Based on the results of network pharmacology and cell experiments, 6-Gingerol was selected as the active ingredient for further investigation. Molecular docking was performed between 6-Gingerol and its 16 key targets, and the top three proteins with the strongest binding affinities (ACHE, MMP2, and PTGS2) were chosen for molecular dynamics analysis together with the CASP3 protein as the HUB gene. The findings indicate that 6-Gingerol exhibits strong binding ability to these disease targets, suggesting its potential role in regulating AD at the molecular level, as well as in abnormal cholinesterase metabolism and cell apoptosis, among other related regulatory pathways. These results provide a solid theoretical foundation for future in vitro experiments using actual cells and animal experiments to further investigate the application of 6-Gingerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yecan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.C.); (J.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zishu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.C.); (J.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.C.); (J.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Du
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.C.); (J.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.C.); (J.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yushun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.C.); (J.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.C.); (J.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yilin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.C.); (J.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.C.); (J.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongzhong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.C.); (J.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
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Yang F, Cui H, Wang C, Wang Y, Zhu W, Deng H, Liu S, Bian Z, Lu J, Tang G, Ji Y. Comparison of supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the stereoselective analysis of chlorfenvinphos and dimethylvinphos in tobacco. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300449. [PMID: 37582637 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
This study used reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for determination of the stereoisomers of chlorfenvinphos and dimethylvinphos in tobacco. Tobacco samples were extracted and purified with a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe technique using spherical carbon. The performance of both methodologies was comprehensively compared in terms of methods validation parameters (separation efficiency, linearity, selectivity, recovery, repeatability, sensitivity, matrix effect, etc.). Under optimized conditions, the calibration curves of the stereoisomers of chlorfenvinphos and dimethylvinphos in the range of 10-500 ng/mL showed excellent linearity with R2 ≥ 0.997 in both methods. The adequate recoveries of analytes from three different spiked tobaccos were obtained using reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (86.1-95.7%) as well as supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (86.5-94.0%). The relative standard deviations for spiked samples were all below 7.0%. Compared with supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, lower matrix effects and LODs can be obtained in reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haozhe Cui
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Chunqiong Wang
- Yunnan Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Station, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Zhu
- Guizhou Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Station, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Deng
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Bian
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Junli Lu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gangling Tang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Ji
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, P. R. China
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Barbosa FHF, Menezes HC, de Carvalho Teixeira AP, Serp P, Antipoff V, de Lourdes Cardeal Z. Versatile magnetic carbon nanotubes for sampling and pre concentration of pesticides in environmental water. Talanta 2017; 167:538-543. [PMID: 28340758 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a simple, efficient, and versatile magnetic carbon nanotubes (MCNT) method for sampling and pre-concentration of pesticides in environmental water samples. The multi-walled magnetic carbon nanotubes were obtained by chemical deposition vapor (CVD) process. The MCNTs structures are formed of hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions that provide great dispersion at any water matrix allowing simultaneously a high efficiency of pesticides sorption. Following the extraction, analytes were desorbed with minor amounts of solvent and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The parameters amount of MCNTs used to extraction, desorption time, and desorption temperature were optimized. The method showed good linearity with determination coefficients between 0.9040 and 0.9733. The limits of detection and quantification were ranged between 0.51 and 2.29µgL-1 and between 1.19 and 5.35µgL-1 respectively. The recovery ranged from 79.9% to 111.6%. The method was applied to the determination of fifteen multiclass pesticides in real samples of environmental water collected in Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helvécio Costa Menezes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, ICEx, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Carvalho Teixeira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, ICEx, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Philippe Serp
- University Toulouse, ENSIACET, UPS INP LCC, Lab Chim Coordinat, UPR 8241, CNRS, 4 Allee Emile Monso, BP 44362, F-31030 Toulouse, France
| | - Vitor Antipoff
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, ICEx, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Zenilda de Lourdes Cardeal
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, ICEx, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Lahouel A, Kebieche M, Lakroun Z, Rouabhi R, Fetoui H, Chtourou Y, Djamila Z, Soulimani R. Neurobehavioral deficits and brain oxidative stress induced by chronic low dose exposure of persistent organic pollutants mixture in adult female rat. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:19030-19040. [PMID: 27240828 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are long-lived organic compounds that are considered one of the major risks to ecosystem and human health. Recently, great concerns are raised about POPs mixtures and its potential toxicity even in low doses of daily human exposure. The brain is mostly targeted by these lipophilic compounds because of its important contain in lipids. So, it would be quite interesting to study the effects of exposure to these mixtures and evaluate their combined toxicity on brain cells. The present study was designed to characterize the cognitive and locomotors deficits and brain areas redox status in rat model. An orally chronic exposure to a representative mixture of POPs composed of endosulfan (2.6 μg/kg), chlorpyrifos (5.2 μg/kg), naphthalene (0.023 μg/kg) and benzopyrane (0.002 μg/kg); the same mixture with concentration multiplied by 10 and 100 was also tested. Exposed rats have shown a disturbance of memory and a decrease in learning ability concluded by Morris water maze and the open field tests results and anxiolytic behaviour in the test of light/dark box compared to control. Concerning brain redox homeostasis, exposed rats have shown an increased malondialdehyde (MDA) amount and an alteration in glutathione (GSH) levels in both the brain mitochondria and cytosolic fractions of the cerebellum, striatum and hippocampus. These effects were accompanied by a decrease in levels of cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) and a highly significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in both cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions. The current study suggests that environmental exposure to daily even low doses of POPs mixtures through diet induces oxidative stress status in the brain and especially in the mitochondria with important cognitive and locomotor behaviour variations in the rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Lahouel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Jijel, Jijel, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Kebieche
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Jijel, Jijel, Algeria.
- Laboratory of Food Neurotoxicology and Bioactivity, University of Metz, Metz, France.
| | - Zohra Lakroun
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Jijel, Jijel, Algeria
| | - Rachid Rouabhi
- Faculty of SESNV, Applied Biology Department, University of Tebessa, Tebessa, Algeria
| | - Hamadi Fetoui
- Toxicology-Microbiology and Environmental Health Unit (UR11ES70), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Yassine Chtourou
- Toxicology-Microbiology and Environmental Health Unit (UR11ES70), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Zama Djamila
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Mentouri 1, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Rachid Soulimani
- Laboratory of Food Neurotoxicology and Bioactivity, University of Metz, Metz, France
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Sharma S, Chadha P. Induction of neurotoxicity by organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos and modulating role of cow urine. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1344. [PMID: 27588237 PMCID: PMC4987744 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organophosphate pesticides are among the most widely used synthetic chemicals for controlling a wide variety of pests and for domestic purposes. Among these chlorpyrifos (CPF) is the most extensively used pesticide throughout the world, including India. OBJECTIVE The present study was undertaken to examine the neurotoxicity induced by CPF and modulatory effect of cow urine as a natural antioxidant alternative to reduce the neurotoxic effects of CPF. DESIGN For this purpose LD50 was determined and one fourth of LD50 was selected (38 mg/kg body weight (b.wt)) for treatment of rats. The antioxidant level of cow urine was determined by ABTS assay. RESULTS Exposure to pesticides resulted in significant reduction in the acetylcholinestrase (AChE) activity (P ≤ 0.01). However, groups pretreated with cow urine had improved levels of AChE activity as compared to CPF treated groups. CONCLUSION Thus, the present findings clearly show that oral CPF has the propensity to cause significant neurotoxicity in rat brains while cow urine treatment alleviates CPF induced toxicity to a greater extent. In addition, AChE can be used as a potential biomarker of toxicity associated with pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Sharma
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India
| | - Pooja Chadha
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India
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Sosnowska B, Huras B, Bukowska B. Oxidative stress in human erythrocytes treated with bromfenvinphos and its impurities. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 118:43-49. [PMID: 25752429 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bromfenvinphos (BFVF) is an organophosphorus (OP) pesticide which was widely used in agriculture and veterinary practice. During synthesis of this insecticide five main impurities are formed: dihydro-bromfenvinphos, dibromo-bromfenvinphos, 2,4-dichlorophenacyl bromide, 2,4-dichlorophenacylidene bromide and 2,4-dichlorophenacylidyne bromide, which can be present in technical grade bromfenvinphos in amounts from 0.1 to 4%. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of bromfenvinphos and its manufacturing impurities on parameters of oxidative stress, the activity of antioxidative enzymes and the level of reduced glutathione. Human erythrocytes were incubated with bromfenvinphos and its impurities in the concentrations range from 0.5 to 500 µM for 1 h. This study indicated that 2,4-dichlorophenacyl derivatives more strongly oxidized analyzed parameters in human erythrocytes than bromfenvinphos. Investigated compounds caused an increase in lipid peroxidation and oxidation of fluorescent probe DCFH2 - the strongest pro-oxidative changes were provoked by 2,4-dichlorophenacyl bromide. None of the compounds studied in the concentrations from 0.5 to 500 µM changed the activity of SOD and only 2,4-dichlorophenacyl decreased activity of CAT. The level of GSH was only altered by 2,4-dichlorophenacyl derivatives. It was observed that increasing number of bromine atoms in the side chain of those derivatives was associated with decreased GSH level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Sosnowska
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Bogumiła Huras
- Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Bukowska
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Rashedinia M, Hosseinzadeh H, Imenshahidi M, Lari P, Razavi BM, Abnous K. Effect of exposure to diazinon on adult rat’s brain. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:714-20. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713504806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diazinon (DZN), a commonly used agricultural organophosphate insecticide, is one of the major concerns for human health. This study was planned to investigate neurotoxic effects of subacute exposure to DZN in adult male Wistar rats. Animals received corn oil as control and 15 and 30 mg/kg DZN orally by gastric gavage for 4 weeks. The cerebrum malondialdehyde and glutathione (GSH) contents were assessed as biomarkers of lipid peroxidation and nonenzyme antioxidants, respectively. Moreover, activated forms of caspase 3, -9, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratios were evaluated as key apoptotic proteins. Results of this study suggested that chronic administration of DZN did not change lipid peroxidation and GSH levels significantly in comparison with control. Also, the active forms of caspase 3 and caspase 9 were not significantly altered in DZN-treated rat groups. Moreover, no significant changes were observed in Bax and Bcl-2 ratios. This study indicated that generation of reactive oxygen species was probably modulated by intracellular antioxidant system. In conclusion, subacute oral administration of DZN did not alter lipid peroxidation. Moreover, apoptosis induction was not observed in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Rashedinia
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohsen Imenshahidi
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Parisa Lari
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Čolović MB, Krstić DZ, Lazarević-Pašti TD, Bondžić AM, Vasić VM. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: pharmacology and toxicology. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:315-35. [PMID: 24179466 PMCID: PMC3648782 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311030006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1349] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase is involved in the termination of impulse transmission by rapid hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in numerous cholinergic pathways in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The enzyme inactivation, induced by various inhibitors, leads to acetylcholine accumulation, hyperstimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, and disrupted neurotransmission. Hence, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, interacting with the enzyme as their primary target, are applied as relevant drugs and toxins. This review presents an overview of toxicology and pharmacology of reversible and irreversible acetylcholinesterase inactivating compounds. In the case of reversible inhibitors being commonly applied in neurodegenerative disorders treatment, special attention is paid to currently approved drugs (donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine) in the pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease, and toxic carbamates used as pesticides. Subsequently, mechanism of irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibition induced by organophosphorus compounds (insecticides and nerve agents), and their specific and nonspecific toxic effects are described, as well as irreversible inhibitors having pharmacological implementation. In addition, the pharmacological treatment of intoxication caused by organophosphates is presented, with emphasis on oxime reactivators of the inhibited enzyme activity administering as causal drugs after the poisoning. Besides, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides can be detoxified in mammals through enzymatic hydrolysis before they reach targets in the nervous system. Carboxylesterases most effectively decompose carbamates, whereas the most successful route of organophosphates detoxification is their degradation by corresponding phosphotriesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana B Čolović
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Z Krstić
- University School of Medicine, Institute of Medical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara D Lazarević-Pašti
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra M Bondžić
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna M Vasić
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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