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Kurogi K, Taniguchi F, Matsuo R, Shinozuka M, Suzaki R, Yasuo S. Increased depression-like behaviors with altered brain dopamine metabolisms in male mice housed in large cages are alleviated by bupropion. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 960:176126. [PMID: 37858834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Psycho-environmental stress-based animal models of anxiety and depression are useful for investigating pathological mechanisms and drug development. Although several rodent-based studies have reported the beneficial effects of environmental enrichment (EE) on brain plasticity and anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, other studies have reported inverse effects. Here, we found that housing male mice in EE involving large cages and other EE materials increased anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in open field and tail suspension tests (TST). We further confirmed that housing in large cages was sufficient to induce increased depression-like behaviors in the TST and reduce the saccharine preference percentage, a sign of anhedonia, in male mice. In these experiments, the number of animals per cage was equivalent to that in standard cage housing, suggesting that low density in large cages may be a determining factor for behavioral alteration. In mice housed in large cages, sex-specific dysregulation of brain monoamine systems was observed; dopamine turnover to homovanillic acid or norepinephrine in the prefrontal cortex was elevated in males, while serotonin turnover to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the amygdala was increased in females. Finally, we demonstrated that daily intraperitoneal injections of bupropion, a dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, counteracted large-cage housing-induced changes in depression- and anhedonia-like behaviors in male mice. Our results suggest that housing in large cages with a low density of mice is a novel paradigm to clarify the mechanisms of environmental stress-induced emotional dysregulation and to identify drugs or food factors to alleviate the dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Kurogi
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Fuka Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryohei Matsuo
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Marina Shinozuka
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Raiki Suzaki
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shinobu Yasuo
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Zheng R, Zhang X, Gao Y, Gao D, Gong W, Zhang C, Dong G, Li Z. Biological effects of exposure to 2650 MHz electromagnetic radiation on the behavior, learning, and memory of mice. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3004. [PMID: 37118929 PMCID: PMC10275548 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the development of communication technology, the public is paying increasing attention to whether electromagnetic radiation is harmful to health. Mobile phone communication has entered the 5G era, and there are almost no reports on electromagnetic radiation at 2650 MHz. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the risk of adverse effects of 5G mobile phone EMR exposure on the human brain. METHODS Male animals were continuously exposed to 2650 MHz-EMR for 28 days with a whole-body averaged specific absorption rate (WBSAR) of 2.06 W/kg for 4 h per day. Mouse behavior was assessed using the open-field test (OFT), elevated-plus maze (EPM), and tail suspension test (TST). The Morris water maze (MWM), HE staining, and TUNEL staining were used to evaluate the spatial memory ability and pathological morphology of hippocampal dentate gyrus cells. Additionally, the expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glucocorticoid (GR) in the hippocampus were detected by western blotting and immunohistochemistry, while the corticosterone (CORT) level in serum was detected by ELISA. RESULTS In the OFT, the total distance traveled, central distance traveled, and residence time significantly decreased in the EMR exposure group (p < .05). In EPM, the percentage of the number of times to open the arm and the percentage of time to open the arm significantly decreased in the EMR exposure group. However, in the TST, the two groups had no significant difference in the 4-min immobility time. In the MWM, the escape latency of the EMR exposure group was shorter than that of the control group, with no significant difference. Furthermore, CORT levels in serum were significantly increased in the EMR exposure group (p < .05), while the expression of BDNF and GR proteins in the hippocampus was reduced (p < .05), but there was no significant difference in GABA expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that exposure to 2650 MHz-EMR (WBSAR: 2.06 W/kg, 28 days, 4 h per day) had no significant effect on the spatial memory ability of mice (in comparison to little effect). The exposure may be associated with anxiety-like behavior in mice but not related to depression-like behavior in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqi Zheng
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Insititute of Radiation and MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xianxie Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation and MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Yan Gao
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Insititute of Radiation and MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Dawen Gao
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Insititute of Radiation and MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Wenjing Gong
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Insititute of Radiation and MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Chenggang Zhang
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Insititute of Radiation and MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Guofu Dong
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Insititute of Radiation and MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Zhihui Li
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Insititute of Radiation and MedicineBeijingChina
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Farazi N, Mahmoudi J, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Farajdokht F, Rasta SH. Synergistic effects of combined therapy with transcranial photobiomodulation and enriched environment on depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in a mice model of noise stress. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:1181-1191. [PMID: 34432186 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of anxiety and depression due to chronic exposure to noise stress has remained as an unsolved health problem so far. Despite the studies suggesting the neuroenhancement effects of transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) and housing in an enriched environment (EE), the combined effects of these treatments have not been elucidated yet. Also, there is no available data on the relationship between the application of tPBM and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in animal models of stress. The present study aims to investigate the application of the tPBM and EE (alone or in combination) on depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in a mice model of noise stress. Mice were divided into five groups: control, noise, noise + EE, noise + tPBM, and noise + EE + tPBM. Except for the control group, other groups were subjected to 110 dB SPL white noise for 4 h/day for 14 consecutive days and received their respective treatments. Forced Swimming Test (FST) was used to evaluate depressive-like behaviors. Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Open Field Test (OFT) were used to evaluate anxiety-like behaviors. BDNF, tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB), and cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein levels in the hippocampus were determined by the Western blot method, and also serum corticosterone levels were assessed using an ELISA kit. Exposure to noise stress significantly elevated serum corticosterone level; downregulated hippocampal BDNF, TrkB, and CREB protein expressions; and resulted in depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors. While, the application of tPBM (810 nm wavelength, 8 J/cm2 fluence, 10 Hz pulsed wave mode), housing in EE, and their combination lowered corticosterone levels, upregulated the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway in the hippocampus, and improved behavioral outcomes in noise stress subjected mice. Our finding revealed the improving effects of tPBM and EE on depressive and anxiety-like behaviors induced by noise stress, possibly by augmenting the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmin Farazi
- Department of Medical Physics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14766, Tabriz, Iran.,Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14756, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14756, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14756, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14756, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Rasta
- Department of Medical Physics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14766, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Medical Bioengineering, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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4
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Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly prescribed medications for psychiatric disorders, yet they leave the majority of patients without full symptom relief. Therefore, a major research challenge is to identify novel targets for the improved treatment of these disorders. SSRIs act by blocking the serotonin transporter (SERT), the high-affinity, low-capacity, uptake-1 transporter for serotonin. Other classes of antidepressant work by blocking the norepinephrine or dopamine transporters (NET and DAT), the high-affinity, low-capacity uptake-1 transporters for norepinephrine and dopamine, or by blocking combinations of SERT, NET, and DAT. It has been proposed that uptake-2 transporters, which include organic cation transporters (OCTs) and the plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT), undermine the therapeutic utility of uptake-1 acting antidepressants. Uptake-2 transporters for monoamines have low affinity for these neurotransmitters, but a high capacity to transport them. Thus, activity of these transporters may limit the increase of extracellular monoamines thought to be essential for ultimate therapeutic benefit. Here preclinical evidence supporting a role for OCT2, OCT3, and PMAT in behaviors relevant to psychiatric disorders is presented. Importantly, preclinical evidence revealing these transporters as targets for the development of novel therapeutics for psychiatric disorders is discussed.
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5
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Leschik J, Lutz B, Gentile A. Stress-Related Dysfunction of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis-An Attempt for Understanding Resilience? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7339. [PMID: 34298958 PMCID: PMC8305135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn neurons in the adult hippocampus are regulated by many intrinsic and extrinsic cues. It is well accepted that elevated glucocorticoid levels lead to downregulation of adult neurogenesis, which this review discusses as one reason why psychiatric diseases, such as major depression, develop after long-term stress exposure. In reverse, adult neurogenesis has been suggested to protect against stress-induced major depression, and hence, could serve as a resilience mechanism. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge about the functional relation of adult neurogenesis and stress in health and disease. A special focus will lie on the mechanisms underlying the cascades of events from prolonged high glucocorticoid concentrations to reduced numbers of newborn neurons. In addition to neurotransmitter and neurotrophic factor dysregulation, these mechanisms include immunomodulatory pathways, as well as microbiota changes influencing the gut-brain axis. Finally, we discuss recent findings delineating the role of adult neurogenesis in stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Leschik
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Antonietta Gentile
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy;
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6
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Mao Y, Chen Y, Yang X, Wang J, Ge L, Fu J, Sun H, Ma Y. Concurrent environmental enrichment and chronic restraint stress: Effects on innate anxiety and depressive-like behavior in male adolescent mice. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:730-736. [PMID: 32888366 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a period that exhibits both vulnerability and adaptation to environmental stimulus. This study explored the co-existence effect of environmental enrichment (EE) and restraint stress (RS) on innate anxiety and depressive-like behavior in adolescent mice. Male ICR mice were treated with daily EE and RS (4 h/d or 8 h/d) for 2 or 4 weeks from early adolescence (postnatal day 30) and emotional behaviors were evaluated 24 h after the end of treatment. 4 weeks of 8 h RS treatment decreased immobility time in forced swimming test, demonstrating an antidepressant-like effect. For 2 weeks of treatment, 8 h RS significantly reduced the time spent in the lighted compartment of the light-dark box, indicating an increased anxiety level. These results show that under the present experimental design, RS treatment with different duration could have different effect on mice emotion-related behavior, but there was no interaction between EE and RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mao
- Scientific Research Center, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomi Yang
- Scientific Research Center, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Jianhong Wang
- Kunming Primates Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Longjiao Ge
- Kunming Primates Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Juan Fu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huaying Sun
- Scientific Research Center, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in University of Yunnan Province, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Univertity of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Yuanye Ma
- Kunming Primates Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P.R. China
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Rogers J, Renoir T, Hannan AJ. Gene-environment interactions informing therapeutic approaches to cognitive and affective disorders. Neuropharmacology 2017; 145:37-48. [PMID: 29277490 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene-environment interactions drive experience-dependent changes in the brain that alter cognition, emotion and behaviour. Positive engagement with the environment, through novel experience and physical activity, can improve brain function, although the mechanisms mediating such experience-dependent plasticity remain to be fully elucidated. In this article, we discuss the therapeutic value of environmental stimuli, exercise and environmental enrichment (EE), for cognitive and affective disorders, with implications for the understanding and treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. We demonstrate that environmental manipulations are potential therapeutic strategies for improving outcomes in these psychiatric disorders, including beneficial impacts on cognition. We discuss how EE and exercise are therapeutic environmental interventions impacting both affective and cognitive function. Serotonergic (5-HTergic) signaling is strongly implicated in the manifestation of psychiatric disorders and regulates cognitive and emotional processing that can underpin them. Thus, we focus on evidence implicating the serotonergic system in mediating gene-environment interactions to EE and exercise. Finally, we discuss robust gene-environment interactions associated with EE and exercise interventions, and their impacts on specific brain areas, particularly the hippocampus. We focus on potential mediators of this experience-dependent plasticity, including adult neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Furthermore, we explore molecular and cellular mechanisms of experience-dependent plasticity that potentially underlie the restoration of affective and cognitive phenotypes, thus identifying novel therapeutic targets. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Neurobiology of Environmental Enrichment".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Rogers
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Thibault Renoir
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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8
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Rogers J, Li S, Lanfumey L, Hannan AJ, Renoir T. Environmental enrichment reduces innate anxiety with no effect on depression-like behaviour in mice lacking the serotonin transporter. Behav Brain Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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9
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Shilpa BM, Bhagya V, Harish G, Srinivas Bharath MM, Shankaranarayana Rao BS. Environmental enrichment ameliorates chronic immobilisation stress-induced spatial learning deficits and restores the expression of BDNF, VEGF, GFAP and glucocorticoid receptors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 76:88-100. [PMID: 28288856 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Severe and prolonged stress is the main environmental factor that precipitates depression, anxiety and cognitive dysfunctions. On the other hand, exposure to environmental enrichment (EE) has been shown to induce progressive plasticity in the brain and improve learning and memory in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. It is not known whether exposure to enriched environment could ameliorate chronic immobilisation stress-induced cognitive deficits and altered molecular markers. Hence, in the present study we aimed to evaluate the effect of enriched environment on chronic immobilisation stress (CIS) associated changes in spatial learning and memory, behavioural measures of anxiety, depression and molecular markers as well as structural alterations. Male Wistar rats were subjected to chronic immobilisation stress for 2h/day/10days followed by 2weeks of exposure to EE. CIS resulted in weight loss, anhedonia, increased immobility, spatial learning and memory impairment, enhanced anxiety, and reduced expression of BDNF, VEGF, GFAP and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in discrete brain regions. Interestingly, stressed rats exposed to enrichment ameliorated behavioural depression, spatial learning and memory impairment and reduced anxiety behaviour. In addition, EE restored BDNF, VEGF, GFAP and GR expression and normalized hypotrophy of dentate gyrus and hippocampus in CIS rats. In contrast, EE did not restore hypertrophy of the amygdalar complex. Thus, EE ameliorates stress-induced cognitive deficits by modulating the neurotrophic factors, astrocytes and glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Shilpa
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - V Bhagya
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - G Harish
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - M M Srinivas Bharath
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - B S Shankaranarayana Rao
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560 029, India.
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10
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Martins-de-Souza D. Proteomics, metabolomics, and protein interactomics in the characterization of the molecular features of major depressive disorder. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014. [PMID: 24733971 PMCID: PMC3984892 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2014.16.1/dmartins] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Omics technologies emerged as complementary strategies to genomics in the attempt to understand human illnesses. In general, proteomics technologies emerged earlier than those of metabolomics for major depressive disorder (MDD) research, but both are driven by the identification of proteins and/or metabolites that can delineate a comprehensive characterization of MDD's molecular mechanisms, as well as lead to the identification of biomarker candidates of all types—prognosis, diagnosis, treatment, and patient stratification. Also, one can explore protein and metabolite interactomes in order to pinpoint additional molecules associated with the disease that had not been picked up initially. Here, results and methodological aspects of MDD research using proteomics, metabolomics, and protein interactomics are reviewed, focusing on human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany; Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Leger M, Paizanis E, Dzahini K, Quiedeville A, Bouet V, Cassel JC, Freret T, Schumann-Bard P, Boulouard M. Environmental Enrichment Duration Differentially Affects Behavior and Neuroplasticity in Adult Mice. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:4048-61. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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12
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Costa APR, Vieira C, Bohner LOL, Silva CF, Santos ECDS, De Lima TCM, Lino-de-Oliveira C. A proposal for refining the forced swim test in Swiss mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 45:150-5. [PMID: 23665107 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The forced swim test (FST) is a preclinical test to the screening of antidepressants based on rats or mice behaviours, which is also sensitive to stimulants of motor activity. This work standardised and validated a method to register the active and passive behaviours of Swiss mice during the FST in order to strength the specificity of the test. Adult male Swiss mice were subjected to the FST for 6 min without any treatment or after intraperitoneal injection of saline (0.1 ml/10 g), antidepressants (imipramine, desipramine, or fluoxetine, 30 mg/kg) or stimulants (caffeine, 30 mg/kg or apomorphine, 10mg/kg). The latency, frequency and duration of behaviours (immobility, swimming, and climbing) were scored and summarised in bins of 6, 4, 2 or 1 min. Parameters were first analysed using Principal Components Analysis generating components putatively related to antidepressant (first and second) or to stimulant effects (third). Antidepressants and stimulants affected similarly the parameters grouped into all components. Effects of stimulants on climbing were better distinguished of antidepressants when analysed during the last 4 min of the FST. Surprisingly, the effects of antidepressants on immobility were better distinguished from saline when parameters were scored in the first 2 min. The method proposed here is able to distinguish antidepressants from stimulants of motor activity using Swiss mice in the FST. This refinement should reduce the number of mice used in preclinical evaluation of antidepressants.
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Perez-Sepulveda JA, Flagel SB, Garcia-Fuster MJ, Slusky RJ, Aldridge JW, Watson S, Akil H. Differential impact of a complex environment on positive affect in an animal model of individual differences in emotionality. Neuroscience 2013; 248:436-47. [PMID: 23806722 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Anhedonia, or the inability to experience positive feelings is a hallmark of depression. However, few animal models have relied on decreased positive affect as an index of susceptibility to depression. Rats emit frequency-modulated ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), designated as "positive" calls in the 50-kHz range. USVs have been associated with pharmacological activation of motivational reward circuits. Here we utilized selectively-bred rats differing in "emotionality" to ask whether there are associated differences in USVs. Rats bred based on locomotor response to novelty and classified as bred High Responders (bHRs) or bred Low Responders (bLRs) exhibit inborn differences in response to environmental cues, stress responsiveness, and depression-like behavior. These animals also exhibit differences in anxiety-like behavior, which are reversed by exposure to environmental complexity (EC). Finally, these animals exhibit unique profiles of responsiveness to rewarding stimuli accompanied with distinct patterns of dopamine regulation. We investigated whether acute and chronic environmental manipulations impacted USVs in bHRs and bLRs. We found that, relative to bLRs, bHRs emitted significantly more 50-kHz USVs. However, if a bLR is accompanied by another bLR, there is a significant increase in 50-kHZ USVs emitted by this phenotype. bHRs emitted increases in 50-kHZ UVSs upon first exposure to EC, whereas bLRs showed a similar increase only after repeated exposure. bLRs' increase in positive affect after chronic EC was coupled with significant positive correlations between corticosterone levels and c-fos mRNA in the accumbens. Conversely, a decline in the rate of positive calls in bHRs after chronic EC was associated with a negative correlation between corticosterone and accumbens c-fos mRNA. These studies demonstrate that inborn differences in emotionality interact with the environment to influence positive affect and underscore the potential interaction between glucocorticoids and the mesolimbic reward circuitry in modulating 50-kHz calls.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Perez-Sepulveda
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219-1534, United States.
| | - S B Flagel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - M J Garcia-Fuster
- University Research Institute on Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - R J Slusky
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - J W Aldridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - S Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - H Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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14
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Li H, Sun C, Wang Y, Gao Y, Liu Y, Gao Y, Li X, Zhang C. Dynamic expression pattern of neuro-oncological ventral antigen 1 (Nova1) in the rat brain after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion insults. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 61:45-54. [PMID: 23042482 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412461255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the expression of neuro-oncological ventral antigen 1 (Nova1) in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) insults by immunohistochemistry. The focal cerebral I/R model was induced by right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 120 min followed by 1 day, 7 days, and 14 days of reperfusion in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The results showed that Nova1 was expressed in nearly the whole brain, although with higher density in hippocampus, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex, and medial habenular nucleus. The immunoreactivity of Nova1 neurons was increased dramatically, especially on both sides of the hippocampal CA(1) region, after 1 day of reperfusion. A strong response occurred at the ipsilateral CA(1) region between 1 day and 7 days of reperfusion. Likewise, strong compensatory responses of Nova1 expression were observed on the contralateral side of the striate cortex, dentate gyrus, and hypothalamus. Interestingly, more Nova1 neurons were observed to translocate to the dendrites and growth cones of the axons in the hypothalamus on the ischemic side after 7 days of reperfusion. In conclusion, our data suggest that Nova1 might mediate neuronal responsiveness, and its expression might positively correlate with neural repair after I/R insults in the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualing Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing, China
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Early-life social experiences in mice affect emotional behaviour and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 102:434-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yamawaki Y, Fuchikami M, Morinobu S, Segawa M, Matsumoto T, Yamawaki S. Antidepressant-like effect of sodium butyrate (HDAC inhibitor) and its molecular mechanism of action in the rat hippocampus. World J Biol Psychiatry 2012; 13:458-67. [PMID: 21812623 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2011.585663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epigenetic mechanisms, such as changes in gene expression resulting from chromatin remodeling through histone acetylation, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. However, the antidepressant-like effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate (SB) has been inconclusive. The aim of this study was to examine the antidepressant-like effect of SB and elucidate its molecular mechanisms. METHODS We examined the antidepressant-like effect of SB in a forced swim test (FST) and a tail suspension test (TST). Hippocampal gene expression analyses using DNA microarray and real-time PCR were undertaken. Western blotting and ChIP assay were undertaken to examine whether histone acetylation was associated with changes in gene expression by SB. RESULTS Repeated administration of SB significantly reduced immobility on the FST and the TST, and significantly altered the levels of mRNA for several genes; e.g., upregulation of transthyretin (Ttr) and downregulation of serotonin 2A receptor (Htr2a). Western blotting and ChIP assay revealed selective increases in histone H4 acetylation at the promoter of the Ttr gene with a significant increase in Ttr immunoreactivity 24 h after the final administration of SB. CONCLUSION These findings suggest the possibility that alterations in gene expression, including upregulation of Ttr and downregulation of several other genes, including Htr2a, may be involved in antidepressant-like effect of SB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Yamawaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Division of Frontier Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Chourbaji S, Hörtnagl H, Molteni R, Riva MA, Gass P, Hellweg R. The impact of environmental enrichment on sex-specific neurochemical circuitries - effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the serotonergic system. Neuroscience 2012; 220:267-76. [PMID: 22710068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence in mice indicates that environmental conditions affect females and males differently. However, in a recent study analyzing the heterozygous mutation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), both sexes presented a similar emotional phenotype, which became obvious only under impoverished, but not in enriched conditions suggesting an "enrichment-induced" rescue. To investigate the basis of this behavioral "rescue" effect, we analyzed neurochemical changes (BDNF expression, serotonergic changes, and corticosterone) in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and hypothalamus of animals housed under respective conditions. In male mice, enrichment induced an increase of BDNF expression in the hippocampus of both BDNF heterozygous (BDNF(+/-)) and wild-types. Notably, in enriched-reared BDNF(+/-) mice BDNF mRNA and protein increased to levels comparable to those of wild-types in impoverished environment. In the frontal cortex of males, only wild-types presented an enrichment-induced increase of BDNF mRNA, while no effect of environment could be detected in BDNF protein levels of the male hypothalamus. A further male-specific effect of "environment" is the significant reduction of hypothalamic 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in enriched-housed wild-types. In female mice, environmental enrichment did not affect BDNF expression in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. However, comparable to males, an enrichment-induced increase of BDNF mRNA was detected in the frontal cortex of wild-types only. In contrast to males, no influence of environment on serotonergic parameters was observed. Male and female corticosterone levels were neither affected by "genotype" nor by "environment". In conclusion, we propose that the rescue of the emotional phenotype by environmental enrichment in BDNF(+/-) mice is directed by distinct mechanisms in males and females. Only in male BDNF(+/-) mice the rescue is related to an increase in hippocampal BDNF expression suggesting that enrichment triggers different neuronal systems in a gender-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chourbaji
- Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim (ZI), University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Kokras N, Dalla C, Sideris AC, Dendi A, Mikail HG, Antoniou K, Papadopoulou-Daifoti Z. Behavioral sexual dimorphism in models of anxiety and depression due to changes in HPA axis activity. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:436-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Silva CF, Duarte FS, Lima TCMD, de Oliveira CL. Effects of social isolation and enriched environment on behavior of adult Swiss mice do not require hippocampal neurogenesis. Behav Brain Res 2011; 225:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Enriched environment treatment reverses depression-like behavior and restores reduced hippocampal neurogenesis and protein levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in mice lacking its expression through promoter IV. Transl Psychiatry 2011; 1:e40. [PMID: 22832656 PMCID: PMC3309483 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2011.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Promoter IV-driven expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a major neuronal growth factor, is implicated in the pathophysiology of major depression. We previously reported that mice lacking expression of BDNF through promoter IV (BDNF-KIV mice) exhibit a depression-like phenotype. Here, we examined whether the depression-like phenotype and decreased levels of BDNF because of promoter IV deficit could be rescued by enriched environment (EE) treatment, a potential antidepressant intervention. Three weeks of EE treatment rescued depression-like behavior of BDNF-KIV mice as assessed by the tail suspension test, open-field test and sucrose preference test. EE treatment also increased BDNF transcripts driven by multiple endogenous promoters and restored BDNF protein levels in the hippocampus (HIP) of BDNF-KIV mice. Further, we investigated adult hippocampal neurogenesis as a possible cellular mechanism underlying the depression-like behavior and its recovery in BDNF-KIV mice. We found that the number of surviving progenitors and their dendritic length in the dentate gyrus of the HIP were reduced in BDNF-KIV mice compared with the control wild-type mice. EE treatment restored the reduction in cell survival and dendritic length and increased cell proliferation in BDNF-KIV mice. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that EE rescued depression-like behavior, decreased BDNF levels and defective neurogenesis in the HIP caused by lack of promoter IV-driven BDNF expression. These results suggest that decreased BDNF levels because of one impaired promoter can be compensated by other BDNF promoters and that BDNF levels may be one of the key factors regulating depression and antidepressant effects through hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Xu Z, Zhang Y, Hou B, Gao Y, Wu Y, Zhang C. Chronic corticosterone administration from adolescence through early adulthood attenuates depression-like behaviors in mice. J Affect Disord 2011; 131:128-35. [PMID: 21122919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that depression may have a different neural basis at different ages. Although chronic stress and elevated glucocorticoid levels have been demonstrated to lead to the emergence of mood disorders, it remains unclear how moderate elevation of glucocorticoid levels in young animals influences depression-like behaviors and brain functions. To address this issue, the present study examines how chronic corticosterone (CORT) administration during adolescence and early adulthood influences depression-like behaviors, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response and hippocampal cell proliferation. Male mice were chronically administrated with CORT drinking water (20mg/L) during adolescence. After two months of treatment, serum CORT levels were measured using enzyme immunoassay. Hippocampal glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors were characterized using Western blot. Tail suspension and forced swim tests were used to assess depression-related behaviors in mice. Immunohistochemistry was performed to measure bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in order to assess cell proliferation in the hippocampus. Our results suggest that chronic CORT administration induced a mild but not significant elevation in basal CORT levels and attenuated the physiological responses to stress. Chronic CORT administration also reduced expression of the hippocampal mineralocorticoid receptor and decreased immobility time in both the tail suspension test and the forced swim test. Moreover, chronic CORT administration increased the BrdU immunoreactivities in the hippocampus. Taken together, these findings suggest that chronic mild elevation by CORT administration during the adolescence and early adulthood attenuates depression-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Xu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing 100850, China
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Working memory task decreases the survival of newly born neurons in hippocampus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 95:239-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yan W, Zhang T, Jia W, Sun X, Liu X. Chronic stress impairs learning and hippocampal cell proliferation in senescence-accelerated prone mice. Neurosci Lett 2011; 490:85-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Repeated swim impairs serotonin clearance via a corticosterone-sensitive mechanism: organic cation transporter 3, the smoking gun. J Neurosci 2010; 30:15185-95. [PMID: 21068324 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2740-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is associated with increased extracellular serotonin (5-HT) in limbic brain regions. The mechanism through which this occurs remains unclear. One way could be via HPA axis-dependent impairment of serotonin transporter (SERT) function, the high-affinity uptake mechanism for 5-HT. Consistent with this idea, we found that 5-HT clearance rate in hippocampus was dramatically reduced in mice exposed to repeated swim, a stimulus known to activate the HPA axis. However, this phenomenon also occurred in mice lacking SERT, ruling out SERT as a mechanism. The organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3) is emerging as an important regulator of brain 5-HT. Moreover, corticosterone, which is released upon HPA axis activation, blocks 5-HT uptake by OCT3. Repeated swim produced a persistent elevation in plasma corticosterone, and, consistent with prolonged blockade by corticosterone, we found that OCT3 expression and function were reduced in these mice. Importantly, this effect of repeated swim to reduce 5-HT clearance rate was corticosterone dependent, as evidenced by its absence in adrenalectomized mice, in which plasma corticosterone levels were essentially undetectable. Behaviorally, mice subjected to repeated swim spent less time immobile in the tail suspension test than control mice, but responded similarly to SERT- and norepinephrine transporter-selective antidepressants. Together, these results show that reduced 5-HT clearance following HPA axis activation is likely mediated, at least in part, by the corticosterone-sensitive OCT3, and that drugs developed to selectively target OCT3 (unlike corticosterone) may be candidates for the development of novel antidepressant medications.
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Liu Y, Gao Y, Wu Y, Wu Y, Wang H, Zhang C. Histochemical mapping of hnRNP A2/B1 in rat brain after ischemia-reperfusion insults. J Histochem Cytochem 2010; 58:695-705. [PMID: 20421594 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2010.955021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) insults result in neuronal cell death, brain tissue loss, and severe neurological deficits. However, the underlying mechanism is still not fully understood. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A2/B1 belongs to a family of RNA-binding proteins that plays a central role in pre-mRNA processing. Recent studies have revealed that hnRNP A2/B1 may be involved in the progress of I/R; therefore, the present study aimed to examine expression patterns of hnRNP A2/B1 to better understand posttranscriptional regulations in cerebral I/R insults. Focal cerebral I/R models were induced by right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 120 min followed by 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hr of reperfusion in male Sprague-Dawley rats. We employed immunohistochemistry to examine expression of hnRNP A2/B1 in rat cerebral cortex (including cingulate cortex, striate cortex, temporal cortex, and piriform cortex) and hippocampus after I/R insults. Results showed that expression of hnRNP A2/B1 was significantly downregulated in cerebral cortex and hippocampus from 3 to 24 hr of reperfusion after MCAO for 120 min, but significantly upregulated at 48 hr of reperfusion. Unexpectedly, translocation of hnRNP A2/B1 from nucleus to cytoplasm and even to neurites was observed in cerebral cortex at 3 hr of reperfusion, reaching a peak at 24 hr of reperfusion, but not in hippocampus, indicating different posttranscriptional regulation patterns in different brain regions. Interestingly, translocation of hnRNP A2/B1 was only observed in cerebral cortex with MCAO but not in the opposite side, suggesting an I/R-specific expression pattern in the brain. Our data suggest that hnRNP A2/B1 participates in posttranscriptional regulation of neurons in cerebral cortex and hippocampus that suffered I/R insults, although posttranscriptional regulation is more extensive in neuronal cells of cerebral cortex than in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing, China
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