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Arranz Arija JA, Del Muro XG, Caro RL, Méndez-Vidal MJ, Pérez-Valderrama B, Aparicio J, Climent Durán MÁ, Caballero Díaz C, Durán I, González-Billalabeitia E. SEOM-GG clinical guidelines for the management of germ-cell testicular cancer (2023). Clin Transl Oncol 2024:10.1007/s12094-024-03532-2. [PMID: 38958901 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors are the most common tumors in adolescent and young men. They are curable malignancies that should be treated with curative intent, minimizing acute and long-term side effects. Inguinal orchiectomy is the main diagnostic procedure, and is also curative for most localized tumors, while patients with unfavorable risk factors for recurrence, or those who are unable or unwilling to undergo close follow-up, may require adjuvant treatment. Patients with persistent markers after orchiectomy or advanced disease at diagnosis should be staged and classified according to the IGCCCG prognostic classification. BEP is the most recommended chemotherapy, but other schedules such as EP or VIP may be used to avoid bleomycin in some patients. Efforts should be made to avoid unnecessary delays and dose reductions wherever possible. Insufficient marker decline after each cycle is associated with poor prognosis. Management of residual masses after chemotherapy differs between patients with seminoma and non-seminoma tumors. Patients at high risk of relapse, those with refractory tumors, or those who relapse after chemotherapy should be managed by multidisciplinary teams in experienced centers. Salvage treatment for these patients includes conventional-dose chemotherapy (TIP) and/or high-dose chemotherapy, although the best regimen and strategy for each subgroup of patients is not yet well established. In late recurrences, early complete surgical resection should be performed when feasible. Given the high cure rate of TGCT, oncologists should work with patients to prevent and identify potential long-term side effects of the treatment. The above recommendations also apply to extragonadal retroperitoneal and mediastinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier García Del Muro
- Hospital Duran I Reynals, Institut Català D'Oncologia L'Hospitalet (ICO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Luque Caro
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Jorge Aparicio
- Hospital Universitario I Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Ignacio Durán
- Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
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Pandit K, Puri D, Yuen K, Yodkhunnatham N, Meagher M, Bagrodia A. Optimal imaging techniques across the spectrum of testicular cancer. Urol Oncol 2024:S1078-1439(24)00497-6. [PMID: 38960839 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2024.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Over the years, several imaging techniques have been used in the diagnosis and management of testicular cancer. We compartmentalize disease stages into preorchiectomy, stage 1, initial stage 2 and 3 and postchemotherapy stage 2 and 3. We then elaborate on various imaging modalities that are relevant to each of these stages. We also describe evolving imaging tools that have shown promise. We attempt to provide a comprehensive review of these techniques over the spectrum of testicular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Pandit
- Department of Urology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Dhruv Puri
- Department of Urology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Kit Yuen
- Department of Urology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Margaret Meagher
- Department of Urology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Aditya Bagrodia
- Department of Urology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.
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3
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Conduit C, Lewin J, Weickhardt A, Lynam J, Wong S, Grimison P, Sengupta S, Pranavan G, Parnis F, Bastick P, Campbell D, Hansen AR, Leonard M, McJannett M, Stockler MR, Gibbs P, Toner G, Davis ID, Tran B, Kuchel A. Patterns of Relapse in Australian Patients With Clinical Stage 1 Testicular Cancer: Utility of the Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate Cancer Trials Group Surveillance Recommendations. JCO Oncol Pract 2023; 19:973-980. [PMID: 37327464 DOI: 10.1200/op.23.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE International guidelines advocate for active surveillance as the preferred treatment strategy for patients with stage 1 testicular cancer after orchidectomy although a personalized discussion is required. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted an analysis of individuals registered in iTestis, Australia's testicular cancer registry, to describe the patterns of relapse and outcomes of patients treated in Australia where the Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate Cancer Trials Group Surveillance Recommendations are widely adopted. RESULTS A total of 650 individuals diagnosed between 2000 and 2020 were included, 63% (411 of 650) seminoma and 37% (239 of 650) nonseminoma. The median age was 34 years (range 14-74). 26% (106 of 411) with seminoma and 15% (36 of 239) nonseminoma received adjuvant chemotherapy. After a median follow-up of 43 months (range 0-267) postorchidectomy, relapse occurred in 10% (43 of 411) of seminoma and 18% (43 of 239) of nonseminoma. The two-year relapse-free survival was 92% (95% CI, 89 to 95) and 82% (95% CI, 78 to 87) in seminoma and nonseminoma, respectively. All relapses (86 of 86) were detected at a routine surveillance visit; 98% (85 of 86) were asymptomatic and detected solely through imaging (62 of 86, 72%), tumor markers (6 of 86, 7%), or a combination (17 of 86, 20%). The most common relapse site was isolated retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy (53 of 86, 62%). No nonpulmonary visceral metastases occurred. At relapse, 98% (84 of 86) had International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) good prognosis; 2 of 86 intermediate prognosis (both nonseminoma). No deaths occurred. CONCLUSION In our cohort of stage 1 testicular cancer, where national surveillance recommendations have been widely adopted, recurrences were detected at routine surveillance visits and, almost exclusively, asymptomatic with IGCCCG good-prognosis disease. This provides reassurance that active surveillance is safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Conduit
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- The Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeremy Lewin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- The Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- ONTrac at Peter Mac, Victorian Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Service, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Weickhardt
- The Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - James Lynam
- The Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle, Waratah, NSW, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Shirley Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Western Health, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Grimison
- The Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Shomik Sengupta
- The Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Department of Urology, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Ganes Pranavan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - Francis Parnis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Icon Cancer Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Patricia Bastick
- The Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Southside Cancer Care Centre, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, St George/Sutherland Hospital, Caringbah, NSW, Australia
| | - David Campbell
- Department of Medical Oncology, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Aaron R Hansen
- The Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matt Leonard
- The Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Margaret McJannett
- The Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin R Stockler
- The Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Gibbs
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Western Health, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Guy Toner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian D Davis
- The Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Monash University Eastern Health Clinical School, Box Hill, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Ben Tran
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- The Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna Kuchel
- The Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
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Lobo J, Acosta AM, Netto GJ. Molecular Biomarkers With Potential Clinical Application in Testicular Cancer. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100307. [PMID: 37611872 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) and sex cord-stromal tumors (SCSTs) are the most common testicular neoplasms. The morphologic spectrum of such tumors is wide, with several histologic subtypes within each group. Testicular tumors often represent a diagnostic challenge, requiring proper identification of their biologic potential for accurate risk stratification and selection of therapy. In the era of precision medicine, molecular biomarkers are increasingly assuming a critical role in the management of patients with cancer. Given the overall rarity of certain types of testicular neoplasms, progress in biomarker research has been relatively slow. However, in recent years, we have witnessed a multitude of important contributions, including both tissue-based and liquid biopsy biomarkers, stemming from important discoveries of tumor pathobiology, accurate histopathological analysis, multi-institutional studies, and genome-wide molecular analyses of specific tumor subtypes. In this review, we provide an overview of the progress in molecular biomarkers of TGCTs and SCSTs, focusing on those with greatest potential for clinical application. In TGCTs, developmental biology has been the key to understanding these tumors and identifying clinically useful biomarkers (from classical serum tumor markers to pluripotency factors and circulating microRNAs of the 371-373 cluster). For SCSTs, studies have focused on tissue biomarkers only, and genome-wide investigations have recently contributed to a better understanding of rare phenotypes and the aggressive biological behavior of some tumors within this nosologic category. Several new biomarkers are moving toward clinical implementation in this field. Therefore, the practicing pathologist should be aware of their strengths and limitations in order to utilize them properly and maximize their clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Lobo
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (P.CCC), Porto, Portugal; Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca & RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andres M Acosta
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - George J Netto
- Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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Chavarriaga J, Sayyid RK, Bernardino R, Kumar R, Al-Rumayyan M, Hamilton RJ. Redefining surveillance strategies: innovations in testicular cancer care. Transl Androl Urol 2023; 12:1368-1370. [PMID: 37814697 PMCID: PMC10560341 DOI: 10.21037/tau-23-391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rashid K. Sayyid
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rui Bernardino
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Majed Al-Rumayyan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert J. Hamilton
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Speicher P, Fankhauser CD, Lorch A, Ardizzone D, Helnwein S, Hoch D, Hermanns T, Beyer J, Akhoundova D. Excellent survival in relapsed stage I testicular cancer. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:870. [PMID: 37715132 PMCID: PMC10503206 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11388-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two thirds of patients with germ-cell cancer (GCC) present as clinical stage I (CSI). Following orchiectomy, active surveillance (AS) has become their standard management. However, 15-50% of patients eventually relapse with metastatic disease after AS. Relapses need to be detected early in order to achieve cure and avoid overtreatment. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed consecutive GCC patients treated at two Swiss academic centers between 2010 and 2020. Patients with stage IS and extragonadal primaries were excluded. We compared disease characteristics and survival outcomes of patients relapsed from initial CSI to patients with de novo metastatic disease. Primary endpoint was the IGCCCG category at the time of relapse. Main secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS We identified 360 GCC patients with initial CSI and 245 de novo metastatic patients. After a median follow-up of 47 months, 81 of 360 (22.5%) CSI patients relapsed: 41 seminoma (Sem) and 40 non-seminoma (NSem) patients. All Sems relapsed in the IGCCCG good prognosis group. NSem relapsed with good 29/40 (72.5%) and intermediate 11/40 (27.5%) prognostic features; 95.1% of relapses occurred within five years post-orchiectomy. Only 3 relapsed NSem patients died from metastatic disease. Five-year OS for relapsed CSI patients was 100% for Sem and 87% (95% CI: 61-96%) for NSem patients; five-year PFS was 92% (95% CI: 77-97) and 78% (95% CI: 56-90) for Sem and NSem, respectively. When stratified by IGCCCG prognostic groups, good risk relapsed patients had a trend towards better OS and PFS as compared to de novo metastatic patients. CONCLUSIONS GCC patients who relapse after initial CSI can be detected early by active surveillance and have an excellent survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Speicher
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Hospital of Thun, 3600, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Anja Lorch
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Davide Ardizzone
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Helnwein
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Hoch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hermanns
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Beyer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Dilara Akhoundova
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
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Matulewicz RS, Fankhauser CD, Sheinfeld J, Bagrodia A. Novel approaches to redesign surveillance strategies following orchiectomy for localized testicular cancer: a narrative review. Transl Androl Urol 2023; 12:1016-1022. [PMID: 37426604 PMCID: PMC10323446 DOI: 10.21037/tau-22-855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Surveillance is the preferred management strategy for most men with clinical stage I testicular cancer after orchiectomy. However, frequent office visits, imaging tests, and laboratory studies place a significant burden on patients, which may contribute to poor compliance with guideline-recommended surveillance regimens. Identifying strategies to overcome these barriers may help improve quality of life, reduce costs, and improve adherence for patients. We reviewed evidence for three strategies that may help with surveillance redesign: telemedicine, implementing microRNA (miRNA) as a biomarker, and novel imaging protocols. Methods A web-based literature search for novel imaging strategies, diagnostic utility of miRNA, and telehealth as they relate to early-stage testicular germ cell cancer was completed during the month of August 2022. We focused our search on contemporary PubMed-indexed and Google Scholar-registered manuscripts written in English. Supportive data sourced from current guideline statements were also included. Evidence was compiled for narrative review. Key Content and Findings Telemedicine is a safe and acceptable platform for urologic cancer follow-up care, but it requires further study specifically among men with testicular cancer. Access to care may either be improved or reduced depending on system- and patient-level characteristics and should be implemented with this in mind. miRNA may potentially be a helpful biomarker for men with localized disease, but further research on diagnostic accuracy and marker kinetics are needed before implementing it into routine surveillance strategies or using it to deviate from long-standing surveillance regiments. Novel imaging strategies with less frequent imaging and the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) instead of computed tomography (CT) appear to be non-inferior in clinical trials. However, use of MRI requires expert radiologist availability and may be more costly with a lower ability to detect small, early recurrences when used in routine practice. Conclusions Using telemedicine, integrating miRNA as a tumor marker, and adopting less intensive imaging strategies may improve guideline-concordant surveillance for men with localized testicular cancer. Future studies are needed to assess the risks and benefits of using these novel approaches separately or together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Matulewicz
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian D. Fankhauser
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Joel Sheinfeld
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aditya Bagrodia
- Department of Urology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Abstract
Testicular cancer is a curable cancer. The success of physicians in curing the disease is underpinned by multidisciplinary advances. Cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy and the refinement of post-chemotherapy surgical procedures and diagnostic strategies have greatly improved long term survival in most patients. Despite such excellent outcomes, several controversial dilemmas exist in the approaches to clinical stage I disease, salvage chemotherapy, post-chemotherapy surgical procedures, and implementing innovative imaging studies. Relapse after salvage chemotherapy has a poor prognosis and the optimal treatment is not apparent. Recent research has provided insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying cisplatin resistance. Phase 2 studies with targeted agents have failed to show adequate efficacy; however, our understanding of cisplatin resistant disease is rapidly expanding. This review summarizes recent advances and discusses relevant issues in the biology and management of testicular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Chovanec
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
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Kaufmann E, Antonelli L, Albers P, Cary C, Gillessen Sommer S, Heidenreich A, Oing C, Oldenburg J, Pierorazio PM, Stephenson AJ, Fankhauser CD. Oncological Follow-up Strategies for Testicular Germ Cell Tumours: A Narrative Review. EUR UROL SUPPL 2022; 44:142-149. [PMID: 36106144 PMCID: PMC9465095 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Antonelli
- Department of Urology, Luzerner Kantonssspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Albers
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Clint Cary
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Silke Gillessen Sommer
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biosciences, USI University, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Axel Heidenreich
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Oing
- Sir Bobby Robson Cancer Trials Research Centre, Department of Cancer Services, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jan Oldenburg
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital and Medical Faculty of University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Phillip Martin Pierorazio
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Christian Daniel Fankhauser
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, Luzerner Kantonssspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. Department of Urology, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Spitalstrasse 6000, 16 Lucerne, Switzerland.
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