1
|
O'Halloran S, Pandit A, Heise A, Kellett A. Two-Photon Polymerization: Fundamentals, Materials, and Chemical Modification Strategies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204072. [PMID: 36585380 PMCID: PMC9982557 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization (TPP) has become a premier state-of-the-art method for microscale fabrication of bespoke polymeric devices and surfaces. With applications ranging from the production of optical, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and microfluidic devices, TPP has grown immensely in the past two decades. Significantly, the field has expanded from standard acrylate- and epoxy-based photoresists to custom formulated monomers designed to change the hydrophilicity, surface chemistry, mechanical properties, and more of the resulting structures. This review explains the essentials of TPP, from its initial conception through to standard operating principles and advanced chemical modification strategies for TPP materials. At the outset, the fundamental chemistries of radical and cationic polymerization are described, along with strategies used to tailor mechanical and functional properties. This review then describes TPP systems and introduces an array of commonly used photoresists including hard polyacrylic resins, soft hydrogel acrylic esters, epoxides, and organic/inorganic hybrid materials. Specific examples of each class-including chemically modified photoresists-are described to inform the understanding of their applications to the fields of tissue-engineering scaffolds, micromedical, optical, and drug delivery devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seán O'Halloran
- CÚRAMthe SFI Research Centre for Medical DevicesSchool of Chemical SciencesDublin City UniversityGlasnevinDublin 9Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAMthe SFI Research Centre for Medical DevicesUniversity of GalwayGalwayH91 W2TYIreland
| | - Andreas Heise
- RCSIUniversity of Medicine and Health SciencesDepartment of Chemistry123 St. Stephens GreenDublinDublin 2Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER)RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences and Trinity College DublinDublinDublin 2Ireland
- CÚRAMthe SFI Research Centre for Medical DevicesRCSI University of Medicine and Health SciencesDublin and National University of Ireland GalwayGalwayH91 W2TYIreland
| | - Andrew Kellett
- CÚRAMthe SFI Research Centre for Medical DevicesSchool of Chemical SciencesDublin City UniversityGlasnevinDublin 9Ireland
- SSPCthe SFI Research Centre for PharmaceuticalsDublin City UniversityGlasnevinDublinDublin 9Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fekete T, Mészáros M, Szegletes Z, Vizsnyiczai G, Zimányi L, Deli MA, Veszelka S, Kelemen L. Optically Manipulated Microtools to Measure Adhesion of the Nanoparticle-Targeting Ligand Glutathione to Brain Endothelial Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:39018-39029. [PMID: 34397215 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Targeting nanoparticles as drug delivery platforms is crucial to facilitate their cellular entry. Docking of nanoparticles by targeting ligands on cell membranes is the first step for the initiation of cellular uptake. As a model system, we studied brain microvascular endothelial cells, which form the anatomical basis of the blood-brain barrier, and the tripeptide glutathione, one of the most effective targeting ligands of nanoparticles to cross the blood-brain barrier. To investigate this initial docking step between glutathione and the membrane of living brain endothelial cells, we applied our recently developed innovative optical method. We present a microtool, with a task-specific geometry used as a probe, actuated by multifocus optical tweezers to characterize the adhesion probability and strength of glutathione-coated surfaces to the cell membrane of endothelial cells. The binding probability of the glutathione-coated surface and the adhesion force between the microtool and cell membrane was measured in a novel arrangement: cells were cultured on a vertical polymer wall and the mechanical forces were generated laterally and at the same time, perpendicularly to the plasma membrane. The adhesion force values were also determined with more conventional atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements using functionalized colloidal probes. The optical trapping-based method was found to be suitable to measure very low adhesion forces (≤ 20 pN) without a high level of noise, which is characteristic for AFM measurements in this range. The holographic optical tweezers-directed functionalized microtools may help characterize the adhesion step of nanoparticles initiating transcytosis and select ligands to target nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Fekete
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged 6726, Hungary
- Doctoral School in Multidisciplinary Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Mária Mészáros
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Szegletes
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Gaszton Vizsnyiczai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - László Zimányi
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Mária A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Veszelka
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Lóránd Kelemen
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged 6726, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang J, Ding H, Liu X, Gu H, Wei M, Li X, Liu S, Li S, Du X, Gu Z. Facile Surface Functionalization Strategy for Two-Photon Lithography Microstructures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2101048. [PMID: 34269514 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon lithography (TPL) is a powerful tool to construct small-scale objects with complex and precise 3D architectures. While the limited selection of chemical functionalities on the printed structures has restricted the application of this method in fabricating functional objects and devices, this study presents a facile, efficient, and extensively applicable method to functionalize the surfaces of the objects printed by TPL. TPL-printed objects, regardless of their compositions, can be efficiently functionalized by combining trichlorovinylsilane treatment and thiol-ene chemistry. Various functionalities can be introduced on the printed objects, without affecting their micro-nano topographies. Hence, microstructures with diverse functions can be generated using non-functional photoresists. Compared to existed strategies, this method is fast, highly efficient, and non photoresist-dependent. In addition, this method can be applied to various materials, such as metals, metal oxides, and plastics that can be potentially utilized in TPL or other 3D printing technologies. The applications of this method on the biofunctionalization of microrobots and cell scaffolds are also demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xiaojiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hongcheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Mengxiao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xiaoran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Shengnan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Buchroithner B, Mayr S, Hauser F, Priglinger E, Stangl H, Santa-Maria AR, Deli MA, Der A, Klar TA, Axmann M, Sivun D, Mairhofer M, Jacak J. Dual Channel Microfluidics for Mimicking the Blood-Brain Barrier. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2984-2993. [PMID: 33480670 PMCID: PMC7905877 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution imaging is essential for analysis of the steps and way stations of cargo transport in in vitro models of the endothelium. In this study, we demonstrate a microfluidic system consisting of two channels horizontally separated by a cell-growth-promoting membrane. Its design allows for high-resolution (down to single-molecule level) imaging using a high numerical aperture objective with a short working distance. To reduce optical aberrations and enable single-molecule-sensitive imaging, an observation window was constructed in the membrane via laser cutting with subsequent structuring using 3D multiphoton lithography for improved cell growth. The upper channel was loaded with endothelial cells under flow conditions, which showed polarization and junction formation. A coculture of human vascular endothelial cells with pericytes was developed that mimics the blood-brain barrier. Finally, this dual channel microfluidics system enabled 3D localization microscopy of the cytoskeleton and 3D single-molecule-sensitive tracing of lipoprotein particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Buchroithner
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Sandra Mayr
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Fabian Hauser
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Eleni Priglinger
- Ludwig
Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Stangl
- Institute
of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Raquel Santa-Maria
- Institute
of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Maria A. Deli
- Institute
of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andras Der
- Institute
of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Thomas A. Klar
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Axmann
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Dmitry Sivun
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Mario Mairhofer
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Telitel S, Morris JC, Guillaneuf Y, Clément JL, Morlet-Savary F, Spangenberg A, Malval JP, Lalevée J, Gigmes D, Soppera O. Laser Direct Writing of Arbitrary Complex Polymer Microstructures by Nitroxide-Mediated Photopolymerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:30779-30786. [PMID: 32515576 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate the possibility of generating arbitrary polymer microstructures covalently linked to a first polymer layer by laser direct writing. At the molecular scale, the process relies on nitroxide-mediated photopolymerization triggered by a light-sensitive alkoxyamine. In addition to the proof of concept and examples of achievable structures, including multichemistry patterns and 3D structures, this paper aims at investigating the physicochemical phenomena involved under such conditions. In particular, the parameters influencing the repolymerization process are considered, and special attention is paid to the study of the impact of oxygen on the spatial control of the polymerization. Such a work opens many possibilities toward the fabrication of on-demand high-resolution (multi)functional polymer micro and nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siham Telitel
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jason C Morris
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Fabrice Morlet-Savary
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Arnaud Spangenberg
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Malval
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Soppera
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Combination of Alanine and Glutathione as Targeting Ligands of Nanoparticles Enhances Cargo Delivery into the Cells of the Neurovascular Unit. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070635. [PMID: 32645904 PMCID: PMC7407318 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inefficient drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and into target cells in the brain hinders the treatment of neurological diseases. One strategy to increase the brain penetration of drugs is to use vesicular nanoparticles functionalized with multiple ligands of BBB transporters as vehicles. Once within the brain, however, drugs must also be able to reach their therapeutic targets in the different cell types. It is, therefore, favorable if such nanocarriers are designed that can deliver their cargo not only to brain endothelial cells, but to other cell types as well. Here, we show that alanine-glutathione dual-targeting of niosomes enhances the delivery of a large protein cargo into cultured cells of the neurovascular unit, namely brain endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes and neurons. Furthermore, using metabolic and endocytic inhibitors, we show that the cellular uptake of niosomes is energy-dependent and is partially mediated by endocytosis. Finally, we demonstate the ability of our targeted nanovesicles to deliver their cargo into astroglial cells after crossing the BBB in vitro. These data indicate that dual-labeling of nanoparticles with alanine and glutathione can potentially be exploited to deliver drugs, even biopharmacons, across the BBB and into multiple cell types in the brain.
Collapse
|
7
|
Pattison TG, Spanu A, Friz AM, Fu Q, Miller RD, Qiao GG. Growing Patterned, Cross-linked Nanoscale Polymer Films from Organic and Inorganic Surfaces Using Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:4041-4051. [PMID: 31741381 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability to modify substrates with thin polymer films allows for the tailoring of surface properties, and through combination of patterning finds use in a large variety of applications such as electronics and lab-on-chip devices. Although many techniques can be used to afford polymer-modified surfaces such as surface-initiated polymerization or layer-by-layer methodologies, their stability in a wide range of environments as well as their ability to target specific chemistry are critical factors to enable their successful application. In this paper, we report a facile technique in creating nanoscale polymer thin films using solid-state continuous assembly of polymers via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ssCAPROMP) directly from surfaces functionalized through silanization. Using a polymeric precursor that includes norbornene moieties, a highly dense cross-linked network of polymer can be grown in a bottom-up fashion to afford thin films from an olefin-terminated silanized planar surface. Such nanotechnology affords films retaining the desirable qualities of previously reported methods while, at the same time, being covalently bound to the substrate: they are virtually pinhole free and can be reinitiated multiple times. By combining this process with microcontact printing, patterned films can be created by either the patterned deposition of a catalyst or by controlling the surface silanization chemistry and placement of olefin-terminated and nonreactive silanes. Additionally, patterned ssCAPROMP films were grown from SU-8 by selectively functionalizing the surface through masking and lift-off processes after the silanization step, thereby spatially controlling the surface-initiation, and subsequent polymer film formation. These patterned films expand the capabilities of the CAPROMP process and offer advantages over other film formation techniques in processes where patterned substrates and modified but robust surface chemistries are utilized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Pattison
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
- International Business Machines-Almaden Research Center , 650 Harry Road , San Jose , California 95110 , United States
| | - Andrea Spanu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , University of Cagliari , via Marengo , 09123 Cagliari , Italy
| | - Alexander M Friz
- International Business Machines-Almaden Research Center , 650 Harry Road , San Jose , California 95110 , United States
| | - Qiang Fu
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
- The Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo , NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Robert D Miller
- International Business Machines-Almaden Research Center , 650 Harry Road , San Jose , California 95110 , United States
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Trimodal Waveguide Demonstration and Its Implementation as a High Order Mode Interferometer for Sensing Application. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19122821. [PMID: 31238583 PMCID: PMC6630700 DOI: 10.3390/s19122821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This work implements and demonstrates an interferometric transducer based on a trimodal optical waveguide concept. The readout signal is generated from the interference between the fundamental and second-order modes propagating on a straight polymer waveguide. Intuitively, the higher the mode order, the larger the fraction of power (evanescent field) propagating outside the waveguide core, hence the higher the sensitivity that can be achieved when interfering against the strongly confined fundamental mode. The device is fabricated using the polymer SU-8 over a SiO2 substrate and shows a free spectral range of 20.2 nm and signal visibility of 5.7 dB, reaching a sensitivity to temperature variations of 0.0586 dB/°C. The results indicate that the proposed interferometer is a promising candidate for highly sensitive, compact and low-cost photonic transducer for implementation in different types of sensing applications, among these, point-of-care.
Collapse
|
9
|
Optimization of 3D-printed microstructures for investigating the properties of the mucus biobarrier. MICRO AND NANO ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mne.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
10
|
Yee DW, Schulz MD, Grubbs RH, Greer JR. Functionalized 3D Architected Materials via Thiol-Michael Addition and Two-Photon Lithography. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:10.1002/adma.201605293. [PMID: 28218477 PMCID: PMC5529122 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of functionalized 3D architected materials is achieved by a facile method using functionalized acrylates synthesized via thiol-Michael addition, which are then polymerized using two-photon lithography. A wide variety of functional groups can be attached, from Boc-protected amines to fluoroalkanes. Modification of surface wetting properties and conjugation with fluorescent tags are demonstrated to highlight the potential applications of this technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daryl W Yee
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Michael D Schulz
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Robert H Grubbs
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Julia R Greer
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, CA, 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Harmati M, Tarnai Z, Decsi G, Kormondi S, Szegletes Z, Janovak L, Dekany I, Saydam O, Gyukity-Sebestyen E, Dobra G, Nagy I, Nagy K, Buzas K. Stressors alter intercellular communication and exosome profile of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 46:259-266. [PMID: 27598726 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck cancers comprise the sixth most common cancer type worldwide. One of the most remarkable malignancies of the head and neck is the cancer of the nasopharynx, with a strong metastatic tendency already in the early stage. Besides the conventional pathways of metastasis formation, the information content of exosomes produced by the cancer cells may play a key role in metastatic transformation. The aim of this study was to investigate how stressors alter the characteristic of tumor derived exosomes. METHODS In our experimental model, we compared the quantity and content of exosomes produced by a nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line (5-8F) under conventional (chemotherapy) and alternative (Ag-TiO2 -catalyzed reactive oxygen species generation) cytostatic treatment. After isolation, exosomes were identified by atomic force microscopy and quantified with Nanosight NS500 device. MicroRNA content of them was analyzed using SOLiD 5500xl technology. The sequences were annotated in CLC Genomics Workbench version 5.5.1. RESULTS Beyond the classic chemotherapeutic agent (doxorubicin), Ag-TiO2 in a photo-catalytic process also showed cytostatic activity. Tumor cell damage induced by the cytostatic treatments significantly altered the number of released exosomes and led to the predominance of tumor suppressors in the exosomal miRNA profile. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the intercellular communication between tumor cells and surrounding stroma cells can be altered by microenvironment which increased quantity of exosomes and diversity of miRNAs in this study. Imbalance of oncogenic and tumor suppressor miRNAs caused by cytostatic treatments may influence the antiproliferative and metastasis inhibitory effect of cytostatic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Harmati
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Tarnai
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabor Decsi
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sandor Kormondi
- Department of Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Szegletes
- Biological Application of the Atomic Force Microscope Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Janovak
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Dekany
- MTA-SZTE Supramolecular and Nanostructured Materials Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Okay Saydam
- Molecular Neuro-Oncology Research Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edina Gyukity-Sebestyen
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Dobra
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Istvan Nagy
- Sequencing Platform, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin Nagy
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Buzas
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aekbote BL, Fekete T, Jacak J, Vizsnyiczai G, Ormos P, Kelemen L. Surface-modified complex SU-8 microstructures for indirect optical manipulation of single cells. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:45-56. [PMID: 26819816 PMCID: PMC4722909 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a method that combines two-photon polymerization (TPP) and surface functionalization to enable the indirect optical manipulation of live cells. TPP-made 3D microstructures were coated specifically with a multilayer of the protein streptavidin and non-specifically with IgG antibody using polyethylene glycol diamine as a linker molecule. Protein density on their surfaces was quantified for various coating methods. The streptavidin-coated structures were shown to attach to biotinated cells reproducibly. We performed basic indirect optical micromanipulation tasks with attached structure-cell couples using complex structures and a multi-focus optical trap. The use of such extended manipulators for indirect optical trapping ensures to keep a safe distance between the trapping beams and the sensitive cell and enables their 6 degrees of freedom actuation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Badri L. Aekbote
- Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Tamás Fekete
- Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Gaszton Vizsnyiczai
- Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Pál Ormos
- Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Lóránd Kelemen
- Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Beckwith KS, Cooil SP, Wells JW, Sikorski P. Tunable high aspect ratio polymer nanostructures for cell interfaces. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:8438-50. [PMID: 25891641 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00674k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale topographies and chemical patterns can be used as synthetic cell interfaces with a range of applications including the study and control of cellular processes. Herein, we describe the fabrication of high aspect ratio nanostructures using electron beam lithography in the epoxy-based polymer SU-8. We show how nanostructure geometry, position and fluorescence properties can be tuned, allowing flexible device design. Further, thiol-epoxide reactions were developed to give effective and specific modification of SU-8 surface chemistry. SU-8 nanostructures were made directly on glass cover slips, enabling the use of high resolution optical techniques such as live-cell confocal, total internal reflection and 3D structured illumination microscopy to investigate cell interactions with the nanostructures. Details of cell adherence and spreading, plasma membrane conformation and actin organization in response to high aspect ratio nanopillars and nanolines were investigated. The versatile structural and chemical properties combined with the high resolution cell imaging capabilities of this system are an important step towards the better understanding and control of cell interactions with nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sandvold Beckwith
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kuebler SM, Narayanan A, Karas DE, Wilburn KM. Low-Distortion Surface Functionalization of Polymeric Microstructures. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Kuebler
- Chemistry Department; CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics; and; Physics Department, University of Central Florida; 4000 Central Florida Blvd. Orlando FL 32816 USA
| | - Ananthakrishnan Narayanan
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics; University of Central Florida; 4000 Central Florida Blvd. Orlando FL 32816 USA
| | - Dale E. Karas
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics; University of Central Florida; 4000 Central Florida Blvd. Orlando FL 32816 USA
| | - Kaley M. Wilburn
- Department of Chemistry; University of Central Florida; 4000 Central Florida Blvd. Orlando FL 32816 USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wiesbauer M, Wollhofen R, Vasic B, Schilcher K, Jacak J, Klar TA. Nano-anchors with single protein capacity produced with STED lithography. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:5672-8. [PMID: 24111646 DOI: 10.1021/nl4033523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Acrylate nanoanchors of subdiffraction-limited diameter are written with optical stimulated emission depletion (STED) lithography. After incubation, 98% of all nanoanchors are loaded quickly with fluorescently labeled antibodies. Controlling the size of the nanoanchors allows for limiting the number of the antibodies. Direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) imaging, statistical distribution of fluorescence, quantitative fluorescence readout, and single molecule blinking consistently prove that 80% of the nanoanchors with a 65 nm diameter are carrying only one antibody each, which are functional as confirmed with live erythrocytes.
Collapse
|