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Arrigo R, Malucelli G, Mantia FPL. Effect of the Elongational Flow on the Morphology and Properties of Polymer Systems: A Brief Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3529. [PMID: 34685288 PMCID: PMC8541082 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer-processing operations with dominating elongational flow have a great relevance, especially in several relevant industrial applications. Film blowing, fiber spinning and foaming are some examples in which the polymer melt is subjected to elongational flow during processing. To gain a thorough knowledge of the material-processing behavior, the evaluation of the rheological properties of the polymers experiencing this kind of flow is fundamental. This paper reviews the main achievements regarding the processing-structure-properties relationships of polymer-based materials processed through different operations with dominating elongational flow. In particular, after a brief discussion on the theoretical features associated with the elongational flow and the differences with other flow regimes, the attention is focused on the rheological properties in elongation of the most industrially relevant polymers. Finally, the evolution of the morphology of homogeneous polymers, as well as of multiphase polymer-based systems, such as blends and micro- and nano-composites, subjected to the elongational flow is discussed, highlighting the potential and the unique characteristics of the processing operations based on elongation flow, as compared to their shear-dominated counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Arrigo
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo La Mantia
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Nanotechnology-Based Strategy to Upgrade the Performances of Plastic Flexible Film Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050830. [PMID: 31071960 PMCID: PMC6571936 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to improve the performances of Fil-s (film-small), a recycled material obtained from plastic flexible film waste that is made of polyethylene and a minor amount of polypropylene, with traces of polar contaminants (polyamides, maleic anhydride, etc.). The idea was to upgrade the material’s mechanical properties by applying a nanotechnology-based strategy that takes advantage of the composition of Fil-s. In particular, different amounts of copolyamide (CoPA) and its masterbatch with an organic-modified nanosilicate were melt compounded with Fil-s in a twin-screw extruder. The good affinity between Fil-s and CoPA, proved by means of spectroscopic and rheological analysis, allowed for the obtaining of a well-refined morphology for the neat and hybrid blends. This resulted in very interesting increments of the strain at break, which was particularly impressive (10 times higher) in the case of the blend with the lower amount of copolyamide masterbatch, but without sacrificing the stiffness and strength of Fil-s.
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Garofalo E, Di Maio L, Scarfato P, Di Gregorio F, Incarnato L. Reactive compatibilization and melt compounding with nanosilicates of post-consumer flexible plastic packagings. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Di Maio L, Marra F, Bedane TF, Incarnato L, Saguy S. Oxygen transfer in co-extruded multilayer active films for food packaging. AIChE J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Di Maio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale; Università degli Studi di Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano Salerno 84084 Italy
| | - Francesco Marra
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale; Università degli Studi di Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano Salerno 84084 Italy
| | - Tesfaye F. Bedane
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale; Università degli Studi di Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano Salerno 84084 Italy
| | - Loredana Incarnato
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale; Università degli Studi di Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano Salerno 84084 Italy
| | - Sam Saguy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale; Università degli Studi di Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano Salerno 84084 Italy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100 Israel
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Morphology Development and Mechanical Properties Variation during Cold-Drawing of Polyethylene-Clay Nanocomposite Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9060235. [PMID: 30970912 PMCID: PMC6432387 DOI: 10.3390/polym9060235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the influence of composition and cold-drawing on nano- and micro-scale morphology and tensile mechanical properties of PE/organoclay nanocomposite fibers was investigated. Nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding in a twin-screw extruder, using a maleic anhydride grafted linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE–g–MA) and an organomodified montmorillonite (Dellite 67G) at three different loadings (3, 5 and 10 wt %). Fibers were produced by a single-screw extruder and drawn at five draw ratios (DRs): 7.25, 10, 13.5, 16 and 19. All nanocomposites, characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, and FT-IR techniques, showed an intercalated/exfoliated morphology. The study evidenced that the nanoclay presence significantly increases both elastic modulus (up to +115% for fibers containing 10 wt % of D67G) and drawability of as-spun nanocomposite fibers. Moreover, at fixed nanocomposite composition, the cold-drawing process increases fibers elastic modulus and tensile strength at increasing DRs. However, at high DRs, “face-to-edge” rearrangement phenomena of clay layers (i.e., clay layers tend to rotate and touch each other) arise in fibers at high nanoclay loadings. Finally, nanocomposite fibers show a lower diameter reduction during drawing, with respect to the plain system, and surface feature of adjustable roughness by controlling the composition and the drawing conditions.
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Scarfato P, Di Maio L, Milana MR, Giamberardini S, Denaro M, Incarnato L. Performance properties, lactic acid specific migration and swelling by simulant of biodegradable poly(lactic acid)/nanoclay multilayer films for food packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1730-1742. [PMID: 28434378 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1321786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was the development of a multifunctional, high-performance, fully biodegradable multilayer polylactic acid (PLA) film for food packaging applications. In particular, sealable multilayer PLA-clay nanocomposite systems with different layouts in terms of composition and relative thickness of the layers, all consisting of a PLA-clay nanocomposite layer between two pure PLA layers for direct food contact, were designed and produced by blown film co-extrusion. The films obtained were analysed for their morphology, functional properties and lactic acid (LA)-specific migration in 50% ethanol. The results showed that, with respect to the unfilled multilayer system, taken as a reference, the nanocomposite films had significant improvements, up to about 40%, in their barriers to oxygen and tensile strengths, and resulted in being more easily sealable over a wide heat-sealing temperature range (80-100°C) with higher seal strength. Moreover, all films had LA migrations always well below the former generic overall migration limit of 60 mg kg-1 food (10 mg dm-2) of European Union Regulation No. 10/2011 (deleted by the amending Regulation No. 2016/1416), even if their morphology was strongly modified during the migration tests due to the strong swelling action of the used simulant (simulant D1 = 50% ethanol (aq.) (v/v)) towards PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Scarfato
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , University of Salerno , Fisciano , SA , Italy
| | - Luciano Di Maio
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , University of Salerno , Fisciano , SA , Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Milana
- b Department of Environment and Primary Prevention , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Silvia Giamberardini
- b Department of Environment and Primary Prevention , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Massimo Denaro
- b Department of Environment and Primary Prevention , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Loredana Incarnato
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , University of Salerno , Fisciano , SA , Italy
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Scarfato P, Garofalo E, Di Maio L, Incarnato L. Transport, mechanical and global migration data of multilayer copolyamide nanocomposite films with different layouts. Data Brief 2017; 12:540-545. [PMID: 28516151 PMCID: PMC5425335 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport, mechanical and global migration data concern multilayer food packaging films with different layouts, all incorporating a layered silicate/polyamide nanocomposite as oxygen barrier layer, and a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as moisture resistant layer in direct contact with food. The data are related to "Tuning of co-extrusion processing conditions and film layout to optimize the performances of PA/PE multilayer nanocomposite films for food packaging" by Garofalo et al. (2017) [1]. Nanocomposite multilayer films, with different relative layer thicknesses and clay types, were produced using a laboratory scale co-extrusion blown-film equipment and were analyzed in terms of transport to oxygen and water vapor, mechanical properties and overall migration. The results have shown that all the multilayer hybrid films, based on the copolyamide layer filled with Cloisite 30B, displayed the most significant oxygen barrier improvements and the best mechanical properties compared to the unfilled films. No significant alteration of the overall migration values was observed, as expectable [2], [3], [4]. The performance improvement was more relevant in the case of the film with the thinner nanocomposite layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - E Garofalo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - L Di Maio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - L Incarnato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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Nobile MR, Valentino O, Morcom M, Simon GP, Landi G, Neitzert HC. The effect of the nanotube oxidation on the rheological and electrical properties of CNT/HDPE nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rossella Nobile
- Department of Industrial Engineering - DIIn; Università di Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 - 84084 Fisciano SA Italy
| | - Olga Valentino
- Department of Industrial Engineering - DIIn; Università di Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 - 84084 Fisciano SA Italy
| | - Melanie Morcom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Monash University; Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - George P. Simon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Monash University; Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Giovanni Landi
- Department of Industrial Engineering - DIIn; Università di Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 - 84084 Fisciano SA Italy
| | - Heinz-Christoph Neitzert
- Department of Industrial Engineering - DIIn; Università di Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 - 84084 Fisciano SA Italy
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Martín Martínez ES, Aguilar Méndez MA, Sánchez Solís A, Vieyra H. Thermoplastic biodegradable material elaborated from unripe banana flour reinforced with metallocene catalyzed polyethylene. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. San Martín Martínez
- Laboratorio de Biomateriales, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Colonia Irrigación; C.P. 11500 México DF
| | - M. A. Aguilar Méndez
- Laboratorio de Biomateriales, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Colonia Irrigación; C.P. 11500 México DF
| | - A. Sánchez Solís
- Departamento de Reología y Mecánica de Materiales; Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria; Coyoacán 04510 México DF
| | - H. Vieyra
- Laboratorio de Biomateriales, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Colonia Irrigación; C.P. 11500 México DF
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Russo P, Acierno D, Marletta G, Destri GL. Tensile properties, thermal and morphological analysis of thermoplastic polyurethane films reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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