1
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Morici E, Pecoraro G, Carroccio SC, Bruno E, Scarfato P, Filippone G, Dintcheva NT. Understanding the Effects of Adding Metal Oxides to Polylactic Acid and Polylactic Acid Blends on Mechanical and Rheological Behaviour, Wettability, and Photo-Oxidation Resistance. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:922. [PMID: 38611180 PMCID: PMC11013447 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers are of growing interest, but to improve some of their poor properties and performance, the formulation of bio-based blends and/or adding of nanoparticles is required. For this purpose, in this work, two different metal oxides, namely zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2), at different concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2%wt.) were added in polylactic acid (PLA) and polylactic acid/polyamide 11 (PLA/PA11) blends to establish their effects on solid-state properties, morphology, melt behaviour, and photo-oxidation resistance. It seems that the addition of ZnO in PLA leads to a significant reduction in its rigidity, probably due to an inefficient dispersion in the melt state, while the addition of TiO2 does not penalize PLA rigidity. Interestingly, the addition of both ZnO and TiO2 in the PLA/PA11 blend has a positive effect on the rigidity because of blend morphology refinement and leads to a slight increase in film hydrophobicity. The photo-oxidation resistance of the neat PLA and PLA/PA11 blend is significantly reduced due to the presence of both metal oxides, and this must be considered when designing potential applications. The last results suggest that both metal oxides could be considered photo-sensitive degradant agents for biopolymer and biopolymer blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Morici
- ATEN Center, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pecoraro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sabrina Carola Carroccio
- CNR-IPCB, Unit of Catania, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy;
- CNR-IMM, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Elena Bruno
- CNR-IMM, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, Università di Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy;
| | - Giovanni Filippone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Nadka Tz. Dintcheva
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- CNR-IPCB, Unit of Catania, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy;
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2
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Barbato A, Apicella A, Malvano F, Scarfato P, Incarnato L. High-Barrier, Biodegradable Films with Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polylactic Acid + Wax Double Coatings: Influence of Relative Humidity on Transport Properties and Suitability for Modified Atmosphere Packaging Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4002. [PMID: 37836051 PMCID: PMC10575146 DOI: 10.3390/polym15194002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) exhibits outstanding gas-barrier properties, which favor its use as a biodegradable, high-barrier coating on food-packaging films, possibly in combination with modified atmospheres. Nonetheless, its high sensitivity to water can result in a severe loss of barrier properties, significantly limiting its applications with fresh foods and in high-humidity conditions. In this work, the water vapor (PWV) and oxygen permeability (PO2) of high-barrier biodegradable films with PVOH/PLA + wax double coatings were extensively characterized in a wide range of relative humidity (from 30 to 90%), aimed at understanding the extent of the interaction of water with the wax and the polymer matrices and the impact of this on the permeation process. What is more, a mathematical model was applied to the PWV data set in order to assess its potential to predict the permeability of the multilayer films by varying storage/working relative humidity (RH) conditions. The carbon dioxide permeability (PCO2) of the films was further evaluated, and the corresponding permselectivity values were calculated. The study was finally augmented through modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) tests, which were carried out on double-coated films loaded with 0 and 5% wax, and UV-Vis analyses. The results pointed out the efficacy of the PLA + wax coating layer in hampering the permeation of water molecules, thus reducing PVOH swelling, as well as the UV-shielding ability of the multilayer structures. Moreover, the MAP tests underlined the suitability of the double-coated films for being used as a sustainable alternative for the preservation of foods under modified atmospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annalisa Apicella
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.M.); (P.S.); (L.I.)
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3
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Malafeev KV, Apicella A, Incarnato L, Scarfato P. Understanding the Impact of Biodegradable Microplastics on Living Organisms Entering the Food Chain: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3680. [PMID: 37765534 PMCID: PMC10534621 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) pollution has emerged as one of the world's most serious environmental issues, with harmful consequences for ecosystems and human health. One proposed solution to their accumulation in the environment is the replacement of nondegradable plastics with biodegradable ones. However, due to the lack of true biodegradability in some ecosystems, they also give rise to biodegradable microplastics (BioMPs) that negatively impact different ecosystems and living organisms. This review summarizes the current literature on the impact of BioMPs on some organisms-higher plants and fish-relevant to the food chain. Concerning the higher plants, the adverse effects of BioMPs on seed germination, plant biomass growth, penetration of nutrients through roots, oxidative stress, and changes in soil properties, all leading to reduced agricultural yield, have been critically discussed. Concerning fish, it emerged that BioMPs are more likely to be ingested than nonbiodegradable ones and accumulate in the animal's body, leading to impaired skeletal development, oxidative stress, and behavioral changes. Therefore, based on the reviewed pioneering literature, biodegradable plastics seem to be a new threat to environmental health rather than an effective solution to counteract MP pollution, even if serious knowledge gaps in this field highlight the need for additional rigorous investigations to understand the potential risks associated to BioMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annalisa Apicella
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (K.V.M.); (L.I.); (P.S.)
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4
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Coppola L, Bellezze T, Belli A, Bianco A, Blasi E, Cappello M, Caputo D, Chougan M, Coffetti D, Coppola B, Corinaldesi V, D’Amore A, Daniele V, Di Maio L, Di Palma L, Donnini J, Ferrara G, Filippi S, Gastaldi M, Generosi N, Giosuè C, Incarnato L, Lamastra F, Liguori B, Macera L, Maqbool Q, Mascolo MC, Mavilia L, Mazzoli A, Medici F, Mobili A, Montesperelli G, Pia G, Redaelli E, Ruello ML, Scarfato P, Taglieri G, Tittarelli F, Tulliani JM, Valenza A. New Materials and Technologies for Durability and Conservation of Building Heritage. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1190. [PMID: 36770195 PMCID: PMC9921096 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The increase in concrete structures' durability is a milestone to improve the sustainability of buildings and infrastructures. In order to ensure a prolonged service life, it is necessary to detect the deterioration of materials by means of monitoring systems aimed at evaluating not only the penetration of aggressive substances into concrete but also the corrosion of carbon-steel reinforcement. Therefore, proper data collection makes it possible to plan suitable restoration works which can be carried out with traditional or innovative techniques and materials. This work focuses on building heritage and it highlights the most recent findings for the conservation and restoration of reinforced concrete structures and masonry buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Coppola
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, INSTM R.U., 24044 Dalmine, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bellezze
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alberto Belli
- Lince Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, INSTM R.U., 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bianco
- Department of Enterprise Engineering “Mario Lucertini”, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, INSTM R.U., 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Blasi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Miriam Cappello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenico Caputo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mehdi Chougan
- Department of Enterprise Engineering “Mario Lucertini”, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, INSTM R.U., 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Denny Coffetti
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, INSTM R.U., 24044 Dalmine, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Coppola
- Lince Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, INSTM R.U., 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Corinaldesi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alberto D’Amore
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Valeria Daniele
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Luciano Di Maio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Luca Di Palma
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials & Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Donnini
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ferrara
- Lince Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, INSTM R.U., 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Filippi
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Gastaldi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Generosi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Giosuè
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Loredana Incarnato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Francesca Lamastra
- Department of Enterprise Engineering “Mario Lucertini”, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, INSTM R.U., 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Liguori
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ludovico Macera
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Qaisar Maqbool
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mascolo
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | - Letterio Mavilia
- Department of Heritage-Architecture-Urbanism, University of Reggio Calabria “Mediterranea”, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Alida Mazzoli
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Franco Medici
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials & Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mobili
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giampiero Montesperelli
- Department of Enterprise Engineering “Mario Lucertini”, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, INSTM R.U., 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pia
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Redaelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Ruello
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Paola Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Giuliana Taglieri
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Tittarelli
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Jean-Marc Tulliani
- Lince Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, INSTM R.U., 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Antonino Valenza
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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5
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Pietrosanto A, Leneveu-Jenvrin C, Incarnato L, Scarfato P, Remize F. Antimicrobial, sealable and biodegradable packaging to maintain the quality of shredded carrots and pineapple juice during storage. J Food Sci Technol 2022; 59:3139-3149. [PMID: 35872716 PMCID: PMC9304463 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Increasing consumer demand for foods with high nutritional quality, prolonged shelf life and low environmental impact of the package, is driving innovation towards the development of new packaging. Multifunctional food packaging films, biodegradable, heat-sealable and antimicrobial, were developed. A PLA coating layer incorporating either sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, or a combination of them was deposited onto a poly(lactic) acid/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) substrate film. The effectiveness of the developed systems to preserve the quality of foods was tested in shelf-life experiments performed on shredded carrots and pineapple juice, selected as model processed raw foods. The best performance was observed for the active film containing potassium sorbate: microbial populations increased less rapidly and were 0.7-1.8 log CFU/g lower at the end of storage period in this film than in control packs. Of the two model foods, the pineapple juice was better preserved: after 7 days in active packaging, color change and microbial counts of juice were below that of control, observed after one day and after 3 days of storage respectively. Moreover, the incorporation of the active phases did not significantly affect the mechanical, barrier and optical properties of the films, opening new ways to prolong shelf-life of minimally processed foods. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05435-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Pietrosanto
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo I, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
| | - Charlène Leneveu-Jenvrin
- QualiSud, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, Université d’Avignon, Université de La Réunion, 34398 Montpellier, France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR QualiSud, 7 chemin de l’Irat, 97410 Saint Pierre, Réunion France
- Present Address: ADIV, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Loredana Incarnato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo I, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
| | - Paola Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo I, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
| | - Fabienne Remize
- QualiSud, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, Université d’Avignon, Université de La Réunion, 34398 Montpellier, France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR QualiSud, 7 chemin de l’Irat, 97410 Saint Pierre, Réunion France
- Present Address: SPO, Univ Montpellier, Univ La Réunion, INRAE, Institut Agro, 2 place Viala, Montpellier, France
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6
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Morici E, Carroccio SC, Bruno E, Scarfato P, Filippone G, Dintcheva NT. Recycled (Bio)Plastics and (Bio)Plastic Composites: A Trade Opportunity in a Green Future. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102038. [PMID: 35631920 PMCID: PMC9148040 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Today’s world is at the point where almost everyone realizes the usefulness of going green. Due to so-called global warming, there is an urgent need to find solutions to help the Earth and move towards a green future. Many worldwide events are focusing on the global technologies in plastics, bioplastic production, the recycling industry, and waste management where the goal is to turn plastic waste into a trade opportunity among the industrialists and manufacturers. The present work aims to review the recycling process via analyzing the recycling of thermoplastic, thermoset polymers, biopolymers, and their complex composite systems, such as fiber-reinforced polymers and nanocomposites. Moreover, it will be highlighted how the frame of the waste management, increasing the materials specificity, cleanliness, and a low level of collected material contamination will increase the potential recycling of plastics and bioplastics-based materials. At the same time, to have a real and approachable trade opportunity in recycling, it needs to implement an integrated single market for secondary raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Morici
- Advanced Technologies Network (ATeN) Center, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (N.T.D.); Tel.: +39-0912-386-3704 (N.T.D.)
| | - Sabrina Carola Carroccio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy;
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (IMM), Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Elena Bruno
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (IMM), Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, Università di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Filippone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Nadka Tz. Dintcheva
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (N.T.D.); Tel.: +39-0912-386-3704 (N.T.D.)
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7
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Garofalo E, Di Maio L, Scarfato P, Apicella A, Protopapa A, Incarnato L. Nanosilicates in Compatibilized Mixed Recycled Polyolefins: Rheological Behavior and Film Production in a Circular Approach. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11082128. [PMID: 34443957 PMCID: PMC8401472 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently, plastic packaging represents a global challenge and has become a key point of attention for governments, media and consumers due to the visibility of the waste it generates. Despite their high resource efficiency, the perceived non-recyclability of polymeric films risks precluding them from being a relevant packaging solution in a circular economy approach. In this regard, the aim of this study was to implement a strategy to try closing the loop, via the mechanical recycling of post-consumer flexible packaging of small size (denoted as Fil-s) to obtain new films. In particular, two lots of Fil-s were used, which are PE/PP blends differing for the PP content and the presence of polar contaminants. The suitability for film blowing extrusion of these recycled materials, as such and after the addition of a compatibilizer and/or a lamellar nanosilicate, was evaluated. It was first evidenced that the difficulty of producing blown films with the pristine recycled materials, due to the frequent bubble breakages, occurring even at low draw ratios. Moreover, the shear and extensional rheological behavior of all Fil-s based systems was usefully correlated with their processability features, evidencing the key roles of the nanofiller to stabilize the bubble and of the compatibilizer to ensure a uniform film deformation, avoiding its premature breakage. Even if the adopted upgrading strategies allowed the production of blown films with both types of Fil-s, the different components of the recycled matrices were proven to significantly affect their processability and final film performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Garofalo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (E.G.); (P.S.); (A.A.); (L.I.)
| | - Luciano Di Maio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (E.G.); (P.S.); (A.A.); (L.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paola Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (E.G.); (P.S.); (A.A.); (L.I.)
| | - Annalisa Apicella
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (E.G.); (P.S.); (A.A.); (L.I.)
| | - Antonio Protopapa
- COREPLA-Italian Consortium for the Collection and Recycling of Plastic Packages, Via del Vecchio Politecnico, 20121 Milano, Italy;
| | - Loredana Incarnato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (E.G.); (P.S.); (A.A.); (L.I.)
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8
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Leneveu‐Jenvrin C, Apicella A, Bradley K, Meile J, Chillet M, Scarfato P, Incarnato L, Remize F. Effects of maturity level, steam treatment, or active packaging to maintain the quality of minimally processed mango (
Mangifera indica
cv. José). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Leneveu‐Jenvrin
- QualiSud, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université d'Avignon, Université de La Réunion Montpellier France
- UMR QualiSud, Université de La Réunion Saint Pierre France
| | - Annalisa Apicella
- Department of Industrial Engineering University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II Salerno Italy
| | - Kelly Bradley
- QualiSud, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université d'Avignon, Université de La Réunion Montpellier France
- UMR QualiSud, Université de La Réunion Saint Pierre France
| | - Jean‐Christophe Meile
- QualiSud, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université d'Avignon, Université de La Réunion Montpellier France
- CIRAD, UMR QualiSud Saint Pierre France
| | - Marc Chillet
- QualiSud, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université d'Avignon, Université de La Réunion Montpellier France
- CIRAD, UMR QualiSud Saint Pierre France
| | - Paola Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II Salerno Italy
| | - Loredana Incarnato
- Department of Industrial Engineering University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II Salerno Italy
| | - Fabienne Remize
- QualiSud, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université d'Avignon, Université de La Réunion Montpellier France
- UMR QualiSud, Université de La Réunion Saint Pierre France
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9
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Garofalo E, Di Maio L, Scarfato P, Pietrosanto A, Protopapa A, Incarnato L. Study on Improving the Processability and Properties of Mixed Polyolefin Post-Consumer Plastics for Piping Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010071. [PMID: 33375393 PMCID: PMC7796359 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the upgrading strategies to make Fil-s (acronym for film-small), a polyolefin-based material coming from the mechanical recycling of post-consumer flexible packaging, fit for re-use in the piping sector. The effects of washing treatments (at cold and hot conditions) and the addition of an experimental compatibilizer on the chemical-physical properties of Fil-s were first assessed. The measurements of some key properties (density, melt flow index, flexural modulus, yield strength), for both Fil-s as such and the different developed Fil-s based systems, was also conducted in order to evaluate the suitability of this complex and challenging waste stream to replace virgin PE-based pipe and fitting products, in compliance to ASTM D3350 standard. The outcomes of the present work contributed to define a code, for each Fil-s system investigated, useful for identifying the level of their performance in piping applications. All the recyclates were extruded as pipes by using a pilot scale plant, but the process resulted more stable and continuous with the compatibilized Fil-s, as it was deducible from its flow properties. Moreover, the best mechanical performances were exhibited by the hot-washed Fil-s pipes, with an increase in pipe stiffness equal to 65% respect to the unwashed sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Garofalo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; (L.D.M.); (P.S.); (A.P.); (L.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Luciano Di Maio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; (L.D.M.); (P.S.); (A.P.); (L.I.)
| | - Paola Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; (L.D.M.); (P.S.); (A.P.); (L.I.)
| | - Arianna Pietrosanto
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; (L.D.M.); (P.S.); (A.P.); (L.I.)
| | - Antonio Protopapa
- COREPLA-Italian Consortium for the Collection and Recycling of Plastic Packages, Via del Vecchio Politecnico, 20121 Milano (MI), Italy;
| | - Loredana Incarnato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; (L.D.M.); (P.S.); (A.P.); (L.I.)
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Pietrosanto A, Scarfato P, Di Maio L, Nobile MR, Incarnato L. Evaluation of the Suitability of Poly(Lactide)/Poly(Butylene-Adipate- co-Terephthalate) Blown Films for Chilled and Frozen Food Packaging Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040804. [PMID: 32260170 PMCID: PMC7240708 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biopolymers can reduce the environmental impact generated by plastic materials. Among biopolymers, blends made of poly(lactide) (PLA) and poly(butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) prove to have adequate performances for food packaging applications. Therefore, the present work deals with the production and the characterization of blown films based on PLA and PBAT blends in a wide range of compositions, in order to evaluate their suitability as chilled and frozen food packaging materials, thus extending their range of applications. The blends were fully characterized: they showed the typical two-phase structure, with a morphology varying from fibrillar to globular in accordance with their viscosity ratio. The increase of PBAT content in the blends led to a decrease of the barrier properties to oxygen and water vapor, and to an increase of the toughness of the films. The mechanical properties of the most ductile blends were also evaluated at 4 °C and -25 °C. The decrease in temperature caused an increase of the stiffness and a decrease of the ductility of the films to a different extent, depending upon the blend composition. The blend with 40% of PLA revealed to be a good candidate for chilled food packaging applications, while the blend with a PLA content of 20% revealed to be the best composition as frozen food packaging material.
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11
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Scarfato P, Schiavone N, Rossi G, Incarnato L. An Easy Route to Wettability Changes of Polyethylene Terephthalate⁻Silicon Oxide Substrate Films for High Barrier Applications, Surface-Modified with a Self-Assembled Monolayer of Fluoroalkylsilanes. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E257. [PMID: 30960241 PMCID: PMC6419057 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic⁻organic multilayer films consisting of polymers coated with thin inorganic oxidic layers (e.g., SiOx) ensure very high barrier performances against gas and vapor permeation, what makes them packaging materials suitable for sophisticated technical applications, including the encapsulation of photovoltaic devices or quantum dots, barrier films for optical displays, and transparent greenhouse screens. In these fields, surface coating or texturing of the multilayer protective films are effective technologies to improve their self-clean ability, thus reducing the required maintenance and ensuring longer durability and better performances. In this work, we used the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) technique to modify the surface and wetting properties of commercial polyethylene terephthalate-silicon oxide substrate (PET-SiOx) films developed for technical applications requiring a combined high barrier and transparency. The selected surface modifier was the 1H,1H,2H,2H-per-fluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS). The reagent mixture composition was optimized for the lowest water and oil wettability, as well as the highest self-cleaning capacity and performance stability. In particular, for the used PET-SiOx film the best FDTS/film surface for both the lowest water and oil wettability was found to be equal to 26.5 mM/dm², which changes the surface behavior from very hydrophilic (static water contact angle (CAw) = 21.5°) to hydrophobic (CAw = 101°), and gives a significant increment of the static oil contact angle (CAo) from 27° to 60°. Interestingly, the results demonstrated that the SAM reaction occurred also on the uncoated the PET side. After the SAM treatment, a small increase of the water vapor permeability is observed, probably due to a crack or defect onset of the SiOx coating of the SAM modified films. On this point, atomic force measurements demonstrated an increment of the SiOx coating layer roughness after the SAM treatment execution. Finally, the transparency changes of the SAM treated films, measured in the wavelength range 400⁻800 nm, were always small, so that the results were acceptable for the films' use in applications where high transparency is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Nicola Schiavone
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF F-63000 Clermont⁻Ferrand, France.
| | - Gabriella Rossi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Loredana Incarnato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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12
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Coppola L, Bellezze T, Belli A, Bignozzi MC, Bolzoni F, Brenna A, Cabrini M, Candamano S, Cappai M, Caputo D, Carsana M, Casnedi L, Cioffi R, Cocco O, Coffetti D, Colangelo F, Coppola B, Corinaldesi V, Crea F, Crotti E, Daniele V, De Gisi S, Delogu F, Diamanti MV, Di Maio L, Di Mundo R, Di Palma L, Donnini J, Farina I, Ferone C, Frontera P, Gastaldi M, Giosuè C, Incarnato L, Liguori B, Lollini F, Lorenzi S, Manzi S, Marino O, Marroccoli M, Mascolo MC, Mavilia L, Mazzoli A, Medici F, Meloni P, Merlonetti G, Mobili A, Notarnicola M, Ormellese M, Pastore T, Pedeferri MP, Petrella A, Pia G, Redaelli E, Roviello G, Scarfato P, Scoccia G, Taglieri G, Telesca A, Tittarelli F, Todaro F, Vilardi G, Yang F. Binders alternative to Portland cement and waste management for sustainable construction-part 1. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2018; 16:186-202. [PMID: 29996741 DOI: 10.1177/2280800018782845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents "a state of the art" report on sustainability in construction materials. The authors propose different solutions to make the concrete industry more environmentally friendly in order to reduce greenhouse gases emissions and consumption of non-renewable resources. Part 1-the present paper-focuses on the use of binders alternative to Portland cement, including sulfoaluminate cements, alkali-activated materials, and geopolymers. Part 2 will be dedicated to traditional Portland-free binders and waste management and recycling in mortar and concrete production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Coppola
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bellezze
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alberto Belli
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Bignozzi
- 3 Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Bolzoni
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Brenna
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Cabrini
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Candamano
- 5 Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Marta Cappai
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Domenico Caputo
- 7 Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Maddalena Carsana
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Ludovica Casnedi
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Raffaele Cioffi
- 8 Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Italy
| | - Ombretta Cocco
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Denny Coffetti
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Italy
| | | | | | - Valeria Corinaldesi
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Fortunato Crea
- 5 Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Elena Crotti
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Italy
| | - Valeria Daniele
- 10 Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sabino De Gisi
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Delogu
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Luciano Di Maio
- 9 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Rosa Di Mundo
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Di Palma
- 12 Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Donnini
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilenia Farina
- 8 Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Italy
| | - Claudio Ferone
- 8 Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Italy
| | - Patrizia Frontera
- 13 Department of Civil Engineering, Energy, Environment and Materials, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Matteo Gastaldi
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Giosuè
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Liguori
- 7 Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Federica Lollini
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Lorenzi
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Italy
| | - Stefania Manzi
- 3 Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Ottavio Marino
- 7 Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | | | - Maria Cristina Mascolo
- 15 Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy
| | - Letterio Mavilia
- 16 Department of Heritage, Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Alida Mazzoli
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Franco Medici
- 12 Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Meloni
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Glauco Merlonetti
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mobili
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Michele Notarnicola
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Ormellese
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pastore
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Pedeferri
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Petrella
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pia
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Redaelli
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | | | - Paola Scarfato
- 9 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Scoccia
- 10 Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuliana Taglieri
- 10 Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Tittarelli
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Todaro
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Vilardi
- 12 Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Fan Yang
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
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13
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Coppola B, Cappetti N, Di Maio L, Scarfato P, Incarnato L. 3D Printing of PLA/clay Nanocomposites: Influence of Printing Temperature on Printed Samples Properties. Materials (Basel) 2018; 11:E1947. [PMID: 30314390 PMCID: PMC6213204 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the possibility of using a layered silicate-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) in additive manufacturing applications was investigated. In particular, the aim of this work was to study the influence of printing temperature in the 3D printing process of PLA/clay nanocomposites. For this reason, two PLA grades (4032D and 2003D, D-isomer content 1.5 and 4, respectively) were melt-compounded by a twin screw extruder with a layered silicate (Cloisite 30B) at 4 wt %. Then, PLA and PLA/clay feedstock filaments (diameter 1.75 mm) were produced using a single screw extruder. Dog-bone and prismatic specimens were 3D printed using the FDM technique at three different temperatures, which were progressively increased from melting temperature (185⁻200⁻215 °C for PLA 4032D and 165⁻180⁻195 °C for PLA 2003D). PLA and PLA/clay specimens were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile tests. Moreover, the morphology of the 3D printed specimens was investigated using optical microscopy and contact angle measurements. The different polymer matrix and the resulting nanocomposite morphology strongly influenced 3D printed specimen properties. DMA on PLA/clay filaments reported an increase in storage modulus both at ambient temperature and above the glass transition temperature in comparison to neat PLA filaments. Furthermore, the presence of nanoclay increased thermal stability, as demonstrated by TGA, and acted as a nucleating agent, as observed from the DSC measurements. Finally, for 3D printed samples, when increasing printing temperature, a different behavior was observed for the two PLA grades and their nanocomposites. In particular, 3D printed nanocomposite samples exhibited higher elastic modulus than neat PLA specimens, but for PLA 4032D+C30B, elastic modulus increased at increasing printing temperature while for PLA 2003D+C30B slightly decreased. Such different behavior can be explained considering the different polymer macromolecular structure and the different nanocomposite morphology (exfoliated in PLA 4032D matrix and intercalated in PLA 2003D matrix).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeo Coppola
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Nicola Cappetti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Luciano Di Maio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Paola Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Loredana Incarnato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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14
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Coppola L, Bellezze T, Belli A, Bignozzi MC, Bolzoni F, Brenna A, Cabrini M, Candamano S, Cappai M, Caputo D, Carsana M, Casnedi L, Cioffi R, Cocco O, Coffetti D, Colangelo F, Coppola B, Corinaldesi V, Crea F, Crotti E, Daniele V, De Gisi S, Delogu F, Diamanti MV, Di Maio L, Di Mundo R, Di Palma L, Donnini J, Farina I, Ferone C, Frontera P, Gastaldi M, Giosuè C, Incarnato L, Liguori B, Lollini F, Lorenzi S, Manzi S, Marino O, Marroccoli M, Mascolo MC, Mavilia L, Mazzoli A, Medici F, Meloni P, Merlonetti G, Mobili A, Notarnicola M, Ormellese M, Pastore T, Pedeferri MP, Petrella A, Pia G, Redaelli E, Roviello G, Scarfato P, Scoccia G, Taglieri G, Telesca A, Tittarelli F, Todaro F, Vilardi G, Yang F. Binders alternative to Portland cement and waste management for sustainable construction - Part 2. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2018; 16:207-221. [PMID: 29991308 DOI: 10.1177/2280800018782852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper represents the "state of the art" on sustainability in construction materials. In Part 1 of the paper, issues related to production, microstructures, chemical nature, engineering properties, and durability of mixtures based on binders alternative to Portland cement were presented. This second part of the paper concerns the use of traditional and innovative Portland-free lime-based mortars in the conservation of cultural heritage, and the recycling and management of wastes to reduce consumption of natural resources in the production of construction materials. The latter is one of the main concerns in terms of sustainability since nowadays more than 75% of wastes are disposed of in landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Coppola
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bellezze
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alberto Belli
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria C Bignozzi
- 3 Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Bolzoni
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Brenna
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Cabrini
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Candamano
- 5 Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Marta Cappai
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Domenico Caputo
- 7 Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maddalena Carsana
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ludovica Casnedi
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Raffaele Cioffi
- 8 Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Ombretta Cocco
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Denny Coffetti
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Bartolomeo Coppola
- 9 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Valeria Corinaldesi
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Fortunato Crea
- 5 Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Elena Crotti
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Valeria Daniele
- 10 Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sabino De Gisi
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Delogu
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria V Diamanti
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Di Maio
- 9 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Rosa Di Mundo
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Di Palma
- 12 Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Donnini
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilenia Farina
- 8 Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Ferone
- 8 Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Patrizia Frontera
- 13 Department of Civil Engineering, Energy, Environment and Materials, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Reggio di Calabria, Italy
| | - Matteo Gastaldi
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Giosuè
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Loredana Incarnato
- 9 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Barbara Liguori
- 7 Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Lollini
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Lorenzi
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Stefania Manzi
- 3 Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ottavio Marino
- 7 Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Milena Marroccoli
- 14 School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, Potenza and Matera, Italy
| | - Maria C Mascolo
- 15 Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Letterio Mavilia
- 16 Department of Heritage, Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Reggio Calabria, Reggio di Calabria, Italy
| | - Alida Mazzoli
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Franco Medici
- 12 Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Meloni
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Glauco Merlonetti
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mobili
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Michele Notarnicola
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Ormellese
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pastore
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Pedeferri
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Petrella
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pia
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Redaelli
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paola Scarfato
- 9 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Scoccia
- 10 Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuliana Taglieri
- 10 Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonio Telesca
- 14 School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, Potenza and Matera, Italy
| | - Francesca Tittarelli
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Todaro
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Vilardi
- 12 Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fan Yang
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Garofalo E, Di Maio L, Scarfato P, Di Gregorio F, Incarnato L. Reactive compatibilization and melt compounding with nanosilicates of post-consumer flexible plastic packagings. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Scarfato P, Di Maio L, Milana MR, Giamberardini S, Denaro M, Incarnato L. Performance properties, lactic acid specific migration and swelling by simulant of biodegradable poly(lactic acid)/nanoclay multilayer films for food packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1730-1742. [PMID: 28434378 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1321786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was the development of a multifunctional, high-performance, fully biodegradable multilayer polylactic acid (PLA) film for food packaging applications. In particular, sealable multilayer PLA-clay nanocomposite systems with different layouts in terms of composition and relative thickness of the layers, all consisting of a PLA-clay nanocomposite layer between two pure PLA layers for direct food contact, were designed and produced by blown film co-extrusion. The films obtained were analysed for their morphology, functional properties and lactic acid (LA)-specific migration in 50% ethanol. The results showed that, with respect to the unfilled multilayer system, taken as a reference, the nanocomposite films had significant improvements, up to about 40%, in their barriers to oxygen and tensile strengths, and resulted in being more easily sealable over a wide heat-sealing temperature range (80-100°C) with higher seal strength. Moreover, all films had LA migrations always well below the former generic overall migration limit of 60 mg kg-1 food (10 mg dm-2) of European Union Regulation No. 10/2011 (deleted by the amending Regulation No. 2016/1416), even if their morphology was strongly modified during the migration tests due to the strong swelling action of the used simulant (simulant D1 = 50% ethanol (aq.) (v/v)) towards PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Scarfato
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , University of Salerno , Fisciano , SA , Italy
| | - Luciano Di Maio
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , University of Salerno , Fisciano , SA , Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Milana
- b Department of Environment and Primary Prevention , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Silvia Giamberardini
- b Department of Environment and Primary Prevention , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Massimo Denaro
- b Department of Environment and Primary Prevention , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Loredana Incarnato
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , University of Salerno , Fisciano , SA , Italy
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Scarfato P, Garofalo E, Di Maio L, Incarnato L. Transport, mechanical and global migration data of multilayer copolyamide nanocomposite films with different layouts. Data Brief 2017; 12:540-545. [PMID: 28516151 PMCID: PMC5425335 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport, mechanical and global migration data concern multilayer food packaging films with different layouts, all incorporating a layered silicate/polyamide nanocomposite as oxygen barrier layer, and a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as moisture resistant layer in direct contact with food. The data are related to "Tuning of co-extrusion processing conditions and film layout to optimize the performances of PA/PE multilayer nanocomposite films for food packaging" by Garofalo et al. (2017) [1]. Nanocomposite multilayer films, with different relative layer thicknesses and clay types, were produced using a laboratory scale co-extrusion blown-film equipment and were analyzed in terms of transport to oxygen and water vapor, mechanical properties and overall migration. The results have shown that all the multilayer hybrid films, based on the copolyamide layer filled with Cloisite 30B, displayed the most significant oxygen barrier improvements and the best mechanical properties compared to the unfilled films. No significant alteration of the overall migration values was observed, as expectable [2], [3], [4]. The performance improvement was more relevant in the case of the film with the thinner nanocomposite layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - E Garofalo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - L Di Maio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - L Incarnato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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Scarfato P, Di Maio L, Incarnato L. Recent advances and migration issues in biodegradable polymers from renewable sources for food packaging. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 Fisciano Salerno Italy
| | - Luciano Di Maio
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 Fisciano Salerno Italy
| | - Loredana Incarnato
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 Fisciano Salerno Italy
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Di Maio L, Scarfato P, Galdi MR, Incarnato L. Development and oxygen scavenging performance of three-layer active PET films for food packaging. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Di Maio
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 - 84084 Fisciano (Salerno) Italy
| | - Paola Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 - 84084 Fisciano (Salerno) Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdi
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 - 84084 Fisciano (Salerno) Italy
| | - Loredana Incarnato
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 - 84084 Fisciano (Salerno) Italy
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Scarfato P, Russo P, Acierno D. Preparation, characterization, and release behavior of nanocomposite microparticles based on polystyrene and different layered silicates. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Garofalo E, Russo GM, Scarfato P, Incarnato L. Nanostructural modifications of polyamide/MMT hybrids under isothermal and nonisothermal elongational flow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Scarfato P, Avallone E, Iannelli P, Aquino RP, Lauro MR, Rossi A, Acierno D. Quercetin microspheres by solvent evaporation: Preparation, characterization and release behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Scarfato P, Avallone E, Iannelli P, De Feo V, Acierno D. Synthesis and characterization of polyurea microcapsules containing essential oils with antigerminative activity. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Scatteia L, Scarfato P, Acierno D. Processing, rheology and structure of melt compounded PBTclay nanocomposites having different chemical composition. e-Polymers 2006. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly.2006.6.1.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this study the melt flow behavior of poly(butylene terephthalate)-clay nanocomposites produced by melt compounding was investigated. Four commercial organo-modified montmorillonites, differing mainly by the organic treatment used in the modification, were employed as nanometric fillers and blended with the poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) at two weight percentages each (6 and 9wt%). The process was carried out using a laboratory-scale twin-screw extruder at two different extrusion rates, in order to evaluate the effect of the shear rate during the process on microstructure and flow properties. In this regard, the nanocomposite samples were submitted to morphological analyses and rheological measurements in the dynamic regime. The effect of temperature on the flow behavior of the hybrids with respect to the neat PBT matrix was also investigated. The obtained data were related to the hybrid compositions and then to the chemical affinity between polymer and clay type. All the reported results have shown a gradual transition from a pseudo-Newtonian trend towards a pseudo-solid-like flow behavior with the increase of the clay loading and the dispersion/exfoliation level of the clay particles, due to the corresponding increase of the polymer-silicate interactions that slow the relaxation times of the PBT chains. Moreover, it was also evident that for the fillers having the higher affinity towards the PBT the nano-scale dispersion benefit from higher residence times, and therefore slower extrusion rates; on the contrary, for the fillers having poor interaction with the polymer, higher shear stress, and therefore higher extrusion rates, are needed to disrupt the clay tactoids in smaller particles. In the last part of the work, in order to verify if a relationship between flow properties and degree of exfoliation does actually exist, the rheological data were also processed using a simple semi-quantitative empirical method proposed in literature. The method failed for our systems, thus underlining the insufficiency of the rheological response alone in quantifying the exfoliation degree of an organoclay in the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Scatteia
- 1CIRA – Italian Aerospace Research Centre, Via Maiorise, 81043 Capua (CE), Italy; Fax: (+39) 0823 623515
| | - Paola Scarfato
- 2Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; Fax: (+39) 089 964057
| | - Domenico Acierno
- 3Department of Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples “Federico II”, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; Fax: (+39) 081 7682404
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Scarfato P, Scatteia L, Costa G, Acierno D. Effect of the Organoclay Structure on Morphology and Rheological Response of PBT Nanocomposites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200551011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Acierno D, Scarfato P, Amendola E, Nocerino G, Costa G. Preparation and characterization of PBT nanocomposites compounded with different montmorillonites. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Acierno D, Amendola E, Carfagna C, Concilio S, Iannelli P, Incarnato L, Scarfato P. Synthesis and characterisation of a nematic homo-polyurethane. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00488-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Incarnato L, Scarfato P, Russo G, Di Maio L, Iannelli P, Acierno D. Preparation and characterization of new melt compounded copolyamide nanocomposites. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Incarnato L, Scarfato P, Acierno D, Milana MR, Feliciani R. Influence of recycling and contamination on structure and transport properties of polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Acierno D, Concilio S, Di Maio L, Iannelli P, Lotz B, Scarfato P. Supramolecular Structure of Liquid-Crystalline Polyesters in Triclinic Cell. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma011652q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Acierno
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Materiali e della Produzione, Università di Napoli, Piazzale Tecchio, I-80125 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica ed Alimentare, Università di Salerno, via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy, and Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS-ULP), 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Simona Concilio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Materiali e della Produzione, Università di Napoli, Piazzale Tecchio, I-80125 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica ed Alimentare, Università di Salerno, via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy, and Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS-ULP), 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Luciano Di Maio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Materiali e della Produzione, Università di Napoli, Piazzale Tecchio, I-80125 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica ed Alimentare, Università di Salerno, via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy, and Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS-ULP), 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pio Iannelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Materiali e della Produzione, Università di Napoli, Piazzale Tecchio, I-80125 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica ed Alimentare, Università di Salerno, via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy, and Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS-ULP), 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Lotz
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Materiali e della Produzione, Università di Napoli, Piazzale Tecchio, I-80125 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica ed Alimentare, Università di Salerno, via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy, and Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS-ULP), 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Paola Scarfato
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Materiali e della Produzione, Università di Napoli, Piazzale Tecchio, I-80125 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica ed Alimentare, Università di Salerno, via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy, and Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS-ULP), 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg, France
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