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Sohaib M, Jamil S, Kim JM. An Ensemble Approach for Robust Automated Crack Detection and Segmentation in Concrete Structures. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:257. [PMID: 38203119 PMCID: PMC10781400 DOI: 10.3390/s24010257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
To prevent potential instability the early detection of cracks is imperative due to the prevalent use of concrete in critical infrastructure. Automated techniques leveraging artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning as the traditional manual inspection methods are time-consuming. The existing automated concrete crack detection algorithms, despite recent advancements, face challenges in robustness, particularly in precise crack detection amidst complex backgrounds and visual distractions, while also maintaining low inference times. Therefore, this paper introduces a novel ensemble mechanism based on multiple quantized You Only Look Once version 8 (YOLOv8) models for the detection and segmentation of cracks in concrete structures. The proposed model is tested on different concrete crack datasets yielding enhanced segmentation results with at least 89.62% precision and intersection over a union score of 0.88. Moreover, the inference time per image is reduced to 27 milliseconds which is at least a 5% improvement over other models in the comparison. This is achieved by amalgamating the predictions of the trained models to calculate the final segmentation mask. The noteworthy contributions of this work encompass the creation of a model with low inference time, an ensemble mechanism for robust crack segmentation, and the enhancement of the learning capabilities of crack detection models. The fast inference time of the model renders it appropriate for real-time applications, effectively tackling challenges in infrastructure maintenance and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohaib
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China;
- Zhejiang Institute of Photoelectronics & Zhejiang Institute for Advanced Light Source, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Saima Jamil
- Department of Computer Science, Virtual University of Pakistan, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
| | - Jong-Myon Kim
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
- Prognosis and Diagnostics Technologies Co., Ltd., Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
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2
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Tenório Filho JR, Goethals J, Aminzadeh R, Abbas Y, Valdez Madrid DE, Cnudde V, Vermeeren G, Plets D, Matthys S. An Automated Wireless System for Monitoring Concrete Structures Based on Embedded Electrical Resistivity Sensors: Data Transmission and Effects on Concrete Properties. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8775. [PMID: 37960475 PMCID: PMC10650034 DOI: 10.3390/s23218775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Modern infrastructure heavily relies on robust concrete structures, underscoring the critical need for effective monitoring to ensure their safety and durability. This paper addresses this imperative issue by introducing an innovative automated and wireless system for continuous structural monitoring. By employing embedded electrical resistivity sensors coupled with a wireless-based data transmission mechanism, real-time data collection becomes feasible. We provide a general description of the system's architecture and its application in a pilot study covering the effects of the devices on concrete properties and data transmission. The dielectric properties of concrete specimens were investigated under natural and accelerated curing/degradation and the results were used in the final design of the antenna device. Furthermore, a pilot test comprising four reinforced concrete columns was used to investigate the range of data transmission from inside to outside of the concrete, the effects of the hardware device on the compressive strength and concrete distribution in the columns, and the data transmission quality in real time under realistic exposure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Roberto Tenório Filho
- Magnel-Vandepitte Laboratory, Department of Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.M.)
| | - Jasper Goethals
- IMEC-WAVES, University of Ghent/IMEC Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.G.); (G.V.); (D.P.)
| | | | - Yawar Abbas
- IMEC at Holst Centre, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dulce Elizabeth Valdez Madrid
- Magnel-Vandepitte Laboratory, Department of Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.M.)
- PProGRess-UGCT, Department of Geology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Veerle Cnudde
- PProGRess-UGCT, Department of Geology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Günter Vermeeren
- IMEC-WAVES, University of Ghent/IMEC Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.G.); (G.V.); (D.P.)
| | - David Plets
- IMEC-WAVES, University of Ghent/IMEC Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.G.); (G.V.); (D.P.)
| | - Stijn Matthys
- Magnel-Vandepitte Laboratory, Department of Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (S.M.)
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3
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Alshannag MJ, Alqarni AS, Higazey MM. Superelastic Nickel-Titanium (NiTi)-Based Smart Alloys for Enhancing the Performance of Concrete Structures. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:4333. [PMID: 37374517 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in materials science have led to the development of smart materials that can continuously adapt to different loading conditions and changing environment to meet the growing demand for smart structural systems. The unique characteristics of superelastic NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) have attracted the attention of structural engineers worldwide. SMAs are metallic materials that can retrieve their original shape upon exposure to various temperatures or loading/unloading conditions with minimal residual deformation. SMAs have found increasing applications in the building industry because of their high strength, high actuation and damping capacities, good durability, and superior fatigue resistance. Despite the research conducted on the structural applications of SMAs during the previous decades, the existing literature lacks reviews on their recent uses in building industry such as prestressing concrete beams, seismic strengthening of footing-column connections, and fiber-reinforced concrete. Furthermore, scarce research exists on their performance under corrosive environments, elevated temperatures, and intensive fires. Moreover, the high manufacturing cost of SMA and the lack of knowledge transfer from research to practice are the main obstacles behind their limited use in concrete structures. This paper sheds light on the latest progress made in the applications of SMA in reinforced concrete structures during the last two decades. In addition, the paper concludes with the recommendations and future opportunities associated with expanding the use of SMA in civil infrastructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad J Alshannag
- Department of Civil Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S Alqarni
- Department of Civil Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud M Higazey
- Department of Civil Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Tapeinos CI, Kamitsou MD, Dassios KG, Kouzoudis D, Christogerou A, Samourgkanidis G. Contactless and Vibration-Based Damage Detection in Rectangular Cement Beams Using Magnetoelastic Ribbon Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:5453. [PMID: 37420620 DOI: 10.3390/s23125453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the innovative use of magnetoelastic sensors to detect the formation of single cracks in cement beams under bending vibrations. The detection method involved monitoring changes in the bending mode spectrum when a crack was introduced. The sensors, functioning as strain sensors, were placed on the beams, and their signals were detected non-invasively using a nearby detection coil. The beams were simply supported, and mechanical impulse excitation was applied. The recorded spectra displayed three distinct peaks representing different bending modes. The sensitivity for crack detection was determined to be a 24% change in the sensing signal for every 1% decrease in beam volume due to the crack. Factors influencing the spectra were investigated, including pre-annealing of the sensors, which improved the detection signal. The choice of beam support material was also explored, revealing that steel yielded better results than wood. Overall, the experiments demonstrated that magnetoelastic sensors enabled the detection of small cracks and provided qualitative information about their location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos I Tapeinos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Maria D Kamitsou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | | | - Dimitris Kouzoudis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Samourgkanidis
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
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5
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Yi G, Ye X, Li Q. Empirical Study of Surface Deterioration Analysis Based on Random Fields for Reinforced Concrete Structures in Marine Environment. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16114150. [PMID: 37297283 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Corrosion-induced deterioration of the in-service marine reinforced concrete (RC) structures may result in unsatisfactory serviceability or insufficient safety. Surface deterioration analysis based on random fields can provide information regarding the future development of the surface damage of the in-service RC members, but its accuracy needs to be verified in order to broaden its applications in durability assessment. This paper performs an empirical study to verify the accuracy of the surface deterioration analysis based on random fields. The batch-casting effect is considered to establish the "step-shaped" random fields for stochastic parameters in order to better coordinate their actual spatial distributions. Inspection data from a 23-year-old high-pile wharf is obtained and analyzed in this study. The simulation results of the RC panel members' surface deterioration are compared with the in-situ inspection results with respect to the steel cross-section loss, cracking proportion, maximum crack width, and surface damage grades. It shows that the simulation results coordinate well with the inspection results. On this basis, four maintenance options are established and compared in terms of the total amounts of RC panel members needing restoration and the total economic costs. It provides a comparative tool to aid the owners in selecting the optimal maintenance action given the inspection results, to minimize the lifecycle cost and guarantee the sufficient serviceability and safety of the structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Yi
- Central Research Institute of Building and Construction Co., Ltd., MCC, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Xinyi Ye
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Quanwang Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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6
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Yelemessov K, Sabirova LB, Martyushev NV, Malozyomov BV, Bakhmagambetova GB, Atanova OV. Modeling and Model Verification of the Stress-Strain State of Reinforced Polymer Concrete. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16093494. [PMID: 37176376 PMCID: PMC10180491 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This article considers the prospects of the application of building structures made of polymer concrete composites on the basis of strength analysis. The issues of application and structure of polymer-concrete mixtures are considered. Features of the stress-strain state of normal sections of polymer concrete beams are revealed. The dependence between the stresses and relative deformations of rubber polymer concretes and beams containing reinforcement frame and fiber reinforcement has been determined. The main direction of the study was the choice of ways to increase the strength characteristics of concrete with the addition of a polymer base and to increase the reliability of structures in general. The paper presents the results of experimental and mathematical studies of the stress-strain state and strength, as well as deflections of reinforced rubber-polymer beams. The peculiarities of fracture of reinforced rubber-polymer beams along their sections have been revealed according to the results of the experiment. The peculiarities of fracture formation of reinforced rubber-polymer beams have also been revealed. The conducted work has shown that the share of longitudinal reinforcement and the height of the fibrous reinforcement zone are the main factors. These reasons determine the characteristics of the strength of the beams and their resistance to destructive influences. The importance and scientific novelty of the work are the identified features of the stress-strain state of normal sections of rubber-concrete beams, namely, it has been established that the ultimate strength in axial compression and tension, deformations corresponding to the ultimate strength for rubber concrete exceed similar parameters for cement concrete 2.5-6.5 times. In the case of the addition of fiber reinforcement, this increase becomes, respectively, 3.0-7.5 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassym Yelemessov
- Institute of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Satbayev University, Almaty KZ-050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Layla B Sabirova
- Department of Oil and Gas Production, Satbayev University, Almaty KZ-050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Nikita V Martyushev
- Department of Advanced Technologies, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Boris V Malozyomov
- Department of Electrotechnical Complexes, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20, Karl Marks Ave., 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Olga V Atanova
- Scientific Department, Satbayev University, Almaty KZ-050000, Kazakhstan
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Coppola L, Bellezze T, Belli A, Bianco A, Blasi E, Cappello M, Caputo D, Chougan M, Coffetti D, Coppola B, Corinaldesi V, D’Amore A, Daniele V, Di Maio L, Di Palma L, Donnini J, Ferrara G, Filippi S, Gastaldi M, Generosi N, Giosuè C, Incarnato L, Lamastra F, Liguori B, Macera L, Maqbool Q, Mascolo MC, Mavilia L, Mazzoli A, Medici F, Mobili A, Montesperelli G, Pia G, Redaelli E, Ruello ML, Scarfato P, Taglieri G, Tittarelli F, Tulliani JM, Valenza A. New Materials and Technologies for Durability and Conservation of Building Heritage. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1190. [PMID: 36770195 PMCID: PMC9921096 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The increase in concrete structures' durability is a milestone to improve the sustainability of buildings and infrastructures. In order to ensure a prolonged service life, it is necessary to detect the deterioration of materials by means of monitoring systems aimed at evaluating not only the penetration of aggressive substances into concrete but also the corrosion of carbon-steel reinforcement. Therefore, proper data collection makes it possible to plan suitable restoration works which can be carried out with traditional or innovative techniques and materials. This work focuses on building heritage and it highlights the most recent findings for the conservation and restoration of reinforced concrete structures and masonry buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Coppola
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, INSTM R.U., 24044 Dalmine, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bellezze
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alberto Belli
- Lince Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, INSTM R.U., 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bianco
- Department of Enterprise Engineering “Mario Lucertini”, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, INSTM R.U., 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Blasi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Miriam Cappello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenico Caputo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mehdi Chougan
- Department of Enterprise Engineering “Mario Lucertini”, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, INSTM R.U., 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Denny Coffetti
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, INSTM R.U., 24044 Dalmine, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Coppola
- Lince Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, INSTM R.U., 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Corinaldesi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alberto D’Amore
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Valeria Daniele
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Luciano Di Maio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Luca Di Palma
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials & Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Donnini
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ferrara
- Lince Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, INSTM R.U., 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Filippi
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Gastaldi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Generosi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Giosuè
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Loredana Incarnato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Francesca Lamastra
- Department of Enterprise Engineering “Mario Lucertini”, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, INSTM R.U., 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Liguori
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ludovico Macera
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Qaisar Maqbool
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mascolo
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | - Letterio Mavilia
- Department of Heritage-Architecture-Urbanism, University of Reggio Calabria “Mediterranea”, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Alida Mazzoli
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Franco Medici
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials & Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mobili
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giampiero Montesperelli
- Department of Enterprise Engineering “Mario Lucertini”, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, INSTM R.U., 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pia
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Redaelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Ruello
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Paola Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Giuliana Taglieri
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Tittarelli
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Jean-Marc Tulliani
- Lince Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, INSTM R.U., 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Antonino Valenza
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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Syamsunur D, Wei L, Ahmed Memon Z, Surol S, Md Yusoff NI. Concrete Performance Attenuation of Mix Nano-SiO 2 and Nano-CaCO 3 under High Temperature: A Comprehensive Review. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:7073. [PMID: 36295142 PMCID: PMC9606914 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fire and extreme heat environmental changes can have an impact on concrete performance, and as climate change increases, new concrete structures are being developed. Nano-silica and nano-calcium carbonate have shown excellent performances in modifying concrete due to their large specific surface areas. This review describes the changes in concrete modified with nano-silica (NS) and nano-calcium carbonate (NC), which accelerate the hydration reaction with the cementitious materials to produce more C-S-H, resulting in a denser microstructure and improved mechanical properties and durability of the concrete. The mechanical property decay and visualization of deformation of mixed NS and NC concrete were tested by exposure to high temperatures to investigate the practical application of mixed composite nanomaterials (NC+NS) to concrete. The nano-modified concrete had better overall properties and was heated at 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C to relatively improve the mechanical properties of the nano concrete structures. The review concluded that high temperatures of 800 °C to 1000 °C severely damaged the structure of the concrete, reducing the mechanical properties by around 60%, and the dense nano concrete structures were more susceptible to cracking and damage. The high temperature resistance of NS and NC-modified nano concrete was relatively higher than that of normal concrete, with NC concrete being more resistant to damage at high temperatures than the NS samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deprizon Syamsunur
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Postgraduate Studies, Universitas Bina Darma Palembang, Kota Palembang 30111, South Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Zubair Ahmed Memon
- College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salihah Surol
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Nur Izzi Md Yusoff
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
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9
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Go JI, Park WG, Choi SY, Jiang B, He X, Oh SK. Analysis of the Effect of Carbonation Rate on the Concrete Water Reservoir Structures According to Applied Waterproofing/Anticorrosive Methods. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:6854. [PMID: 36234195 PMCID: PMC9572989 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study seeks to analyze how the degree of carbonation and the application of waterproofing and anticorrosive materials affect carbonation in water reservoirs among the water treatment facilities managed by the Seoul Metropolitan Government. To guarantee similarity of the experimental group, 42 highly similar water reservoirs were selected from among the water supply reservoirs currently in operation in Seoul. On-site carbonation assessments were performed in order to derive the carbonation rate coefficients. In the water reservoirs with applied waterproofing and anticorrosive materials immediately after public service, the upper and lower limits were D = 1.13t and D = 0.29t, respectively, whereas those of the water reservoir applied with waterproofing and anticorrosive materials after 15 years of service life were D = 1.89t and D = 0.94t, respectively. The comparative analysis showed that the rate of reduction in the carbonation rate was about 10.4% to 16.8% in the water reservoirs applied with waterproofing and anticorrosive methods after 15 years of service life. However, reduction in the carbonation rate was about 46.4% to 74.3% in the water reservoirs applied with waterproofing and anticorrosive methods at the initial stage of service life. It was confirmed that the early application of waterproofing and anticorrosive materials is effective in suppressing carbonation of concrete water reservoir structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Il Go
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea
| | - Wan-Gu Park
- New Material and Laboratory Co., Ltd., 11 Sinchon-ro, Paju-si 10880, Korea
| | - Su-Young Choi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea
- New Material and Laboratory Co., Ltd., 11 Sinchon-ro, Paju-si 10880, Korea
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Civil Engineering and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, No.28, Nanli Road, Hongshan District, Wuchang, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xingyang He
- School of Civil Engineering and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, No.28, Nanli Road, Hongshan District, Wuchang, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Sang-Keun Oh
- School of Civil Engineering and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, No.28, Nanli Road, Hongshan District, Wuchang, Wuhan 430068, China
- School of Architecture, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea
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10
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Li K, Guan W, He P, Li K. Comparison of bacterial communities on the surface of concrete breakwater structures and ambient bacterioplankton. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:1193-1202. [PMID: 35831926 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Breakwater structures made of concrete are used widely around the world, and the bacteria living on these surfaces can cause the concrete to deteriorate. In this study, we collected bacterial biofilms from concrete breakwater structures located along the coast of an island, a mainland coast, and a freshwater riverbank as well as planktonic water samples from each site, and we analyzed their bacterial community structures using Illumina sequencing. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria dominated planktonic samples, whereas Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes dominated the biofilm samples. High Cyanobacteria abundance was found in all biofilm samples. Bacterial communities significantly varied between planktonic and biofilm samples and between biofilm samples from seawater and freshwater. Only a small number of bacterial operational taxonomic units were shared by planktonic and biofilm samples from each sampling site. The permanganate index in ambient water had a more significant impact on biofilm bacterial communities than on planktonic samples. Additionally, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen contents were positively correlated and salinity was negatively correlated with bacterial beta diversity in biofilm samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Li
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibing Guan
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peimin He
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kejun Li
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Nguyen TK, Ahmad Z, Kim JM. A Deep-Learning-Based Health Indicator Constructor Using Kullback-Leibler Divergence for Predicting the Remaining Useful Life of Concrete Structures. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:3687. [PMID: 35632097 PMCID: PMC9146863 DOI: 10.3390/s22103687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a new technique for the construction of a concrete-beam health indicator based on the Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD) and deep learning. Health indicator (HI) construction is a vital part of remaining useful lifetime (RUL) approaches for monitoring the health of concrete structures. Through the construction of a HI, the deterioration process can be processed and portrayed so that it can be forwarded to a prediction module for RUL prognosis. The degradation progression and failure can be identified by predicting the RUL based on the situation of the current specimen; as a result, maintenance can be planned to reduce safety risks, reduce financial costs, and prolong the specimen's useful lifetime. The portrayal of deterioration through HI construction from raw acoustic emission (AE) data is performed using a deep neural network (DNN), whose parameters are obtained by pretraining and fine tuning using a stack autoencoder (SAE). Kullback-Leibler divergence, which is calculated between a reference normal-conditioned signal and a current unknown signal, was used to represent the deterioration process of concrete structures, which has not been investigated for the concrete beams so far. The DNN-based constructor then learns to generate HI from raw data with KLD values as the training label. The HI construction result was evaluated with run-to-fail test data of concrete specimens with two measurements: fitness analysis of the construction result and RUL prognosis. The results confirm the reliability of KLD in portraying the deterioration process, showing a large improvement in comparison to other methods. In addition, this method requires no adept knowledge of the nature of the AE or the system fault, which is more favorable than model-based approaches where this level of expertise is compulsory. Furthermore, AE offers in-service monitoring, allowing the RUL prognosis task to be performed without disrupting the specimen's work.
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12
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Jaśniok M. Method of Iterative Determination of the Polarized Area of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Applied in the EIS Measurements. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:3274. [PMID: 35591614 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
A new method is proposed for determining the test surface of steel rebar in concrete during polarization measurements of corrosion rate of reinforcement using the method of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The methodology was based on the original 3D model of the steel-concrete system, in which traditional equivalent electrical systems were coupled with factors that accounted for the complex geometry of the test reinforced concrete element. The developed method worked with a rectangular counter electrode without a guard ring assist, during an individual impedance measurement. The impact of the counter electrode size on the impedance spectra was verified in the first stage by tests conducted with ten types of counter electrodes. The obtained results in the form of empirical spectra were represented by theoretical spectra using the 3D model and the matching degrees were within a range of 0.96–1.73 at the expected level of 1.00. The obtained results in the form of spectra distribution were accurately represented by simulations with the 3D model. In the second stage, the iterative procedure for determining the polarization area of reinforcement in concrete was positively verified for additional test elements. Electrochemical parameters of the steel-concrete system were determined on the basis of the 3D model with a simultaneous adjustment of the polarization area on the rebar. In this case, the expected matching degree of 1.00 was obtained for each tested system after more than ten iterations starting from matching the model spectra to the empirical spectra at the level of 0.31–0.93.
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13
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Krentowski JR. Assessment of Destructive Impact of Different Factors on Concrete Structures Durability. Materials (Basel) 2021; 15:225. [PMID: 35009371 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The durability of concrete structure members is dependent on several factors that should be analyzed at each stage of the construction process. Omitting any of these factors might lead to the augmentation of harmful interactions and, as an effect, to safety hazards and the degradation of a structure or its parts. The article, based on several years of studies on exploited concrete structures, presents the effects of an incorrect analysis of selected factors resulting in the occurrence of faults significantly influencing the possibility of safe use of the objects. The described cases include, but are not limited to, the consequences of an improper assessment of building conditions after a biogas explosion in a fermentation chamber, the effect of a wood dust explosion, fire temperature and firefighting action on the prestressed girders, the stages of degradation of bearing structures supporting gas tanks exploited in an aggressive environment, and the consequences of omitting the temperature load in relation to the upper surface of a plate covering the fire pond. In each case, methods of restoration of the damaged elements were proposed, and their application to engineering practice was described. The practical aspects of the conducted research and implemented interventions were indicated.
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14
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Monsberger CM, Lienhart W. Distributed Fiber Optic Shape Sensing of Concrete Structures. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21186098. [PMID: 34577304 PMCID: PMC8472860 DOI: 10.3390/s21186098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Civil structural health monitoring (CSHM) has become significantly more important within the last decades due to rapidly growing construction volume worldwide as well as aging infrastructure and longer service lifetimes of the structures. The utilization of distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS) allows the assessment of strain and temperature distributions continuously along the installed sensing fiber and is widely used for testing of concrete structures to detect and quantify local deficiencies like cracks. Relations to the curvature and bending behavior are however mostly excluded. This paper presents a comprehensive study of different approaches for distributed fiber optic shape sensing of concrete structures. Different DFOS sensors and installation techniques were tested within load tests of concrete beams as well as real-scale tunnel lining segments, where the installations were interrogated using fully-distributed sensing units as well as by fiber Bragg grating interrogators. The results point out significant deviations between the capabilities of the different sensing systems, but demonstrate that DFOS can enable highly reliable shape sensing of concrete structures, if the system is appropriately designed depending on the CSHM application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph M. Monsberger
- Institute of Engineering Geodesy and Measurement Systems, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 30/II, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- ACI Monitoring GmbH, Ragnitzstrasse 163/2, 8047 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-873-6826
| | - Werner Lienhart
- Institute of Engineering Geodesy and Measurement Systems, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 30/II, 8010 Graz, Austria;
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15
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Schmidt JW, Christensen CO, Goltermann P, Sena-Cruz J. Activated Ductile CFRP NSMR Strengthening. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:2821. [PMID: 34070512 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Significant strengthening of concrete structures can be obtained when using adhesively-bonded carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) systems. Challenges related to such strengthening methods are; however, the brittle concrete delamination failure, reduced warning, and the consequent inefficient use of the CFRP. A novel ductile near-surface mounted reinforcement (NSMR) CFRP strengthening system with a high CFRP utilization is introduced in this paper. It is hypothesized that the tailored ductile enclosure wedge (EW) end anchors, in combination with low E-modulus and high elongation adhesive, can provide significant strengthening and ductility control. Five concrete T-beams were strengthened using the novel system with a CFRP rod activation stress of approximately 980 MPa. The beam responses were compared to identical epoxy-bonded NSMR strengthened and un-strengthened beams. The linear elastic response was identical to the epoxy-bonded NSMR strengthened beam. In addition, the average deflection and yielding regimes were improved by 220% and 300% (average values), respectively, with an ultimate capacity comparable to the epoxy-bonded NSMR strengthened beam. Reproducible and predictable strengthening effect seems obtainable, where a good correlation between the results and applied theory was reached. The brittle failure modes were prevented, where concrete compression failure and frontal overload anchor failure were experienced when failure was initiated.
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Drobiec Ł, Gierczak J, Ignatowicz R, Kozioł P, Nowak T. Concrete Tank Failure as the Result of Implementing Wrong Boundary Conditions for Wall Support-Case Study. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14102474. [PMID: 34064675 PMCID: PMC8150282 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Damage to large reinforced concrete structures is rarely due to design errors. Sometimes, however, a small error can lead to major damage and costly repairs. The article describes the damage, the results of non-destructive and destructive tests, the results of numerical calculations, and the method of repairing a reinforced concrete tank in a sewage treatment plant. The failure was caused by applying the wrong boundary conditions to the reinforced concrete wall support inside an existing biological reactor. During leak testing, one of the new walls cracked and was displaced, which resulted in the tank leaking. An inspection of wall damage and displacement was carried out on termination of the leak testing and while the tank was draining. The causes of the failure were determined based on the inventory information and numerical simulations. Both non-destructive tests of reinforcement and concrete and destructive tests of concrete were carried out. The concrete class of the foundation slab was determined based on a compression test of sample cores obtained from drilling. The aim of the non-destructive tests was to indicate the location and diameter of reinforcement in the damaged wall using electromagnetic and radar methods, as well as the location of internal defects using ultrasonic and radar methods. It was found out that the failure was a result of an incorrect determination of the anchoring length of the reinforcement. Based on the analysis, a plan to repair the damaged wall was formulated and then successfully implemented. In the article the authors proposed the IVD (identification-verification-design) scheme to make the design easier in similar cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Drobiec
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-237-11-31
| | - Jan Gierczak
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.G.); (R.I.); (P.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Rajmund Ignatowicz
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.G.); (R.I.); (P.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Piotr Kozioł
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.G.); (R.I.); (P.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Tomasz Nowak
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.G.); (R.I.); (P.K.); (T.N.)
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Billon-Filiot A, Taillade F, Quiertant M, Hénault JM, Renaud JC, Maurin R, Benzarti K. Development of an Innovative Non-Destructive and Field-Oriented Method to Quantify the Bond Quality of Composite Strengthening Systems on Concrete Structures. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13235421. [PMID: 33260546 PMCID: PMC7730065 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, structural reinforcement and retrofitting with externally bonded composite materials have proven to be efficient and cost-effective solutions to increase both the safety and the lifespan of civil engineering structures, including nuclear power plants. The effectiveness of the strengthening system highly depends on the level of adhesion between the fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite material and the concrete surface. Therefore, on-site evaluation of the bond quality is critical to assess the performance and predict the durability of the system in place. The direct tension pull-off test is most commonly used to quantify the adhesion level, but this standardized method has many drawbacks. In the present study, it is proposed to evaluate the bond properties by using a nondestructive test (NDT) derived from the standard pull-off test. This innovative test enables the measurement of an interfacial "stiffness" which may be used as a bond quality criterion. This paper gives an insight into the performance of the proposed NDT method, when applied in laboratory conditions to concrete slabs reinforced with bonded pultruded carbon FRP plates (CFRP). Three different epoxy adhesive systems with a broad range of Young's moduli were used for the specimens' preparation, in order to vary the stiffness of the concrete/CFRP interface. The purpose was to simulate different levels of interfacial adhesion that could be observed for a single adhesive system. It was shown that the test method was able to detect differences in the interface stiffness beyond experimental uncertainties, and it should therefore enable the detection of differences in the bond quality for a given adhesive system as well. The sensitivity of the NDT was then discussed, and its detection capabilities were predicted for standard field conditions. In the last part, strain measurements were collected during the NDT, thanks to distributed optical fiber sensors (DOFS) embedded in the adhesive joints of the strengthened specimens. An analysis of the strain profiles was found to provide complementary information on the quality of the adhesive bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Billon-Filiot
- Electrotechnique et Mécanique des Structures (ERMES) Department, R&D Division, Electricité de France (EDF), 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Frédéric Taillade
- Performance, Risque Industriel et Surveillance pour la Maintenance et l’Exploitation (PRISME) Department, R&D Division, EDF, 78400 Chatou, France; (F.T.); (J.-M.H.)
| | - Marc Quiertant
- Matériaux et Structures (MAST) Department, Université Gustave Eiffel—Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l’Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France; (M.Q.); (J.-C.R.)
| | - Jean-Marie Hénault
- Performance, Risque Industriel et Surveillance pour la Maintenance et l’Exploitation (PRISME) Department, R&D Division, EDF, 78400 Chatou, France; (F.T.); (J.-M.H.)
| | - Jean-Claude Renaud
- Matériaux et Structures (MAST) Department, Université Gustave Eiffel—Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l’Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France; (M.Q.); (J.-C.R.)
| | - Romain Maurin
- Matériaux et Mécanique des Composants (MMC) Department, R&D Division, EDF, 77250 Ecuelles, France;
| | - Karim Benzarti
- Laboratoire Navier, Université Gustave Eiffel—Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (ENPC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 77447 Marne-la-Vallée, France;
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18
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Zhang B, Tu C, Li X, Cui H, Zheng G. Length Effect on the Stress Detection of Prestressed Steel Strands Based on Electromagnetic Oscillation Method. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E2782. [PMID: 31226875 DOI: 10.3390/s19122782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prestress detection of structures has been puzzling structural engineers for a long time. The inductance–capacitance (LC) electromagnetic oscillation method has shown a potential solution to this problem. It connects the two ends of a steel strand, which is simulated as an inductor, to the oscillation circuit, and the stress of the steel strand can be calculated by measuring the oscillation frequency of the circuit through a frequency meter. In the previous studies, the authors found that stress-frequency relation of 1.2 m steel strand was negatively correlated, while the stress-frequency of 10 m steel strand was positively correlated. To verify this conflict, two kinds of electrical inductance models of steel strands were established to fit the lengths. With the models, the stress-frequency relations of steel strands with different lengths were analyzed. After that, two kinds of experimental platforms were set up, and a series of stress-frequency relationship tests were carried out with 1.2 m, 5 m, 10 m and 15 m steel strands. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that when the length is less than 2.013 m, the stress and oscillation frequencies are negatively correlated; when length is more than 2.199 m, the stress and oscillation frequencies are positively correlated; while when length is between 2.013 m and 2.199 m, the stress-frequency relationship is in transit from negative correlation to positive correlation.
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19
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Han NX, Xing F. A Comprehensive Review of the Study and Development of Microcapsule Based Self-Resilience Systems for Concrete Structures at Shenzhen University. Materials (Basel) 2016; 10:ma10010002. [PMID: 28772362 PMCID: PMC5344554 DOI: 10.3390/ma10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A review of the research activities and achievements at Shenzhen University is conducted in this paper concerning the creation and further development of novel microcapsule based self-resilience systems for their application in concrete structures. After a brief description of pioneering works in the field starting about 10 years ago, the principles raised in the relevant research are examined, where fundamental terms related to the concept of resilience are discussed. Several breakthrough points are highlighted concerning the three adopted comprehensive self-resilience systems, namely physical, chemical and microbial systems. The major challenges regarding evaluation are emphasized and further development concerning self-resilience in concrete structures will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Xu Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Feng Xing
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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